Milungu Mayan: mayina ndi mbiri

Ancient anataya chitukuko cha Maya ana anachoka ambiri a masamu ndi zinsinsi. mafuko awa, amene ankadziwa bwino zakuthambo ndi masamu ankaganizira, a ambiri otukuka lonse South America. Koma iwo mwachangu ankachita nsembe anthu, ndipo milungu Mayan akadali akuimira wasayansi kwambiri n'zovuta kumvetsa zikhulupiriro ndi maganizo zokhudza chilengedwe. Mwatsoka, ambiri magwero olembedwa a nthawi imeneyo zinali nkhanza anawononga conquistadors lapansi. Choncho, milungu Mayan maina anafika ofufuza mu mawonekedwe chosakwanira, ambiri a iwo kwa zaka zambiri masinthidwe aakulu ndi ansembe a Chikatolika. Ndipo ena kumizidwa mu chisokonezeko, ndipo popanda kuwulula chinsinsi chake kwa asayansi. Ngakhale milungu Aztec ndi Mayan, ndi kuigwadira kutamanda lipitirize anafufuza ndi kudabwa ofufuza za amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira zosiyanasiyana.

Dziko mu chifaniziro cha American South Indians

Pamaso kutembenukira kwa gulu la anthu amenewa, muyenera kumvetsetsa mmene kusanduka maganizo awo za dziko. Ndipotu, milungu ya Aztec ndi Mayan ankaganizira anali chotsatira chenicheni cha Amwenye.

Kwambiri zovuta kuti asayansi amene amaphunzira moyo wa Maya, ndi nambala yaikulu milungu ndiponso ubwenzi wawo ndi mtundu wawo, ndi anthu wamba. Maya anapatsidwa mphamvu ya Mulungu osati ndi zochitika zachilengedwe, komanso zakuthambo, mbewu zosiyanasiyana ndi nyama.

South American Indians dziko monga ndege amakona anayi, m'mbali mwa amene anali mitengo kufanizira mfundo kadinala. Aliyense wa iwo anali mtundu wawo, ndi pakati linali lofunika kwambiri wobiriwira mtengo. Iwo likulowerera zolengedwa zonse ndi kulumikiza pamodzi. Maya ankanena kuti miyamba zigwirizana wa satini maiko osiyanasiyana, aliyense amene anthu milungu ndi Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse. Mobisa dera, nayenso, monga nthumwi ya chitukuko wakale, anali milingo angapo. Maiko naini anthu milungu ya imfa, amene anakonza mizimu ya anthu akufa ndi mavuto oopsa kwambiri. Kuwapitirira sanathe miyoyo yonse ngati wachisoni iwo nthawizonse kukhala mu ufumu wa mdima ndi chisoni.

N'zochititsa chidwi chiyambi cha dziko, komanso akuphatikizapo Amaya anali kutanthauzira angapo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti m'mphambano za dziko si mitengo Bacab - milungu zinai, akugwira pa mapewa ake maiko wakumwamba. Iwo analinso ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu Bacab kum'mawa izo utoto mtundu wofiira, ndi kumwera - ku chikasu. Center ya Earth zonse zikugwirizana mtundu wobiriwira.

The Mayas anali ndi mtima achirendo kwambiri imfa. Iye ankaona kutambasuka achibadwa a moyo ndi mwatsatanetsatane m'zimene guises zake zonse. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ndi kumene anthu kunditsatira ulendo wa dziko lapansi, kamadalira mmene adzafera. Mwachitsanzo, akazi amene anamwalira akubereka, ndi anthu nthawi zonse amagwa ngati paradaiso. Koma imfa chilengedwe cha ukalamba wathedwa moyo kuyendayenda mu ufumu wa mdima. Pamenepo kuyembekezera mayeso ake aakulu, kenako konse kukhala mwa milungu wachisoni imfa. Kudzipha si mwa South American Indians, ndi kufooka kwa chinthu choletsedwa. M'malo mwake - amene waika pa yekha, muli milungu ya dzuwa, ndi nthawizonse osangalala moyo wina pambuyo latsopano.

Features wa gulu Mayan

Gods Mayan kugunda asayansi ake ambiri. Malinga ndi ena, awo oposa mazana awiri. Ndipo aliyense wa iwo ali incarnations angapo ndipo akhoza yofotokozedwapo m'njira zinayi zosiyanasiyana. Ambiri a iwo ndi mkazi, omwenso ndi a embodiments lapansi. dualism uyu agona mwa milungu ya Chihindu ndi Chibuda. Sizikudziwika zomwe a zipembedzo anali ena pulayimale ndi chikoka, koma asayansi kudziwa kuti gawo la milungu Mayan otengedwa chikhalidwe kwambiri wakale, zimene pafupifupi kanthu amadziwika lero.

