Mitundu mbiri ya boma. Mitundu ya State ndi Chilamulo

Mu dziko muli 200 limati palokha. Pali chiphunzitso kuti ambiri a iwo saloledwa kuphatikiza mu gulu lomwe lili generality ndi pachilichonse za mbali chifungulo cha chitukuko. Choncho, mitundu yambiri ya mayiko. likuyandikira Scientific Kuti mudziwe zambiri awo. Amene ali wotchuka kwambiri mu sayansi Russian?

mokoma kufanizitsa

Tiyeni tikambirane woyamba wa zonse za maganizo a mtundu wa boma. Malinga ndi ankatanthauzira Mawu amenewa amasonyeza umembala wa gulu landale linalake kalasi (kapena gulu), yodziwika ndi mndandanda wa muyezo ena. State ndi malamulo, ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira, zayambika pang'onopang'ono. Choncho, iwo ali mtundu wina n'zotheka mme- onse mawu a malumikizanidwe ndi ena nthawi zakale, ndi pophunzira katundu popanda nthawi, koma ndi nkhani poyerekeza. Mtundu ofufuza mfundo masomphenya a boma kugwirizana ndi mbali ukugwirira ntchito m'menemo kasamalidwe dongosolo malamulo, mabungwe malamulo ndi zina zotero. D. Pankhaniyi, kuganizira akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati liwu n'chimodzimodzi mawu "board mawonekedwe" kapena Mwachitsanzo "mode ndale".

Mu Russian sayansi yamakono ndale mitundu ya boma ndi malamulo nthaŵi zambiri monga makalasi, makhalidwe amene iwo athe kunyamula ina mwayekha mabungwe a ndale pa nkhani ya umunthu wawo formational ndi civilizational. Pankhaniyi, mawu monga "boma" kapena "ndale" akhoza amatengedwa kuti kutchula. Pankhani imeneyi, akatswiri zoweta kudziwa mitundu mbiri ya boma, pakutchulidwa amene Tingaone poyerekezera ndi chitukuko cha formations ena kapena chitukuko. Muyeso loyamba ndi lachiwiri, azungu anatsimikiza ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana ongolankhula kuti gulu la mabungwe a ndale. Taganizirani mfundo ziwirizi - mapangidwe ndi chitukuko.

njira formational

Anthu ambiri, ambiri mu sayansi Russian wakudza - formational. mtundu wa boma izo limafanana ndi imodzi mwa makalasi zotsatirazi: wosazindikira (kapena madera), kapolo, ang'onoang'ono, capitalist (kapena bourgeois), wa chikominisi. i Basic aliyense akufotokozera ziphunzitso Karla Marksa ndi Fridriha Engelsa, amene ankaona chiphunzitso zakuthupi wa Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe. mbali chifungulo cha mfundo zogwirizana - mapangidwe anatsimikiza ndi chuma (imene imagwiritsidwa maziko), komanso ubale pakati pa anthu, malamulo, mfundo (zomwe kudziwa pokha-mu).

Tatchulawa mitundu ya boma mbiri malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Marx ndi Chichewa anawagawira zochokera zotsatirazi Gawo: a njira ya ulimi, mosavuta mitundu chuma pa iwo, mlingo wa gulu la anthu kalasi ndi makhalidwe munthu wa magulu ake chikhalidwe. Tiyeni kuphunzira zina zizindikiro zawo.

The mitundu ikuluikulu ya formations

limati kapolo monga mwa chiphunzitso mu funso anali yodziwika ndi maziko mu mawonekedwe a zachuma ulimi wa predominance umwini boma njira kupanga digiri yapamwamba ya kalasi gulu la anthu, pamene ambiri anali yozungulira, akapolo - ochepa. Zitsanzo za limati ngati angapezeke ndi kuphunzira mbiri ya wakale East, Roma ndi Greece.

Wamkulu Koposa mayanjano ndale ang'onoang'ono mtundu yodziwika, nayenso, chifukwa cha ulimi, waluso ndi chuma zotsimikizira ndi predominance katundu ang'onoang'ono. Ponena za makalasi anthu - zambiri za anthu mu States ankayimiridwa ndi gulu wamba, amadalira ambuye ang'onoang'ono, pamwamba omwe mlingo wa suzerains makhalidwe. Mitundu mbiri ya boma ya gulu - Russian serfs zaka, m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya: Germany, Italy, France.

