Mtsinje chitukuko: makhalidwe ambiri ndi tanthauzo la

Tanthawuzo la "mtsinje chitukuko" zapatsidwa ndi mbiri yakale komanso ofukula za m'ma XIX. Amenewa akuti ndi analandira dziko loyamba mu mbiri ya anthu. Malinga ndi malamulo onse a iwo unachokera mu zigwa za mitsinje ikuluikulu chifukwa kufunika kwapadera kwa kenako anthu a ulimi. Asayansi kudziwa zinayi chitukuko amenewa: Iguputo, Mesopotamiya, Indian ndi Chinese.

makhalidwe General

Chinachitika zaka zikwi zingapo zapitazo chitukuko wakale mtsinje - chitsanzo momveka bwino mmene zinthu zachilengedwe bwanji chitukuko anthu. Maziko a chitukuko loyamba la chuma anali ulimi. Land kulima ndi kulima mbewu chinsinsi kutukuka kwa mizinda ndi midzi. N'chifukwa chake limati choyamba adanyamuka m'madera mmene chilengedwe alimi ambiri wapadera.

Malowa anali mtsinje zigwa. Beseni Nile anayambitsa wakale kuteteza Egypt pa gombe wa Tigirisi ndi Firate - Sumeri, kuzungulira Indus ndi Ganges - India, pafupi Yellow Mtsinje ndi Yangtze - China. Iwo anali kubadwa m'dziko pakati pa 20 ° ndi 40 ° kumpoto ufuluwo

Egypt

mbali chifungulo cha chitukuko mtsinje bwino inachokera pa chitsanzo cha Iguputo. boma anatuluka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa pa magombe a malire m'munsi wa Nile. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za chitukuko inakhazikitsidwa pa mapeto a 4 Zakachikwi BC. e. Pa nthawi imeneyo, farao oyamba adzalumikizana pansi pa ulamuliro wake wotsika ndi Upper Egypt.

Onse chitukuko mtsinje wakhala akuluakulu ake ndi ulemu. Mu Egypt, awa kusintha nthawi mzake panali angapo. Chake chapamwamba unafalikira mu Ufumu Zatsopano, omwe analipo mu XVI - zaka XI. BC. e. Pamafunikanso atatu wakale Mafumu Aigupto (18, 19, 20). Kuti Ufumu Zatsopano wasiya kuseri kwa chiwerengero chachikulu cha malo amene masiku ano anthu ndipo amadziwa wakale dziko mwachinsinsi. The IV m'ma BC. e. Iguputo mchikakamizo cha chikhalidwe cha Agiriki ndi anayamba kutaya mbali yake yapadera civilizational. Pomaliza, mphamvu ya Farao inatha mu 30 BC. e., pamene kumpoto, kum'mawa kwa Africa unagonjetsedwa ndi ufumu wa Roma.

Agriculture ndi mtsinje m'zinthu

A nambala yaikulu ya Aigupto wakale chinkhoswe mu ulimi. Kudalira mitsinje kuti ndi zofunika kwambiri ulimi - chimodzi mwa zifukwa chitukuko wakale wa dziko akutchedwa mtsinje. Akonzanso amatayika Nile yl kuloledwa minda yomwe, kuphatikiza ndi dothi, chifukwa kuchuluka zokolola.

Wochuluka ndi chitukuko zachuma anapatsa anthu nthawi zambiri ulele pa luso, chikhalidwe ndi luso ntchito. chitsanzo ndi limodzi mwa zimayambitsa ukulu wa Iguputo kwa zaka.

m'mitundu yonse mtsinje wa dziko wakale linkafuna kulanda ndi chikhalidwe izidzawetedwa. Aiguputo izi anamanga pamodzi Nile ndi makhwawa wake damu. Ndi iwo, madzi amapita ku minda ya zaulimi ndi mbewu. Ngakhale kuti dziko la wafika ungwiro ulimi mu Mesopotamia, Aiguputo nthawi yake, linalinso kwambiri.

Agriculture mu fuko lino zinachitikadi monga m'zinthu mtsinje. Aiguputo anagawa chaka mu nyengo zitatu: chigumula, kubzala ndi kukolola. Ambiri anali ulimi tirigu, ngakhale panali zipatso ndi horticulture. Panali mpesa, nakulitsa fulakesi. Ankaperekerako kupota. Pamodzi Nile kugombe kukula amtunduwu, ntchito kuti pepala lapadera Iguputo.