Ndinadabwa pamene ife tinakomana koyamba ndi gulu la milungu, ndi chakuti ambiri a iwo aphedwe. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi nkhani zomwe zilipo ndi mafano a milungu. Zinali zachilendo kuimira iwo panyengo zosiyanasiyana kukhwima, ukalamba ndi decrepitude limaimira si kufooka, koma nzeru. Kuyamwitsa milungu anali kupereka nsembe, chifukwa magazi mwa anthu anawapatsa moyo wautali ndi mphamvu.

Milungu ya zakuthambo ndi amamwalira, ndi pamaso pa reappearance za mlengalenga, iwo ayenera kuti anali mu umunthu watsopano, kuyendayenda mwa ufumu wa akufa. Ndiye iwo kachiwiri ayambirenso chikuoneka kale ndipo anabwerera ku malo anakonzedwera iwo.

milungu Mayan za pa anatsalira-reliefs akachisi ndi mapiramidi, choyamba mantha asayansi maonekedwe awo ndi kuzindikira cha kapangidwe. Mfundo ndi yakuti mu chikhalidwe cha South American Indians anatengera ikuimira aliyense chithunzi padera pyakufunika. Nthawi zambiri milungu ankawoneka ngati zolengedwa chiombankhanga nyama cuddle njoka m'malo maso ndi zigaza elongated. Koma maonekedwe awo sanali kuopseza Maya, iwo anaona izi pyakufunika, ndipo chinthu chilichonse manja a mulungu ndi suti wake udaikidwa kuti mphamvu zake kulimbikitsa pa anthu.

Mayan Calendar

Pafupifupi aliyense masiku ano amadziwika Mayan kalendala, limaneneratu mapeto a dziko mu 2012. Iye anapangitsa kwambiri pa mlanduwo ndi malingaliro a sayansi, koma zoona zake zinali basi lina lomwe nthaŵi, imene Maya, monga adalembera mu nthano, kuphunzira kwa milungu. milungu Mayan kuwaphunzitsa kuwerengetsa zaka monga nthawi pafupifupi zisanu zikwi ziwiri mazana zaka. Nthumwi za chitukuko chachinsinsi ankakhulupirira kuti dziko ankakhala ndi kufa kale. milungu Mayan anauza ansembe kuti dziko kuona umunthu wake chachinayi. Kale analenga ndipo anafa. Woyamba chitukuko anthu anatayira ku dzuwa, wachiwiri ndi wachitatu nthawi - mphepo ndi madzi. Nthawi chachinayi, chiwonongeko likuoneka dziko kwa nyamazi Mulungu, umene kuzemba ufumu wa akufa ndi kuwononga moyo wonse pa dziko. Koma pa bwinja dziko latsopano adzabadwanso, otrinuvshego zoipa zonse ndi mercantile. Maya ankaona kuti zosadabwitsa kwa zinthu ndipo n'komwe za momwe mungapewere chiwonongeko cha anthu.

Nsembe polemekeza milungu

Milungu ya Maya akale adamfunsa nsembe zonse, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi anthu. Mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti pafupifupi utumiki kwa mulungu anali limodzi ndi nyanja magazi. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa milungu yake akudalitseni kapena kuwalanga anthu. Ndipo miyambo nsembe anali kuchita ndi ansembe automatism, nthawizina iwo ankasiyana nkhanza kwambiri ndipo sanathe kugunda European.

Okongola kwambiri atsikana chaka chilichonse yoikidwiratu akwatibwi mulungu wobereketsa - Yum phala. Pambuyo mwambo ena unagonjetsedwa ndi moyo mu mwala akuya ndi golide ndi yade, kumene iwo pang'onopang'ono painfully kufa.

Miyambo ina, munthu womangidwa kwa chosema cha mulungu, ndipo wansembe anang'amba mimba yake ndi mpeni wapadera. mafano onse ataphimbidwa ndi magazi, ndiyeno thupi wovulalayo ndi utoto wabuluu yowala. White anali ntchito kudera la mtima, kumene mamembala a fuko kuponya muvi ndi uta. No zochepa wamagazi mwambo ndipo akugwera mtima mwa wina munthu wamoyo. Pamwamba pa wansembe piramidi amanga pa guwa ndipo anayambitsa ake mu chizimbwizimbwi. Mmodzi aluso kayendedwe ansembe anang'amba chifuwa ndi anang'amba manja ake kumenya mtima kunja kwa thupi. thupi ndiye anaponyedwa kuchokera pansi pa mkokomo khamu la chisangalalo.