M'maiko capitalist kapena bourgeois pali zosiyanasiyana za chuma, koma chimakhala chogwidwa ndi zachinsinsi, m'munsi cha ndalama zochokera yopanga fakitale ndi msika chikhalidwe cha ubale, mpikisano. makalasi a anthu anawagawa chapamwamba, pakati m'munsi, zooneka kwambiri chikhalidwe udindo wa antchito ndi bourgeoisie.

Malinga ndi mfundo za Marx ndi Chichewa, limati chikominisi-mtundu zikutanthauza kupanga ambiri ayenera eni boma ndi chuma lamulo zimachitika m'njira anakonza. Waukulu chikhalidwe makalasi - ogwira ntchito, osawuka ndi aluntha.

Mitundu mbiri ya boma, malinga ndi njira mapangidwe, ayenera kusintha ngati kukhazikitsa Zasintha amene angakhalepo chifukwa cha vutoli, Gona mosapatuka njira umoyo ndi zachuma. Childs, izi zimaonekera chakuti makalasi Kumvetsela sindidzakhalanso okhutira unapangitsa kasamalidwe ndi kukonza ndondomeko ya ŵa a moyo, "pamwamba".

Kodi mapangidwe panopa?

Mitundu ya boma monga mbali ya njira mapangidwe tapita. Komabe, ena a iwo tikhoza m'kagulu masiku mwayekha mabungwe a ndale? Ndipo malinga ndi muyezo chiyani? Malinga ndi mfundo Marx ndi Chichewa, pambuyo mapangidwe bourgeois ayenera kuonekera dongosolo chikominisi. Luso la zomangamanga ake anali Russia, ndipo tsopano mu chitsanzo, mwina kugwilizana ndi zizindikiro zakuti China ali osauka mwina Korea North. Koma nanga bwanji maiko ena? Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Marx ndi Chichewa, mapangidwe capitalist zayamba kwa nthawi yaitali: zaka pafupifupi 300 zapitazo. States kuti chinayamba mu chimango cha chitsanzo yoyenera, kuyamba kugwira ntchito pa maziko, monga tanena kale, mu mawonekedwe a umwini patokha njira yopanga. Pakati pa anthu ofufuza kuona makhalidwe a mapangidwe ichi - ufulu malamulo a m'kalasi ntchito ku bourgeoisie lapansi. Ponena za makhalidwe awiriwa ambiri m'mayiko otukuka, monga ofufuza ena amakhulupirira, njira imodzi kapena wina akhoza zimachitika mtundu wa gulu bourgeois wa Marx ndi Chichewa.

Pali Komabe, akatswiri kuganizira yovomerezeka kusiyanitsa otchedwa Transitional chitsanzo cha bizinesi ndi mapangidwe mwapadera, ndinazolowera zosowa za anthu, ndi kusakhutira ndi machitidwe panopa. Pakati ofufuza palibe kumvetsa mfundo momveka i amayanjana m'dziko lililonse mwa dongosolo lomenyera nkhondo imeneyi. amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira zosiyanasiyana zimaonetsa ndi asapita kupanga, zina - kukhalapo kwa ena zinthu ang'onoang'ono. The njira yeniyeni imene polumikizira lolingana kwa mapangidwe munthu akhoza zikuchitidwa mwa zina, amakhulupirira ndi ofufuza ena kuzikidwa pa njira kusakanikirana. Ndiko kuti, mgwirizano wa zamalonda a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi zina - mgwirizano ndale m'menemo boma amenewa, sizingakhale kulingalira chinthu. Pakati ayenera chisanadze zithunzi za mayunitsi andale, akatswiri ena otchedwa EU. Monga tikudziwa, pakati ambiri m'mayiko EU palibe ulamuliro pasipoti, ukugwira ntchito ndalama wosakwatiwa, mfundo za mu ndondomeko yachilendo ya ku Ulaya komanso ndi zambiri kapena zochepa anagwirizana.

Ngakhale pali lingaliro European Union - ndi kumlingo kubwerera ku zimene poyamba anali mu Europe. Mbiri ya Aroma kudziwika kwa onse States. Kale kunali ufumu wa kufanana yaikulu, umene mwachirengedwe zikuphatikizapo mbali yaikulu ya EU ano. Ndipo chifukwa kuphatikiza zamakono a ku Ulaya, ofufuza akukhulupirira - mwina osati mochuluka kwambiri mapangidwe mapangidwe wachibadidwe watsopano monga kubalana analipo kale, gulu la chitsanzo chokhala ndi ulamuliro wa ndale.