Moyo ndi chipembedzo

nyumba Aigupto zinamangidwa matope njerwa, imene malo, ngakhale masana kutentha anakhalabe omasuka kuzizira. Aliyense nyumba ali ndi khitchini ndi denga lotsegula. makoma anali utoto woyera kapena halts ndi makalapeti zopangidwa ndi nsalu.

chipembedzo Common sanali Egypt. Mu dera lililonse, panali mwambo wa mulungu makamaka. Pamodzi, iwo amapanga wa pantheons waukulu wakale. Monga zipembezo zina za nthawi imeneyi chipembedzo cha Aigupto linachokera ku fetishism ndi animism. Farao Akhenaton anayesa kusiya yambiri ndi kukhazikika centralized yake zitatuzi mwambo mwa mulungu dzuwa Aton. Koma kusintha sikuti mizu anthu a ku Iguputo.

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia, kapena Mesopotamia - dera la pafupi ndi mitsinje uwiri - Tigirisi ndi Firate. Lero gawo ili kwa Iraq. BC kuno panali osiyana chitukuko mtsinje. Mosiyana Egypt, Mesopotamia Sikunakhalepo mtundu coherent. mafuko osiyanasiyana anagonjetsa pano mzake kwa zaka.

Ngakhale poyerekeza ndi mitsinje ina ikuluikulu chigwa wakale wa Tigirisi ndi Firate lakhala chonde. Kuyambira pa Chiameniya okwera madzi anabweretsa Mesopotamia alluvial madipoziti. Ndi chifukwa iwo kuti nthaka padziko pano anapereka kukolola wolemera. Chonde chimakopa anthu ambiri. Komanso, Mesopotamia wakhala malonda zofunika dera popeza limodzi ndi Persian Gulf ndi Mediterranean.

njira dziko

Pa nthawi imene ku Millennium IV kuti VI m'ma BC. e. Mesopotamia m'malo ndi madera osiyanasiyana (Sumer, Akkad, Babulo ndi Asuri). anthu awo zilankhulo zosiyana ndi makhalidwe ena chikhalidwe. Koma ambiri, commonality awo akhoza anaitana mmodzi wa wamkulu wakale chitukuko Mesopotamiya. Gwero la pakuwonekera kwake kunali chilengedwe cha ulimi wothirira pa gombe wa Tigirisi ndi Firate.

Ulimi Mesopotamia anthu anamanga ngalande madamu. kachitidwe ulimi wothirira kuchuluka zokolola kuloledwa kuthirira minda ya mu mkombero kukula. Patsogolo kwachititsa kugawira ntchito. luso lililonse, anayamba kalasi stratification. Chinapangitsa kuti zikamera a akapolo ndi lalikulu misa molakwika.

Ulimi malonda

Ngakhale Mesopotamia wakhala kwambiri akapolo chinkhoswe mu ulimi, ndi ufulu anthu okhala m'deralo. Iwo analinso ndi kutumikira ntchito yokakamiza wa boma, nyumba ndi kudula ngalande. Kuyambira yomanga aliyense ntchito anamasulidwa mamembala a amazikonda anthu otchuka. Dongosolo langwiro kwambiri ulimi wothirira anakhala, ndi kwambiri anali outflow la anthu ochokera anamwazikana m'midzi ku malo zigawo. Anali kale mumzindawo. Iwo anali nyumba khalidwe: kachisi, masitolo ndi nkhokwe.

Mozungulira malo pembedza anasonkhanitsa ndalama zosinthira mankhwala. Mesopotamia anali nkhalango osauka ndi zitsulo. Anthu a Mesopotamia analandira chuma ndi mogula pousinthanitsa ndi zokolola lochuluka. Trade kunachitidwa ndi maiko ambiri - kuchokera India ku Egypt ndi ku Mediterranean ku Arabia. Ndi III Zakachikwi BC. e. Economy akachisi akhala zovuta kuzimvetsa moti mlandu wawo chofunika njira yatsopano ya akupereka mauthenga - kulemba. Umo ndi momwe Sumerians anaonekera zakale awo otchuka, iwo ntchito timitengo wapadera pa mapale.

Ku Asia Minor , Mesopotamia anapambulwa chipululu chachikulu. Anthu oyamba okhala izo, ankakhala osati kudzipatula komanso osauka kwambiri. Zokolola anali osalimba ndi wopangidwa yekha wa balere wodzichepetsa. Agriculture anali oyenera okha Mzere yopapatiza m'dziko pakati pa chipululu ndi m'madambo akufa. Mkubwela ngalande ndi machitidwe ulimi wothirira, anthu atsopano anakakhala pamaso m'madera aziopa.

