Othandizira akulimbana za mafuta

Othandizira akulimbana za mafuta (anawamasulira kuchokera English - akuwaza) - ndondomeko zamakono cholinga chake ndi kulimbikitsa mafuta zokolola ndi processing chapadera cha zigawo za tuzigawo twa lolemera mafuta. Pamene processing chachikulu cha mankhwala ndi zopezera 5-14% ya okwana kulemera avareji mafuta. Khalidwe la mafuta pambuyo owongoka kuthamanga distillation zosakhutitsa zofunika zamakono.

The othandizira akulimbana mafuta zokolola ukuwonjezeka ndi bwino zidazo.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya matenthedwe (othandizira) akulimbana za: madzi ndi gawo mpweya. Pakuti feedstock woyamba ndi mafuta lolemera, amene akudyetsedwa m'ng'anjo pa 600-625 ° C opanikizika pafupi mumlengalenga. The gasi gawo othandizira akulimbana ikuchitika pansi pa zikhalidwe zomwezo, koma ndi zopangira mafuta mafuta (mafuta dzuwa). Mu akulimbana matenthedwe ya kapangidwe ka macromolecular alkanes carboxylic kugwirizana wosweka anapanga molekyulu wa otsika chimasanduka maselo kulemera, m'gulu la mafuta kachigawo:

S10N22 - S5N12 + S5N10.

Choncho kuyambira mkulu-decane anapanga zinthu ziwiri (zimalimbikitsa ndi chimasanduka unsaturated) ndi apansi kulemera maselo.

Othandizira akulimbana ikuchitika pamaso pa chothandizira (adamulowetsa dongo kapena aluminosilicates) pa kutentha 470-530 C pa mavuto kwa 70 370 kPa. Waukulu zopangira kwa ndondomekoyi ndi mpweya mafuta, mafuta zokolola ndi okwana kulemera kwa mafuta angafikire 30-40%. Choncho, kupanga mafuta - ndi kovuta ndi nthawi yambiri ndondomeko. Kusintha khalidwe la mankhwala atachotsedwa dongosolo alkenes ake ndi alkynes, nthawi zina pamafunika 30% ya kulemera okwana.

Pogwiritsa ntchito ya umisiri wotsogola, mafuta zokolola m'kati distillation mafuta kungakhale kwa 80 peresenti. Kuti aone ubwino wa mafuta madzi ndi octeni. Monga mafuta nyemba ndi katundu mkulu antiknock anasankhidwa isooctane kapena 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.

octeni ake ankaona wofanana 100. Pamene nyemba ndi otsika mlandu antiknock katundu wa N-heptane: S7N16, octeni chiwerengero (Ron), amene ankaona wofanana 0. Kuti mudziwe izi index detonation katundu poyerekeza ndi katundu wa mafuta osakaniza isooctane ndi N-heptane.

Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala ndi octeni nambala 80 ali yemweyo katundu detonation, monga osakaniza 80% isooctane ndi 20% N-heptane. The apamwamba a octeni, ndi bwino khalidwe la mafuta. Kuwonjezeka chizindikiro ichi amapulumutsa mafuta ndi kupulumutsa mphamvu ya injini kuyaka mkati. mankhwala anawonjezera, ndi mbali zina, kuphatikizapo chimasanduka chiyambi kupanga, ndi antidetonators (zinthu pa woipa osachepera (china choposa 0.5%) kusintha antiknock katundu wa mafuta). Poyamba ntchito zolinga zimenezi tetraetilplyumbum. Chifukwa chakuti mankhwala ndi poizoni kwambiri, m'malo ndi antiknock ena, amene anapanga mgwirizano margantsevoorganicheskih. zinthu izi sakhala angaononge thupi lathu ndi n'zotheka kuti apange mafuta ndi octeni mayunitsi zana ndi makumi awiri mazana asanu ndi makumi atatu.

mafuta luso yopanga

Ndi mwachindunji distillation kukagula mafuta ndi octeni mpaka 91. Njira imeneyi ndi lero - mwanaalirenji, chifukwa zokolola za mafuta ndi otsika. Kuonjezera zokolola za mafuta ndi kusintha khalidwe lake ntchito kubwereza distillation, othandizira, matenthedwe akulimbana, kusintha, etc.

Njirazi kuonjezera ndalama ntchito, nthawi ndi chuma, koma iwo amapereka zochepa zowononga chilengedwe mafuta. Kuonjezera octeni a masiku ano ntchito zosiyanasiyana mankhwala (alcohols, organometallic mankhwala, ethers, etc.).