Choncho, makhalidwe a mitundu mbiri ya boma ku mawonedwe a kufupi mapangidwe zikuphatikizapo chakudya kulola njira ina m'kagulu dziko ano. Ambiri mwina, tsopano dziko akupitiriza moyo makamaka mu dongosolo capitalist. Koma ichi, monga taonera pamwambapa, si muyezo okha mu gulu la mayiko. Taonani mtundu wina wotchuka.

njira civilizational

Mitundu mbiri ya boma chimango Njira anawagawira pa maziko osati a muyezo umoyo ndi zachuma, komanso pamaziko a ofala mu mayanjano ndale za uzimu, chikhalidwe, mfundo malamulo ndi malamulo, amene pamodzi kupanga ya makhalidwe a chitukuko. Taonani zitsanzo siyana izi.

chitukuko dziko

Mitundu mbiri ndi mawonekedwe a boma mu chimango cha njira kutukuka akufuna ndi ofufuza ku ambiri mfundo ongolankhula. Mwachitsanzo, Oswald Spengler ankakhulupirira kuti lonse anthu mbiri zachitika mwa 8 zikhalidwe civilizational, Karl Jaspers anasankha 9 otukuka, Arnold Toynbee ziphunzitso za chiwerengero chawo chinali 21. Chimodzi mwa zochitika mfundo sayansi Mwachitsanzo, 7 akuluakulu akale: Mesopotamiya, ku Iguputo, Agiriki, Aroma, Cretan, Byzantine, Central America ndi Andes, ndi za 8 lero: kumadzulo, Chinese, Japanese, Chisilamu, Hindu, Russian Orthodox, African, Latin American.

Akatswiri ena kusiyanitsa chitukuko pulayimale ndi sekondale. Muyezo waukulu demarcation - udindo wa boma timakhala chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko chachikulu idzagwiritsa nawo mokwanira chitukuko cha gulu mwayekha ndale. Economy, anthu, boma ndi malamulo chitsanzo ichi ndi zogwirizana. Nayenso chitukuko mu ntchito yachiwiri ya boma penapake kwambiri yopapatiza. Iwo inali superstructure wa - zauzimu, malamulo chikhalidwe zikuluzikulu za Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe. Zitsanzo za chitukuko chotero - Latin American, Western European.

kufanizitsa ufulu

Ndi mapangidwe mabungwe boma ndi mosamala njira ina, kunyezimiritsa zikamera ndi kukula kwa lamulo. Kodi ziphunzitso umenewu angatchedwe ambiri?

Mwa iwo amene ali otchuka mu sayansi mbiri - lingaliro kuti ufulu wachinsinsi mu mitundu iwiri - zachilengedwe ndi zabwino. Woyamba akuganizira kwakukulukulu osalembedwa, mwachilengedwe ku malamulo a anthu ammudzi ndi mfundo. Chachiwiri - uyu, nayenso malamulo Lofotokoza malamulo awo ndi zida, kusinthasintha kwa zenizeni zachilengedwe zolimbana.

lamulo Natural anali yoyamba zabwino. Koma pakati pa asayansi amakhalabe chinthu zofunika kukambirana: panthawi ina nthawi correlative, kuti, pakutchulidwa mapangidwe kapena chitukuko anaonekera malamulo zabwino? Pali lomwe linali ndi anthu kuyambira pomwe linayamba zoona, chinayamba mu chimango cha njira formational ndi civilizational.

