Bone munthu. Kaswili: mafupa. Human mafupa ndi dzina la fupa

Kodi zikuchokera mafupa dzina zawo m'madera osiyanasiyana a mafupa ndi zina adzaphunzilanso pa zipangizo operekedwa ndi nkhaniyi. Komanso angakuuzeni mmene iwo cholukanalukana ndi zimene ntchito imagwiridwa.

zambiri

Anapereka chiwalo cha thupi la munthu linapangidwa zimakhala angapo. Ofunika kwambiri awa ndi fupa. Choncho, tiyeni tione pamodzi zikuchokera mafupa a anthu ndi katundu wawo thupi.

Bone minofu imakhala ndi mankhwala zofunikira ziwiri: Organic (ossein) - za 1/3 ndi zochita kupanga (calcium, mankwala laimu) - 2/3. Ngati thupi kuvumbula asidi njira (mwachitsanzo, nitric, amathiridwa, etc.)., The salt laimu kupasuka mofulumira, ndi kukhala ossein. Iye adzakhala nawobe mawonekedwe a fupa. Komabe, kukhala supple ndi zofewa.

Ngati fupa kuwotcha bwino, zinthu organic kuwotcha ndi chosiyana zochita kupanga, kukhalabe. Iwo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a mafupa ndi kuwumitsa ake. Ngakhale fupa Anthu (chithunzi m'nkhani ino) adzakhala osalimba kwambiri. Asayansi asonyeza kuti elasticity wa thupi zimadalira ossein zili mmenemo, ndi kuuma ndi elasticity - kuchokera salt mchere.

Features a mafupa a anthu

Kuphatikiza zipangizo organic ndi zochita kupanga fupa umunthu champhamvu ndi ndinapirira. Ichi ndithu ogwira kusintha obwera ndi ukalamba. Ndipotu, ana ossein kwambiri kuposa akulu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mafupa awo kusiyana ndi makamaka kusintha choncho kawirikawiri kuphwanya. Koma anthu okalamba, iwo ndi chiŵerengero zinthu zochita kupanga ndi organic zimasiyanasiyana mokomera zakale. N'chifukwa chake munthu okalamba fupa umakhala Chimaona ndi zochepa zotanuka. Motero, pali zambiri fractures akale ngakhale ndi choipa pang'ono.

Matenda a mafupa a anthu

Kandalama wagawo thupi, lomwe ndi kuonekera pa otsika magnification maso kapena galasi lokulitsira, ndi osteon. Mtundu uwu wa mbale dongosolo Bony ili concentrically mozungulira njira chapakati imene mitsempha ndi mitsempha ya magazi.

Tikumbukenso kuti osteons si pafupi wina ndi mnzake kwambiri. pali mipata pakati pa iwo, amene anadzazidwa ndi fupa interstitial lamellae. Pankhaniyi, osteons si anaika mosintha. Mokwanira kutsatira katundu zinchito. Choncho, mu mafupa yaitali osteons kufanana dlinniku fupa cancellous - perpendicular kwa olamulira choimirira. Ndipo mu lathyathyathya (mwachitsanzo, chigaza) - ndi zozungulira kapena kufanana kwa pamwamba pake.

Amene zigawo ndi mafupa a anthu?

Osteons pamodzi ndi mbale interstitial kupanga waukulu pakati wosanjikiza fupa. Mkati ndi zophimbidwa ndi M'kati mwa mbale fupa, ndi kunja - kunja. Tikumbukenso kuti lonse wosanjikiza wotsiriza atagonjetsa ndi mitsempha, amene athamanga ku periosteum mwa njira yapadera. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, ndi osteons zigwirizana ndi akuluakulu mfundo za mafupa omwe amaoneka kuti apoyera pa radiograph kapena odulidwa.

