Mtheradi kutentha - pali chinthu choterocho

Ife tonse tikudziwa kuti matupi apadziko ife otentha kapena ozizira. Galasi, wothiridwa otentha otentha, koma yemweyo galasi pamene mulibe - ozizira. Timamva ozizira kapena otentha dzanja pamene wokhudza galasi. Ndipo zimene timaona? chinthu choterocho monga kutentha anadziwana ndi kumvetsetsa masikolala.

Poyamba, pamene anali asanakhale anakhazikitsa chiphunzitso maselo-kayendedwe, asayansi ankaganiza kuti kutentha limafanana ndi chinthu chapadera - caloric. Zinali iye, yeniyeni, kuchuluka kwake Mzimuyo otentha kapena ozizira thupi. Izi zikufanana ndi zochita za mmene "amphamvu" kupeza osakaniza nkhaniyo caloric. Kuchokera pa kufanizira izi, mphamvu ndi kutentha kwa mowa ndi chimaonekera mu mayunitsi womwewo wa - madigiri.

Tsopano kutentha imatengedwa muyeso wa mphamvu kayendedwe ka maselo, ndipo akutumikira, makamaka, muyeso wa mlingo wa matupi magetsi. Chaka asayansi ntchito mayunitsi mphamvu: SI dongosolo mayunitsi izo joule. Koma miyezo kutentha inayamba kale chiphunzitso mphamvu. Monga tanenera kale, mu zintchito, wapadera unit wa muyeso - mlingo.

Khalani ndi njira zosiyanasiyana kuti muyeso wa kutentha. Pakuti aliyense wa iwo ali ndi kutentha yake lonse kukhazikitsa madigiri unit. Iwo amatchedwa ndi mayina asayansi, ndi njira kudziŵa - Fahrenheit, Reaumur, Celsius. mfundo ndi yakuti kutenga ena osiyanasiyana kutentha ndi muchigawane mu nambala inayake. Choncho, dongosolo ndi wofanana 0 digiri Celsius yozizira koopsa mfundo za madzi, ndi madigiri 100 - kuwira ake kutentha. osiyanasiyana Izi akufufuta 100 kupereka mtengo wa digiri 1.

Mu mchitidwe uliwonse pokhazikitsa phindu digiri limodzi ntchito mfundo zawo chikatikati, ndi wina ndi thupi lomwelo aliyense wa iwo adzakhala kutentha yake. Komabe, phindu lake akhoza inasamutsidwa kuchoka ku sikelo wina ndi mzake. Koma asayansi anayambitsa latsopano lingaliro - kutentha mtheradi. Ndi, kachiwiri, chifukwa kumvetsetsa mmene kuyeza kutentha kwa mphamvu matenthedwe la tinthu lapansi.

Chifukwa cha njira zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti kutentha mtheradi - ndi amene anayeza ku mtheradi ziro phindu lomwe ndi kutentha pa zimene zoyenda matenthedwe palibe kwathunthu, ndi mphamvu mkati mwa thupi kochepa. Njira imeneyi kuyesa kuchitika ndi Kelvin otchedwa, kutchulidwa mfundo zomwe kutenga mtheradi ziro kutentha wofanana 273,15 madigiri opanda Celsius.

Choncho, kutentha mtheradi m'njira tsiku ndi tsiku ayi wosiyana alipidwa - izo wina mfundo Buku koyamba. Ndithudi, palibe amene anganene kuti msewu kuphatikiza madigiri 296,15 Kelvin, pamene pali kuphatikiza madigiri 23 Celsius, ngakhale manambala onse chomveka. Pa kutentha Kelvin - ndi ntchito ina kuti si kugwirizana ndi zochitika tsiku ndi tsiku.

Iwo likukhalira kuti kutentha mtheradi kapena kutentha Kelvin - ndi chida chimene ntchito makamaka asayansi. Izo ntchito nkhani zosiyanasiyana nkhani ongolankhula ndi zothandiza zokhudza katundu kafukufuku, mbali ndi zochitika mu dziko loyandikira. anthu wamba amene alibe poyerekezera ndi sayansi, siichitanso kukhala ndi chidwi kuthekera kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu choterocho monga kutentha mtheradi.

Mawu oyamba a tanthawuzo la mtheradi ziro kumayambitsa zochitika zambiri zosangalatsa. Mwachitsanzo, pamene tikuyesera kuti tipindulire kuti pali chodabwitsa monga superconductivity. Theoretically, ngati magetsi inawadutsa wochititsa utakhazikika digiri ziro Kelvin (0 ° C), chisonyezo matenthedwe mfundo zambiri mabasi, kulimbikira magetsi ya kondakitala ndi adzatengera ziro ndi zomvetsa panopa adzakhala kochepa. Komabe, akukhulupirira kuti mchitidwe mumangire mtheradi ziro kutentha, ngakhale m'mikhalidwe zasayansi analephera kufikako pafupi zotheka kwa mtengo uwu.

No zochepa chidwi ndi chodabwitsa superfluidity. Ngati kutentha mtheradi mpweya akuyamba kuchepa, ndiye pamene mtengo wina, aliyense mpweya awo, kusintha kumachitika mu mpweya madzi. Pamene helium amakhala madzi, izo amapeza luso mkatikati mwa capillaries zazing'ono. Ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku zochitika amenewa koma ntchito, koma amatithandiza kudziwa zambiri za mafunso a kwadzidzidzi zimango ndi sayansi ofunika.

Chinthu choterocho monga kutentha mtheradi, ntchito maphunziro ongolankhula ndi zatsopano othandiza kuphunzira dziko. Kuwonjezera iye, nkhani chikuchita ndi mfundo kutentha wotuluka pamaso pa chiphunzitso maselo-kayendedwe.