The mitundu ikuluikulu kugwirizana mafupa: chiwembu ndi tebulo

The wamkulu thupi 206 mafupa, pomwe mwana wakhanda wa iwo ukufika 350, kenako mu ndondomeko ya moyo iwo zikulire pamodzi. Ambiri a iwo wophatikizidwa ndi unpaired kukhala 33-34. Lotengeka ndi fupa ndi minofu ndi tendons. Mafupa kupanga mafupa: msana, chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi miyendo ndi achigaza. Kuti kulumikiza iwo wina ndi mzake, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya fupa.

Ntchito za mafupa a anthu

Waukulu ntchito ya mafupa ndi - ndi kuthandiza ziwalo mwathu komanso kupereka munthu amatha m'malere. Pofuna mopambana mafupa awo ayenera kukhala pa dzanja limodzi, ndi mphamvu, ndi zina - elasticity ndi omasuka. Onse mwa ntchitozo Amawapatsa kuphatikizapo kupyolera zosiyanasiyana fupa.

Kuwonjezera mafupa thandizo ndiotetezedwa kwa ziwalo komanso ziwalo hematopoietic (chifukwa chinkhupule zinthu zokhala ndi wofiira mafupa).

Mitundu ya kugwirizana mafupa

Anthu, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya fupa: mosabisa, tubular, wosanganiza, lalifupi ndi lalitali. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kugwirizana mafupa kuti kupereka mphamvu mafupa kugwira ntchito yake. Palibe gulu yunifolomu ya mitundu ya mfundo za mafupa. Ena magwero anawagawa mankhwala awiri mafupa, ena - mu mitundu itatu. Malinga ndi Baibulo loyamba, ndi makina ndipo anakakonza mafupa. Mtundu wachitatu, amene si onse analembedwa ndi kudzikonda - ndi theka chikusuntha olowa. bwino kwambiri akuimira mitundu ya tebulo fupa kugwirizana. M'munsimu muli anapereka mitundu zimfundo makina.

Wopitiriza kapena immobile pawiri

kugwirizana mosalekeza mafupa - amene alibe M'mimbamo ndi lokhazikika. Kudziwa kugwirizana amodzi ndi zotheka ngakhale maonekedwe - meshed kali ndi roughness, nicks, ie iwo ali m'goli.

Kuphatikiza ndi pamalo awiri mwa minofu connective.

Zitsanzo ndi mankhwala a mafupa Chigaza, amene anapanga kudzera fupa olowa.

mankhwala ena adakali zinaphatikizidwa ndi mzake, i.e. chichereŵechereŵe m'malo mwa fupa kuti amapereka mphamvu kwa dipatimenti imeneyi. Chotero yonse ya mankhwala mafupa msana Tingaone mu sacral ndi m'mene coccyx akuimira asanu intergrown coccygeal vertebrae.

Njira kukhalabe mfundo kulephera kuyenda fupa

Malinga zitsanzo, kulephera kuyenda anapereka m'njira zosiyanasiyana Komabe, pali mitundu ikuluikulu mgwirizano fupa m'njira mosalekeza:

• Lembani pawiri mwa mtundu pafupi-grained minofu connective (fupa pafupi malo).
• Syndesmoses ndiwo mankhwala ankaimira mwa minofu connective (mwachitsanzo, forearm).
• Synchondrosises - ntchito chichereŵechereŵe (pawiri vertebrae mu msana).
• Synostosis, mwachitsanzo kugwirizana mafupa (chigaza fupa, ndi coccyx).

Woyamba ndi wachiwiri ndime - mitundu ya kugwirizana mafupa a anthu ntchito osiyana mitundu ya minofu connective, kotero iwo amatchedwa mankhwala monga fibrous.

Syndesmoses kugwira ntchito yawo mwa Mitsemphayi, zomwe zina kulimbitsa mafupa.

Lingaliro la Mitsemphayi ndi

Iwo akuyimira chingwe anapanga mitanda zotanuka ndi kolajeni ulusi. Malinga amene mtundu uli mtolo makamaka, iwo anawagawa zotanuka ndi kolajeni.

Malinga kugwedera chofunika matalikidwe mafupa Mitsemphayi akhoza kukhala lalifupi kapena yaitali.

Ndalama komanso ndi gulu magulu la malo - articular ndi owonjezera articular.

Mitolo ndi zofunika osati kwa kugwirizana mafupa, iwo ndi ntchito zingapo zofunika:

• Chimango mbali monga kuyamba Mitsemphayi minofu.
• Gwirani ndi kukonza pamodzi mbali zosiyanasiyana za mafupa kapena ziwalo za thupi (sacro-bugornaya mitsempha).
• Ndi Mitsemphayi anapanga ena dongosolo anatomical (mwachitsanzo, anapereka kapena recess kwa ndime ya mitsempha ndi mitsempha).

Mitundu zimfundo connective

Kuwonjezera pa Mitsemphayi mafupa, mankhwala akhoza kupangidwa ndi minofu connective ndi kutchulidwa zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. kusiyana awo kwagona kuti Kakhungu ndi chimadzaza danga pakati pa mafupa, ndipo mtunda wa pakati pawo ndi waukulu ndithu. Nthawi zambiri, zikopa zigwirizana ulusi zotanuka. Komabe, mu ntchito iwo akuchita ntchito chimodzimodzi ndi Mitsemphayi lapansi.