Limagwirira a boma mapangidwe monga muyezo kufanizitsa

Kufanizitsa angathe kuchitidwa pa maziko a limagwirira limene anapambana boma pamaphunziro. Chilengedwe kafukufuku, anthu ambiri mfundo umenewu. Pali limati amene angakhalepo ngati adalandira ulamuliro wa dera kale wokwatibwa ndi ufulu wodzilamulira mayunitsi wina ndale. Mwachitsanzo, awa ndi ambiri a mayiko wakale wa dziko la USSR. Pamaso pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union ochepa iwo zinakuchitikiranipo mbiri ya statehood palokha. maphunziro State akhoza zokhudzana ndi njira kaphatikizidwe pakati pa mitundu, yodziwika ndi wamba chikhalidwe, chinenero mfundo. Choncho inakhalapo ambiri limati ano European. Mwachitsanzo, ndi Germany ndi Italy - nthawi yaitali pa gawo m'mayiko amenewa panali palokha mabungwe a ndale. Kumlingo United States ndi pokomera. Iwo yodziwika ndi ofufuza ena monga chitsanzo cha boma, zogwirizana osati pamaziko musiyane chikhalidwe dziko, ndipo pa maziko a mfundo zokomela a ufulu ndi lamulo ladziko, ikuyenda bwino kwambiri kwa nthawi, pamene America anasankha kukhala osadalira ku England cha m'ma 18 mochedwa.

Russia

Kodi kudziwa mtundu wa boma Russian? Mwina Choyamba ndi kuganizira ndi zimene nthawi zakale nayo. Popeza kuti dziko lathu kuposa zaka chikwi. Ngati Russia ndi correlate mitundu ndi mayiko masiku ano, zinachokera pa mfundo Marx ndi Chichewa, ife mwachidziwikire a dongosolo capitalist. Pa ntchito yomanga achikominisiti, monga ife tikudziwira, izo sizinachitike. Monga momwe taonera pamwambapa, panali bwino ndi ang'onoang'ono lomenyera mbiri Russian. Mu kusanthula wina wa njira angatchedwe boma la Russia, a Russian Orthodox chitukuko.

Pankhani muyezo kuwalitsa zinthu za maphunziro m'dzikolo monga wolamulira gulu landale kuti, kutenga nkhani kalekale zinachitikira statehood, ife, osalephera, molondola zimachitika m'mayiko amene anayambika chifukwa cha ndondomeko kusakanikirana - pa msinkhu wa chikhalidwe, chilankhulo, chipembedzo.

Mbiri ya boma Russian - ndi mgwirizano wa Asilavo, Finno-Ugric, Turkic ndi anthu ena, chofunika chimene amakhulupirira ndi ofufuza ambiri, udindo ufumu wa Russia. Mosapatuka wa zogwirizana nthawi zakale m'dziko lathu pali ngati ife monga maziko a chiphunzitso cha Marx ndi Chichewa, dongosolo ang'onoang'ono, anali Kenako anasiya bizinesi.

Russia - Dziko la formations angapo?

Pambuyo 1917, chinthu lachifumu watha kuti udindo, ndiyeno dziko, komwe poyamba kunalibe boma kapena zina mtundu wa mabungwe yekha, koma anali kudziyimira pawokha mwachilungamo lalikulu Poland ndi Finland, unapangidwa palokha mwayekha mayunitsi angapo ndale pa maziko a dziko. Komabe, malinga ndi ofufuza ena, dziko kumene palokha, kupatulapo chabe Poland ndi Finland, kutali kukhala ndi vuto mulingo woyenera umoyo ndi zachuma kuti kukhala paokha. Chifukwa, Moscow anakwanitsa awo kulimbikitsa mwachilungamo mwamsanga pamene gawo la USSR ndi malingaliro atsopano - chikominisi. Lolingana boma mapangidwe kuti anatuluka m'dziko mwathu, kutenga nkhani zowonjezera cilamulo kwa ziphunzitso za Lenin, Stalin ndi atsogoleri ena Soviet, ambiri, zinali mokwanira pafupi ndi zitsanzo ongolankhula wa Marx ndi Chichewa.

Pamene, mu zaka za perestroika kulumikizanitsa chikominisi chinthu watha kuti udindo, danga ndale woyambawo Russian Ufumu anakhala monga ife tikudziwira izo lero. Monga pambuyo ulimi wa 1917, dziko unagawidwa angapo mayiko odzilamulira. mayanjano awo mu 1922, sizinachitike. Chifukwa chiyani? Pali Mabaibulo ambiri amenewa. Pa mmodzi wa iwo, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 ochokera kumayiko watsopano sanali chuma chuma yomanga kachitidwe palokha chuma ndi ndale. Pambuyo perestroika Zikatero, ambiri anali wamphamvu Soviet cholowa zomangamanga ndi zambiri kapena mabungwe kasamalidwe layamba. Chifukwa wosafuna kuti mupitilize kukula kwa mfundo za latsopano boma chikominisi kwenikweni kubwerera ku bizinesi ndipo anapitiriza kumanga mwa mapangidwe a.