Njira ina polemekeza milungu unali mwambo mpira. Kumapeto kwa masewera milungu Mayan kwenikweni kulandira nyamazo aziti iyeyu n'ngwabwino. malo ndi zambiri pamene magulu awiri nkhondo ili ndi akachita kuchokera kumbali zonse rectangle lapansi. Wall ndi gawo la mapiramidi kachisi. mamembala onse a timu yoluza mutu ndi skewer iwo pa mikondo m'dera wapadera a Chigaza lapansi.

Kudyetsa milungu yawo mwa nsembe yaikulu mwambo, ansembe Maya kosalekeza analola magazi, kuthirira guwa lake. kangapo patsiku, iwo kubaya makutu awo, lilime, ndi mbali zina za thupi. Chotero polemekeza milungu ayenera pabwino kuti fuko otsiriza ndi kuwapatsa chitukuko.

Mulungu wamkulu wa Maya, Mlengi wa zamoyo zonse

Mulungu Itzamna anali mulungu zofunika kwambiri mu gulu Mayan. Kawirikawiri iye akufotokozedwa ngati munthu wokalamba ndi mphuno zazikulu ndi dzino limodzi pakamwa. Iye anali kugwirizana ndi buluzi kapena iguana ndipo kawirikawiri linasonyeza atazunguliridwa ndi zilombo izi.

Kulambira Itzamna pakati amakezana, osalephera, inafika pamene Maya akadali akulemekezedwa nyama totem. Abuluzi mu chikhalidwe cha South American Indians ankaona zolengedwa wopatulika, amene ngakhale milungu anali michira yawo kumwamba. Maya ankanena kuti Itzamna analenga dziko lapansi, anthu, milungu ndi zolengedwa zonse. Iye akhapfundzisa anthu kukhulupirira mpaka pansi ndipo anasonyeza nyenyezi zofunika mu usiku. Pafupifupi zonse zimene ankadziwa kupanga anthu, adawatengera mkulu mulungu wa Maya. Iye anali imodzi mulungu wa mvula, mbewu ndi dziko.

Bwenzi la Itzamna

No zochepa analemekeza mwa Maya anali mkazi wa Itzamna - wamkazi IX Chel. Iye anali mulungu wa mwezi pa nthawi yomweyo, utawaleza ndi mayi wa milungu yonse ya gulu Mayan. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti milungu yonse anachokera kwa banjali, kotero IX Chel imodzi amateteza adzimayi, atsikana, ana ndi amayi oyembekezera. Kungatithandize pobereka, koma nthawi zina pamafunika nsembe makanda. Kodi Mayan analipo mwambo malinga ndi zomwe koyamba amayi apakati anatumizidwa nokha ku chilumba Kosmel. Kumeneko pofuna kusangalatsa mulungu wa akuvutika osiyana kubadwa bwino, ndipo mwana anabadwa athanzi ndi amphamvu.

Pali nthano kuti chilumba kawirikawiri nsembe anamwali achinyamata ndi makanda. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ngakhale patroness wa akazi amene amayenera kukhala amantha komanso wofatsa, anazindikira nsembe anthu kudya magazi atsopano, monga ena a Maya mulungu.

Kukulkan, ndi Mayan mulungu

Mulungu wotchuka ulemu wa Maya anali Kukulkan. gulu lake la mpatuko ambiri mu Yucatán. Dzina la Mulungu likumasuliridwa kuti "nthenga njoka" ndipo pamaso pa anthu ake incarnations zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri ndi kuonetsedwa monga cholengedwa chokhala njoka zamapiko ndi mutu wa munthu. Pa wina anatsalira-ziboliboli, akuoneka ngati mulungu ndi mutu mbalame ndi matupi njoka a. Kukulcan analamulira zinthu zinayi ndipo kawirikawiri ukuimiliridwa ndi moto.

Ndipotu mulungu lofunika kwambiri la Maya sanali kugwirizana ndi aliyense wa mphepo, koma mwaluso imayendetsedwa ndi iwo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphatso yapadera. Ansembe a mpatuko ankawaona izyavitelyami yaikulu Kukulkan, iwo akhoza kulankhula ndi Mulungu ndi kudziwa chifuniro chake. Makamaka kuyambira anali kufotokoza za mafumu a mfumu, ndi nthawizonse wakhala anayimira kupindula kwawo.