Mtundu lotsatira minofu connective kugwirizana pakati pa mafupa a fontanelle a. Mtundu Tingaone mu makanda ndi ana mpaka chaka mpaka fontanels osati tchire. Izi mapangidwe amene ali wamng'ono ulusi zotanuka ndipo anapereka makamaka mfundo zokhwima. kugwirizana Ichi chizathandiza mafupa a Chigaza kusintha kasinthidwe kwa kudutsa ngalande kubadwa.

msoko angapezeke ndi kuphunzira Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala a mafupa a Chigaza lapansi. The matabwa angakhale akalumikidzidwa osiyana, ndi dzina ofanana - imodzi, mosabisa, wazikang'a.

Kuwotcherera njira alveolar chikugwirizana ndi mano. Minofu connective m'dera limeneli limatchedwa "periodontal". Iwo ali magazi wabwino okwanira ndi innervation mantha chifukwa Mitsempha ndi ulusi mitsempha zinthu wapakatikati. The zikuchokera mulinso periodontal zotanuka ndi kolajeni ulusi.

mayunitsi mafoni

Zotsatirazi mitundu ya kugwirizana fupa - avundulidwe. Zikuphatikizapo mafupa (diarthrosis). Discontinuous awa mitundu ya mankhwala otchedwa mafupa chakuti pali danga pakati pamalo awo. Pofuna kupereka zoyendayenda, iwo zigwirizana wa pamalo articular ya kapisozi olowa ndi patsekeke.

zigawo

Articular pamwamba - izi ndi mbali ya mafupa, amene ali pafupi ndi wina ndi mnzake mu kapisozi olowa. Iwo anaphimba ndi chichereŵechereŵe otchedwa articular.

Kuti pawiri ngati nthawi zonse mu moyo wa munthu kukwaniritsa ntchito yake mu thumba pali M'mimbamo wodzazidwa ndi madzimadzi, lubricating pamwamba pa kutsekedwa kwa. Komanso, madzimadzi amachita ntchito depreciation, kupereka mfundo kupirira, ndipo amatipatsa zofunika mphamvu articular chichereŵechereŵe.

Articular olowa pamalo thumba amateteza kuwonongeka kuchita nchito imeneyi tichipeza zigawo zingapo: synovial ndi fibrous. Internal synovial nembanemba amapereka olemera magazi okwanira.

Kuwonjezera zinthu kuvomerezedwa ndi mosakakamiza akhoza kupezeka mu olowa: chichereŵechereŵe ndi Mitsemphayi, bursae, sesamoid fupa ndi makutu synovial.

Gulu la mafupa pa magawo osiyanasiyana

Zimfundo akhoza mosiyanasiyana: .. Globular, elliptical, mosabisa, chishalo, etc. Mogwirizana ndi dzina lomweli olekanitsidwa ndi mafupa. Kusiyanitsa gulu ndi ziyerekezo za kayendedwe - uniaxial, biaxial ndi multiaxial. Ndi uniaxial monga trochlear ndi mfundo cylindrical (mwachitsanzo, m'miyendo, interphalangeal). Ziwiri chitsulo chogwira matayala molumikiza - ellipsoidal kapena chishalo (ndi dzanja-metacarpal, dzanja). Kunyamula mfundo multiaxial ndi ozungulira mawonekedwe - phewa, ntchafu.

Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a olowa kapadera, mu ziti adzakhala kayendedwe ake. Mwachitsanzo, mpira zooneka zipangizo zoyenda mu madera osiyana, ndiye pali atatu olamulira.

Pa chipangizo kusiyanitsa mfundo yosavuta zovuta. Mwachidule tichipeza mafupa awiri, zovuta - atatu kapena zambiri.

Zimfundo angachichite mitundu zotsatirazi kuyenda: flexion-kutambasuka, atigwira-adduction, kasinthasintha (mkati ndi kunja, komanso zozungulira).

Theka ukusuntha mafupa kugwirizana

Anthu ambiri sakhulupirira kuti iwo paokha. Ndi mankhwala theka akuyenda ndi anthu chichereŵechereŵe kupangidwa, kuti, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi chikubwera monga mafupa, koma amakhala ena a kusinthasintha.

Mtundu kugwirizana ntchito chichereŵechereŵe imatengedwa ngati imodzi mwa mitundu ya kugwirizana atathana - synchondrosis, amene si theka ukusuntha, monga ambiri amaganiza. Synchondrosises pampata umene unali pakati theka chikusuntha ndipo pali kusiyana: m'mbuyomu pali M'mimbamo yaing'ono, chifukwa zomwe kuyenda.

Polupreryvnye mankhwala amatchedwanso symphysis. Akamaziwononga iwo akhoza pang'ono mogwirizana pakati pawo. Choncho, symphysis obisika amalola pobereka kuonetsetsa Ndime ya mwana wosabadwayo kudzera m'njira kubadwa.

m'malo mapeto

Choncho, tinakumana ndi mitundu ikuluikulu zimfundo a mafupa a anthu, zizindikiro zawo ndi ntchito zimene iwo amachita.

Mukamakambirana nkhani monga mitundu ya anthu fupa kugwirizana, matebulo ndi matchati adzakhala ogwira bwino, chifukwa n'zotheka kuti bwino ndi kuona gulu la.