Choncho, tiyeni tiyang'ane pa thupi katundu wa zigawo fupa:

• Woyamba wosanjikiza - fupa amphamvu.
• The chachiwiri - lumikiza, lomwe lili kunja kwa fupa.
• Chachitatu wosanjikiza - ndi lotayirira connective minofu kuti akutumikira monga ngati "zovala za" zotengera magazi kuti ali oyenera fupa.
• Chachinayi - ndi chichereŵechereŵe kuphimba malekezero a mafupa. Apa ndi pamene matupi kuwonjezera pa kukula kwawo.
• Wosanjikiza chachisanu wapangidwa ndi molekezera mitsempha. Mu nkhani ya kulephera kwa mchitidwe uwu ndi kudyetsedwa choyambirira chizindikiro zolandilira ubongo.

fupa la munthu, kapena m'malo onse malo ake mkati ladzala ndi mafupa (wofiira ndi wachikasu). Red mwachindunji ndi fupa mapangidwe ndi hematopoiesis. Monga ziri zodziwika bwino, izo kwathunthu lodzala ndi mitsempha ndi mitsempha kuti kudyetsa osati yekha, koma zigawo zonse lamkati la thupi zinkaimira. Yellow mafupa amalimbikitsa kukula kwa mafupa ndi mtima wake.

ndi akalumikidzidwa mafupa chiyani?

Momwe iwo angakhalire, malingana ndi malo ndi ntchito:

• Long kapena tubular. zinthu izi ndi cylindrical pakati gawo ndi M'mimbamo mkati ndi awiri malekezero lonse limene okutidwa ndi nkhungu wosanjikiza wa chichereŵechereŵe (mwachitsanzo, anthu mwendo fupa).
• Lonse. Iwo pectoral ndi m'chiuno ndipo mutu mafupa.
• Short. zinthu izi zimasiyana osasamba, Mipikisano faceted ndipo anamaliza mitundu (mwachitsanzo, mafupa dzanja, vertebrae, ndi zina zotero.).

Kodi zalumikizana?

Human mafupa (otchedwa fupa tinapeza pansipa) chikuyimira kuchuluka kwa maso munthu, amene muli nacho chokhudzana ndi mzake. Kapena kuti dongosolo la zinthu deta zimadalira ntchito zawo mwachindunji. Kusiyanitsa kugwirizana discontinuous ndi mosalekeza a mafupa a anthu. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Wopitiriza pawiri. Njirazi ndi monga:

• Fibroids. Mafupa a thupi cholukanalukana mwa wandiweyani connective minofu akalowa.
• Bone (ie fupa adawachiritsa kwathunthu).
• Chichereŵechereŵe (intervertebral zimbale).

Discontinuous pawiri. Zikuphatikizapo synovial, ndiye pakati pa mbali mating ndi glenoid patsekeke. Mafupa umachitika mwa kapisozi chatsekedwa ndi Mitsemphayi zothangatira ndi minofu minofu.

Zikomo zinthu zimenezi dzanja, mafupa a nthambi m'munsi ndi thunthu ambiri kupereka thupi mothamanga. Komabe, locomotor ntchito ya anthu kumadalira osati kokha pa mankhwala alipo, komanso pa mathero mitsempha ndi mafupa zili M'mimbamo deta.

ntchito chigoba

Kuwonjezera ntchito makina omwe amathandiza thupi mawonekedwe, mafupa kumapangitsa kuyenda ndi kuteteza ziwalo. Komanso, dongosolo fupa akuimira mfundo ya hemopoiesis. Choncho, m'mafupa, maselo atsopano magazi anapanga.

Komanso, mafupa ndi mtundu wa zapamwamba zambiri thupi kashiamu ndi phosphorous. N'chifukwa chake amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu kagayidwe mchere.

Human mafupa ndi dzina la fupa

Wamkulu mafupa tichipeza zinthu pafupifupi oposa 200. Komanso, mbali Iliyonse (mutu, mikono, miyendo ndi zina zotero.) Monga mitundu ina ya mafupa. Tikumbukenso kuti awo makhalidwe dzina ndi thupi osiyana kwambiri.

mafupa mutu

Chigaza la munthu lili ndi magawo 29. Komanso, mutu wa dipatimenti zikuphatikizapo mafupa okhaokha ena:

1. Ganizirani dipatimenti, chomwe ndi zinthu eyiti:

• ndi mazunzo fupa;
• mphero;
• parietal (2 ma PC.);
• occipital;
• zosatha (2 ma PC.);
• latticework.