Polemekeza Kukulkan linamangidwa piramidi kwambiri zazikulu mu Yucatán. Linapangidwa choncho n'zosadabwitsa kuti dzinja yozizira mthunzi wa nyumba amatenga mawonekedwe a njoka zamapiko. Umasonyeza kubwera kwa Mulungu kwa anthu ake. Ambiri amati piramidi wapadera kwambiri zowulutsira - ngakhale chete wathunthu Zikuoneka kuti penapake pafupi mbalame kukuwa.

Zoipitsitsa kwa milungu yosiyanasiyana Mayan

Mayan mulungu wa imfa, Ah Puch, anali mkulu wa gawo m'munsi wa kumidima. Iye anabwera kwa miyoyo yotaika mayesero wokhala magazi ndipo nthawi zambiri ankakonda kuonera masewera mwambo wa machesi pakati pa miyoyo ya Amwenye ndi milungu ya Ufumu wa akufa. Ndi ambiri amangoti kumujambula mafupa kapena akulalikidwa ndi mawanga akuda mtembo.

Pofuna kutuluka mu ufumu wa akufa, kunali koyenera kuononga umulungu, koma Maya ananena kuti pa nthawi ya kukhalapo kwa zolengedwa kotheka ochepa chabe daredevils.

Bright kumwamba mulungu

Maya anali zakuthambo kwambiri, iwo tcheru kwambiri kwa dzuwa ndi mwezi. Masana kamadalira mmene zokolola adzakhala chaka. Koma zimene ananena mwezi ndi nyenyezi analola Indians kutsogolera kalendala kuti tili m'masiku ndi miyambo, Nsembe ndi kubzala. N'zosadabwitsa kuti milungu ya zakuthambo anali mmodzi wa ankaopedwa kwambiri.

Sun Mulungu Maya anatenga dzina la Kinich Ahau. Iye nthawi yomweyo analinso woyang'anira woyera wa asilikali, amene wamwalira, magazi ake adamlera mulungu. Maya ankakhulupirira kuti usiku wa Kinich Ahau ayenera kupeza mphamvu, kotero muyenera kudyetsa ndi magazi tsiku. Apo ayi, iye sangathe kukwera kuchokera ku mdima ndi kuyatsa tsiku latsopano.

Nthawi zambiri, Mulungu anaonekera kamnyamata ndi khungu kufiira. Iye ankafotokozedwa atakhala ndi dzuwa litayamba mu manja ake. Malingana ndi kalendala Mayan, zinali nyengo yake inayamba 2012. Pambuyo lothandiza wachisanu kwathunthu wokwatibwa ndi Kinich Ahau.

mvula mulungu Chac

Popeza Maya makamaka chinkhoswe mu ulimi, n'zosadabwitsa kuti milungu ya dzuwa ndi mvula ankachitira gulu wapamwamba wa milungu. Chuck ankaopa Mulungu ulemu. Iye akanakhoza kupereka wabwino yake mbewu kutsirira, ndipo akhoza kulanga chilala. Mu zaka awa, analandira nsembe, wolemera mazana a anthu. Maguwa sanathe youma ku nyanja ya magazi okhetsedwa.

Nthawi zambiri kumujambula Chuck aulesi kudya malo ndi mbale yaikulu nsembe pamiyendo. Nthawi zina ankawoneka ngati cholengedwa zoopsa ndi nkhwangwa, zomwe zingachititse mvula ndi mphezi, ankaona makina a kukolola.

mulungu wobereketsa

Yum Kas anali chonde ndi mulungu chimanga. Chifukwa chikhalidwe anali waukulu mu moyo wa Amwenye, ndiye ndi zipatso zake ankadalira tsoka la mzinda. Mulungu nthawizonse ankafotokozedwa anyamata ndi elongated kumutu amene ukusandulika khutu. Nthawi zina ankawoneka ngati chisoti chimanga. Malinga ndi nthano, chimanga anapereka milungu Mayan, anatenga mbewu za kumwamba ndipo anaphunzira kukhala minda chimanga. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mpaka pano, asayansi sanapeze kholo yakuthengo ya chimanga, amene ayenera zachitika nakulitsa mitundu yamakono ya mtundu chotchuka lero.

Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma chikhalidwe cha anthu Mayan ndi chipembedzo chawo akadali asanamvetsetse ndi akatswiri a masiku ano. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti analandira ndi vuto lalikulu, ndi kudziwa za moyo wa American South Indians basi pamwamba pa madzi oundana, koma kupambana weniweni wa chitukuko ichi, amene amalephera kumvetsa khalidwe lake mosasintha anawonongedwa ndi conquistadors lapansi.