Mitundu ya mafupa. Kaswili anthu: mafupa

Mbali yofunika ya dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa a munthu - mafupa wopangidwa mafupa oposa mazana awiri osiyana. Chimathandiza anthu asamukire, amathandiza ziwalo. Komanso, mafupa a anthu ndi ndende ya mchere, komanso envelopu imene mafupa uli.

ntchito chigoba

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafupa amapanga mafupa a munthu, choyamba kuchita zonse monga njira ya chithandizo, ndi kuthandiza thupi. Ena a iwo akutumikira ngati mpando wa ena ziwalo mkati monga ubongo, limene lili mu chigaza mafupa, Mapapo ndi mtima ili thorax, ndi anthu ena.

Luso kupanga magulu osiyana ndi muziyendayenda, ifenso chofunika kukhala ndi mafupa. Komanso, fupa la munthu lili mpaka 99% a kashiamu alipo chamoyo. Chofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu ndi wofiira mafupa. Iwo lili Chigaza, msana, sternum, phewa ndi mafupa ena ena. Mu m'mafupa nucleate maselo ofiira: maselo ofiira, maselo othandiza magazi kuundana ndi maselo oyera.

Kapangidwe ka fupa

fupa thunthu ndi zachilendo katundu kuti kudziwa kwake ake. Mafupa ayenera kupirira katundu 60-70 makilogalamu - ndi kulemera pafupifupi munthu. Komanso, mafupa a chitamba ndi miyendo zinthu monga levers amatithandiza kuti magulu ndi kuchita zochita zosiyanasiyana. Izi zimatheka mwa ndodo zawo chodabwitsa.

Mafupa ndi lopangidwa ndi organic (35%) ndi zochita kupanga (65%) ya zinthu. Zoyambazo monga mapuloteni, makamaka kolajeni amene amasankha kulimba ndi elasticity wa zimakhala. Chifukwa chakulimba akufanana chinthu zochita kupanga - kashiamu ndi phosphorous. Kuphatikiza zinthu izi amapereka wapadera mphamvu fupa angafanane Mwachitsanzo, chitsulo. Iwo mwina angakhale kwa zaka zambiri, umboni ndi zotsatira za zofukulidwa zosiyanasiyana. zinthu Organic akhoza kutha chifukwa cha zimakhala calcination komanso atadziŵa asidi sulfuric. Maminolo nkhani kugonjetsedwa kwambiri makhalidwe awo.

mafupa anthu atagonjetsa ndi ngalande wapadera, zomwe ndi mitsempha ya magazi. Mu dongosolo lawo kusiyanitsa mankhwala yaying'ono chofewa ngati siponji. alionse anatsimikiza ndi malo a mafupa mu thupi, komanso ntchito anachita ndi izo. M'madera amene amafunika kukana waukulu nkhawa, thunthu zofunika ndi wandiweyani yaying'ono. fupa umenewu wapangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mbale cylindrical anaika munthu mkati zina. Cancellous fupa ndi maonekedwe awo akufanana ndi uchi. Mu M'mimbamo ake ndi wofiira mafupa, ndipo akuluakulu - ndipo ngakhale chikasu, imene maselo mafuta ndi anaikira. Limafotokoza wapadera fupa connective minofu m'chimake - ndi periosteum. Iwo litadzala ndi mitsempha ndi mitsempha ya magazi.

gulu la mafupa

Pali classifications osiyana okhudza mitundu yonse ya mafupa a anthu, malingana ndi malo awo, kapangidwe ndi ntchito.

1. Ndi malo:

• cranial mafupa;
• torso mafupa;
• nthambi mafupa.

2. chitukuko cha mitundu zotsatirazi fupa:

• chachikulu (uka kwa minofu connective);
• sekondale (anapangidwa kuchokera chichereŵechereŵe);
• losanganikirana.

3. Mitundu otsatirawa a mafupa a anthu mu dongosolo la:

• tubular;
• chinkhupule;
• mosabisa;
• losanganikirana.

Choncho, sayansi amadziwa osiyanasiyana mafupa. Tebulo limachititsa bwino azipereka gulu la.

fupa tubular

Tubular mafupa yaitali zigwirizana onse mankhwala wandiweyani ndi chofewa ngati siponji. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa mu magawo angapo. Mid anapanga yaying'ono zinthu fupa ndipo ali ndi elongated mawonekedwe tubular. malowa amatchedwa diaphysis. Mu cavities wosapitirira lili wofiira mafupa, amene pang'onopang'ono m'malo mwa chikasu, munali maselo mafuta.