2. Nkhope dipatimenti tichipeza mafupa khumi ndi zisanu:

• Palatine fupa (2 ma PC.);
• kutsegula;
• zygomatic fupa (2 ma PC.);
• ndi nsagwada chapamwamba (2 ma PC.);
• m'mphuno fupa (2 ma PC.);
• nsagwada m'munsi;
• lacrimal fupa (2 ma PC.);
• m'munsi turbinate (2 ma PC.);
• hyoid fupa.

3. mafupa a makutu pakati:

• nyundo (2 ma PC.);
• ndi Chipala (2 ma PC.);
• stirrup (2 ma PC.).

thunthu

mafupa a anthu, amene mayina awo pafupifupi nthawi zonse zizigwirizana malo awo kapena maonekedwe, ndi ziwalo mosavuta kuphunzira. Choncho, fractures zosiyanasiyana kapena pathologies ena zavumbulutsidwa mwachilungamo msanga mothandizidwa ndi njira yodziwira ngati X-ray. Tikumbukenso kuti limodzi la mafupa lalikulu anthu mafupa a thupi. Izi zikuphatikizapo lonse vertebral mzati, chomwe 32-34 nadzawasankhula vertebrae. Malinga ntchito ndi malo gawo:

• thoracic vertebrae (12 ma PC.);
• khosi (7 ma PC.), kuphatikizapo epistrophe ndi Atlanta;
• lumbar (5 ma PC.).

Ndiponso, torso mafupa anafotokoza sacrum, coccyx, ndi thorax, nthiti (12 × 2) ndi breastbone.

zinthu izi zonse mafupa ndi n'cholinga chofuna kuteteza ziwalo kuchokera zotheka makhalidwe Link (mikwingwirima, tokhala, punctures ndi zina zotero.). Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti mu nkhani ya fractures pachimake wa malekezero a mafupa mosavuta kuwononga zimakhala zofewa za thupi, zikubweretsa magazi amphamvu mkati, zikubweretsa zambiri imfa. Komanso, matupi amenewa kuti maphatikizidwe akufuna nthawi zambiri kusiyana ndi amene ankakhala mu miyendo m'munsi kapena chapamwamba.

miyendo chapamwamba

Mafupa a dzanja monga chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha zinthu zazing'ono. Chifukwa nthambi ngati chapamwamba mafupa anthu Ngokhoza kulenga zinthu, ntchito, ndi zina zotero. Monga msana, manja a anthu anagawa m'zigawo zingapo:

1. chapamwamba nthambi lamba tichipeza masamba (2 ma PC.) ndi clavicle (2 ma PC.).
2. The ufulu gawo la nthambi kumtunda ali ndi zigawo izi:

• Phewa - humerus (2 zidutswa).
• Mkono - ndi ulna (2 zidutswa) ndi zozungulira fupa (2 zidutswa).
• Burashi, womwenso:
  - ndi dzanja (8 × 2) ongokhala scaphoid ndi, lunate, triangular ndi pisiform fupa ndi trapezoid fupa, fupa trapezoid, capitate, ndi hamate;
  - metacarpus wopangidwa mwa metacarpal fupa (5 × 2);
  - mafupa a zala (14 × 2), wopangidwa mwa phalanges atatu (proximal, pakati ndi wapotalikira) mu zala (koma chala choyamba, amene ali phalanges awiri).

mafupa onse a anthu anapereka, n'zovuta kukumbukira dzina lolani kuti luso galimoto ndi dzanja kuchita kayendedwe osavuta ofunika tsiku ndi tsiku.

Tikumbukenso kuti zinthu constituent wa miyendo chapamwamba zagonjetsedwa kwa fupa lothyoka kapena kuvulala zina zambiri. Komabe, mafupa awa zinaphatikizidwa mofulumira kuposa ena.

m'munsi malekezero

Anthu mwendo mafupa mulinso ambiri zinthu zazing'ono. Pamene yagawidwa m'magawo awa malingana ndi dera ntchito:

• Lamba wa nthambi m'munsi. Zikuphatikizapo m'chiuno fupa, chomwe ndi ilium, ischium ndi pubis.
• Mbali ufulu wa malekezero m'munsi, wopangidwa mwa chiuno (femur - 2 zidutswa; kneecap - 2 zidutswa).
• Shin. Amakhala wa tibia (2 zidutswa) ndi fibula (2 zidutswa).
• Lekani.
• Tariso (7 × 2). Amakhala ndi zidutswa ziwiri za fupa pa chilichonse: chidendene, talus, navicular, medial mphero, mphero woboola pakati wapakatikati, lateral mphero woboola pakati, cuboid.
• Metatarsus ongokhala mafupa metatarsal (5 × 2).
• Bone zikhomo (14 × 2). Iwo: phalanx pakati (4 × 2) ndi phalanx proximal (5 × 2) ndi phalanx wapotalikira (5 × 2).