Indian chitukuko

Sayansi yamakono mu amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana kudziwa kumene ndi pamene chitukuko anabadwa mtsinje. Mwachitsanzo, mbiri ya India wakale amakhalabe chimodzi mwa zinthu bwino kuphunzira. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti anthu ake asiya pafupifupi munthu zipilala. otaya Large umboni zopelekedwa za India anatuluka yekha mu BC III atumwi. e., pamene apa nkhondo asilikali Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

Komabe, ena mfundo zazikulu kuti ndifotokoze zonse izi kutheka. Unachokera mu chigwa cha Indus Mtsinje Indian chitukuko imatengedwa wachitatu amakezana pambuyo ku Iguputo ndi ku Mesopotamiya. Onse a iwo yaikulu mu mawu a m'deralo. chitukuko ichi umatchedwanso Harappan. Apo iye XXXIV - zaka XIV. BC. e. Chinsinsi likulu lake linali mzinda wa Mohenjo-Daro, Rakhigarhi, Harappa, Lothal ndi Dholavira. Chiwerengero cha chigwa pa msinkhu wa chitukuko anafika miliyoni asanu. The Sumerians otchedwa Meluhha India ndi ngakhale zinachititsa kuti malonda ake apanyanja.

Indian Cities

Harapptsy anali ndi zitsulo zamkuwa, nyumba yaikulu, chiboliboli. Chifukwa cha ulimi yothiriridwa ulimi. Akukhulupirira kuti mzinda wa Mohenjo-Daro ndi wakale mbiri ya anthu zimbudzi komanso madzi ndi dongosolo sewerage.

ulimi Indian wodzilemekeza ndi nsomba ndi kusaka. Oceanfront saltwater nsomba zambiri. Mpaka nthawi imene chitukuko wakale mtsinje anabadwa, anthu analibe mizinda m'njira chakale mawu. Mkubwela kwa midzi yaikulu boma anayamba kukhala ndi mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Ancient Indian mzinda inkakhala ndi citadel otetezeka ndi tawuni m'munsi. Iwo ankasiyana mosamalitsa dongosolo. nyumba zogona zinamangidwa awiri decker.

China

Pool wa Yellow Mtsinje - malo ena kumene wakale chitukuko mtsinje kusanduka. Wachitatu Zakachikwi BC. e. apa anapanga ndi dera mtundu wa Chinese wakale. Wapadera chitukuko ichi chinali kudzipatula ake pafupifupi kwa anthu ena a chi. Ngati mukudziwa za China ndi West, pali dziko lino kuimira m'mphepete lanthano, ngakhale zachinsinsi kuposa India, ndi njovu imathamangira.

Pang'onopang'ono, chitukuko ichi yafalikira kupitirira Yellow Mtsinje beseni ndi kum'mwera obzhila mtsinje wina lalikulu - Yanzy. Modabwitsa, m'munsi njira ya Yellow Mtsinje zasintha kangapo chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Asandulike gombe la Bohai Bay, zomwe zimapita ku mtsinje. Kale, chigwa Yellow Mtsinje anali zophimbidwa ndi nkhalango. Yogwira ntchito anthu anawononga m'tchire. Zotsatirazi iwo rhinos atapita, njovu, makoswe nsungwi, ndi nguluwe. Ngati mitundu ina mtsinje, wakale boma Chinese kuyambira alowererepo anthu chilengedwe.

Ankaweta chikhalidwe

anthu akale anali osatetezeka kwambiri masoka achilengedwe. N'chifukwa chiyani iwo anamutcha chitukuko mtsinje? Zinalengedwa m'zigwa ndi pa nthawi yomweyo sankadziwa mmene kuthana ndi chigumula. mavuto amenewa anaopseza kuti awononge midzi yonse. Mu kalata Chinese mawu akuti "mavuto" kwa nthawi yaitali kuti alembe wotchulidwa Kufotokoza chikalata ku mabanki mtsinje.

Only pakati pa ine Zakachikwi BC. e. anthu Yellow Mtsinje beseni anaphunzira kupanga zida zachitsulo ndipo anapita kunja kwa floodplains. Tsopano iwo akanakhoza kukhala kale kufikako nthaka yolimba. Zikomo mmodzi uyu anakhala zochepa kuikapo maganizo ndi chiyambi cha kulamulira mwa madera m'mapiri a China. Zimenezi zinali zoona makamaka kwa kumpoto steppe. Asayansi kudziwa kumene ndi pamene anabadwa chitukuko wakale mtsinje, komabe kupeza zinthu zatsopano zokhudza mbiri ya China wakale.