Mu fupa yokhudza kotekisi itha ili epiphysis - gawo popangidwa ndi chinthu chofewa ngati siponji. Mkati anaika wofiira mafupa. Malo pakati pa diaphysis ndi epiphysis otchedwa metaphysis.

Mu nyengo ya kukula yogwira ana ndi achinyamata ndi chichereŵechereŵe, chifukwa omwe ndi fupa kukula. Ndi kusintha, ndi metaphysis kwathunthu lidzasinthidwa fupa pa nthawi fupa thunthu. Kwa nthawi yaitali mafupa tubular monga m'chiuno, phewa, forearm mafupa. A pang'ono dongosolo losiyana ang'ono mafupa tubular. Ali woona m'modzi yekha pineal England ndipo, chotero, mmodzi metaphysis. mafupa zikuphatikizapo phalanges, metatarsals. Iwo akuchita ntchito ya lalifupi kayendedwe dzanja.

Chofewa ngati siponji mitundu fupa. zithunzi

Dzina la fupa zambiri limasonyeza dongosolo lawo. Mwachitsanzo, fupa chofewa ngati siponji anapangidwa wa cancellous fupa, ataphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza zonyalazo yaying'ono lapansi. Iwo alibe anayamba mphako, kotero wofiira m'mafupa aikidwa mu chipinda yaing'ono. Chofewa ngati siponji fupa komanso nthawi ndi yochepa. Zoyambazo monga, Mwachitsanzo, sternum ndi nthiti. Short chofewa ngati siponji mafupa nawo ntchito minofu ndipo ngati makina wothandiza. Zikuphatikizapo mafupa dzanja, ndi vertebrae.

lathyathyathya fupa

Izi mitundu ya mafupa a anthu, malingana ndi malo awo, ndi nyumba osiyana ndi kuchita zinthu zina. Mafupa a Chigaza ali koposa zonse, chitetezo ubongo. Iwo anapanga ndi mbale ziwiri zoonda zakuthupi wandiweyani, pakati zomwe chinkhupule. Pali mabowo kwa mitsempha. Lathyathyathya cranial mafupa kukhala ku minofu connective. Scapula ndi mafupa a chiuno komanso a mtundu mafupa mosabisa. Iwo anapanga pafupifupi kwathunthu zinthu chofewa ngati siponji, zomwe akukula chichereŵechereŵe lapansi. Izi mitundu ntchito fupa osati monga kuteteza komanso kuthandiza.

wosanganiza fupa

Obwerawa pawiri mafupa ndi lathyathyathya ndi waufupi tubular kapena chofewa ngati siponji fupa. Kukhala mu njira zosiyana ndi ntchito zimene zimafunika ku dera la mafupa a munthu. Izi mitundu ya fupa, monga osokonezeka, zimachitika mu thupi la fupa wosakhalitsa, vertebrae. Zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, pa phewa.

chichereŵechereŵe

Chichereŵechereŵe minofu ali ndi dongosolo kusintha. Ndipamene makutu, mphuno, ndi mbali zina za nthiti. Chichereŵechereŵe minofu amadziwikanso inali pakati pa vertebrae, komanso chimatsutsana deforming katundu mphamvu. Iwo ali nayo mphamvu yapamwamba, kukana kwambiri kuti kumva kuwawa ndi kukanikiza pakati.

kugwirizana fupa

Pali osiyana mitundu ya kugwirizana mafupa, chimene kudziwa mlingo awo a zoyendayenda. Mafupa a Chigaza Mwachitsanzo, ndi wosanjikiza woonda minofu connective. Pankhaniyi, iwo ali mwamtheradi chete. Chotero mpanda wa amatchedwa fibrous. Pakati vertebrae komanso madera a minofu connective kapena chichereŵechereŵe. kugwirizana akutchedwa theka ukusuntha, kuyambira fupa, ngakhale zochepa, koma zingathandize pang'ono.