The matenda ambiri fupa

Akatswiri akhala anakhazikitsa kuti ndi kufooka kwa mafupa. Iwo kupatuka pa zimayambitsa fractures mwadzidzidzi ululu. Dzina zosavomerezeka matenda zokambidwa zikumveka ngati "mbala chete". Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti matenda amaona ndipo imayenda pang'onopang'ono kwambiri. Kuyambira mafupa pang'onopang'ono leaches calcium, imbaenda ku kuchepa kachulukidwe awo. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, kufooka kwa mafupa ndi ambiri mu m'badwo okalamba kapena pakati.

okalamba mafupa

Monga tanena mu dongosolo lakale anthu chigoba wayamba kusintha kwakukulu. Pa dzanja limodzi, ndi fupa imfa ikuyamba kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mbale fupa (imbaenda chitukuko cha kufooka kwa mafupa), ndi pa zina - kuthetsa mapangidwe akuwonetseredwa mu tinatake tozungulira mawonekedwe fupa (kapena otchedwa osteophytes). Komanso, pali calcification wa articular Mitsemphayi, tendons ndi chichereŵechereŵe pa nsonga ya ubwenzi matupi awa.

Okalamba osteoarticular zida tingadziwire osati zizindikiro za matenda, koma chifukwa njira imeneyi matenda monga X-ray.

Kodi kusintha kumachitika chifukwa cha manja wa chinthu fupa? Mikhalidwe pathological monga:

• Mapindikidwe olowa mitu (kapena otchedwa mofulumira a anamaliza awo, m'mbali ndipo stitching kuoneka kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino lolingana).
• Kufooka kwa mafupa. Pa anayendera pa X-ray anthu wodwala fupa limapezeka mandala kuposa athanzi.

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti nthawi zambiri odwala limasonyeza kusintha mfundo fupa chifukwa madipoziti kwambiri laimu mu chichereŵechereŵe moyandikana ndi zimakhala connective. Childs, zolakwika awa anatsagana ndi:

• X-ray kuchepetsa wa mphanga olowa. Izi zimachitika chifukwa calcification wa chichereŵechereŵe articular.
• Diaphyseal phindu mpumulo. Chikhalidwe chotere pathological limodzi ndi calcification wa tendons pa malo fupa kuphatikana.
• Bone chimathandiza kapena osteophytes. Matendawa aumbike chifukwa calcification wa Mitsemphayi pa nsonga ya ubwenzi fupa. Kuyenera anatsindika kuti zimenezi ndi wapezeka makamaka bwino mu dzanja ndi msana. M'madera ena a mafupa unkagwiritsidwa 3 waukulu radiologic zizindikiro za ukalamba. Zikuphatikizapo kufooka kwa mafupa, kuchepetsa wa ming'alu olowa ndi kulimbikitsa mpumulo mafupa.

Anthu ena ukalamba zizindikiro kumachitika oyambirira (kuzungulira 30-45 zaka), pamene ena - Patapita (mu zaka 65-70), kapena kwathu kapena kwina palimodzi. Zonsezi ndi zomveka ndithu maonekedwe a ntchito bwinobwino mu m'badwo akulu a dongosolo chigoba.

ndi chidwi

• anthu ochepa mukudziwa, koma fupa hyoid ndi fupa yekha mu thupi, amene alibe kanthu kochita ndi zina. Topographically izo ili pakhosi. Pachikhalidwe Komabe, akunena za dera nkhope ya Chibade cha. Choncho, sublingual mafupa membala ntchito minofu minofu lili ku mafupa ndipo chikugwirizana ndi m'phuno ndi.
• Motalikitsa ndi amphamvu mafupa fupa ndi femur.
• Fupa zing'onozing'ono za mafupa anthu ili mu khutu pakati.