Mkulu sayenda ndi mafupa, kupanga limodzi synovial. Mafupa mu kapisozi olowa unachitikira Mitsemphayi. nsalu Awa onse kugawa cholimba. Pofuna kuchepetsa mikangano mu olowa ndi wapadera wochuluka madzi - synovium. Iwo unakhala malekezero a mafupa, yokutidwa ndi chichereŵechereŵe, ndi facilitates kayendedwe kawo.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya mafupa. Monga dzina la fupa anatsimikiza ndi dongosolo lawo ndi dzina la olowa zimadalira mawonekedwe a mafupa, amene iwo kugwirizana. Mtundu uliwonse amalola kuti magulu ena:

• Mpira olowa. Ndi kugwirizana amaperekedwa ndi kayendedwe ka mafupa zambiri nthawi imodzi. zimfundo zikuphatikizapo phewa, ntchafu.
• Ginglymoid olowa (m'zigongono, bondo). Kumafuna kuyenda yekha mu ndege imodzi.
• Cylindrical olowa amalola mafupa kusuntha wachibale wina ndi mzake.
• Lathyathyathya olowa. Iye pang'onopang'ono, span yaing'ono kumapangitsa kuyenda pakati pa mafupa awiri.
• Ellipsoidal mafupa. Chogwirizana Mwachitsanzo, utali wozungulira mafupa dzanja. Iwo akhoza kupanga magulu uku mkati ndege yomweyo.
• Chifukwa cha chishalo anzake a chala chachikulu cha dzanja ikuyenda ndege osiyana.

Mphamvu ya zinthu zakuthupi

Mlingo wa zolimbitsa thupi amakhudza kwambiri pa mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka fupa. anthu osiyana ndi fupa womwewo ukhoza kukhala ndi makhalidwe yake. Pa m'thupi kosalekeza yaikulu thickens chidwi yaying'ono mankhwala, ndipo M'mimbamo M'malo mwake, yafupika kukula.

A zoyipa pa umoyo fupa kwa motalika mu bedi, moyo wongokhala. Minofu amakhala wowonda, watha mphamvu ndi elasticity, kukhala Chimaona.

Kusintha mchikakamizo cha zolimbitsa thupi ndi mawonekedwe a mafupa. The malo amachitiridwa minofu akhoza kukhala pofuna. Mu kufinya makamaka kwambiri, ngakhale mabowo ang'onoang'ono angathe kukhala pa nthawi. M'madera a mavuto amphamvu, kumene kumakhudza fupa minofu yogwirizana thickening akhoza kupangidwa, osiyanasiyana monyanyira, tokhala. Makamaka kusintha kumeneku ndi khalidwe la anthu amene mwaukadaulo kuchita nawo masewera osiyanasiyana.

mawonekedwe Bone zimakhudza zosiyanasiyana kuvulala, makamaka zopezera akulu. Pamene machiritso a fractures mwina mitundu yonse ya mapindikidwe, nthawi zambiri kungasokoneze pa luso la munthu mosavuta kusamalira thupi lanu.

kusintha obwera ndi ukalamba mu fupa

Panyengo zosiyanasiyana za moyo kapangidwe mafupa ake mosiyana. Makanda pafupifupi mafupa onse lapangidwa ndi mankhwala chofewa ngati siponji, amene ataphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza zonyalazo yaying'ono. Iwo mosalekeza, mpaka nthawi inayake, kuwonjezeka zimatheka ndi kukula kukula mu chichereŵechereŵe, zimene pang'onopang'ono m'malo ndi minofu fupa. Kusinthika angathe zaka 20 kwa akazi ndipo anthu pafupifupi 25 - amuna.

Wamng'ono munthu, organic kwambiri nkhani imene ili zimakhala mafupa ake. Choncho, ali aang'ono, iwo amasiyana elasticity mosavuta. Mu wamkulu buku anthu mankhwala mchere mu fupa ndi 70%. Choncho ina ayamba kuchepetsa kuchuluka kashiamu ndi phosphorous. Mafupa kukhala Chimaona, kotero okalamba zambiri wosweka ngakhale chifukwa choipa zazing'ono kapena osasamalira flick.

fractures amenewa kuchiritsa kwa nthawi yaitali. Pali matenda wapadera, khalidwe la anthu okalamba, makamaka amayi - kufooka kwa mafupa. Kupewa ake pamene kufika zaka 50 ayenera kuonana ndi dokotala kuchita kafukufuku kuti aone mmene minofu fupa. Ndi kulandira chithandizo choyenerera kwambiri yafupika chiopsezo fractures ndi machiritso nthawi yawo adzafupikitsidwa.