Malingaliro za chiyambi cha Dziko Lapansi. Magwero a mapulaneti

Funso la magwero a Lapansi, mayiko ndi dongosolo dzuwa lonse nkhawa ndi anthu kuyambira nthawi zakale. Nthano za chiyambi Dziko Lapansi agona mu mitundu yambiri ya anthu akale. China, Egypt Sumerians, Agriki anali ndi ganizo lawo la mapangidwe dziko. Pa chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino, maganizo awo zilizonse m'malo chiphunzitso cha chipembedzo kuti brooked palibe ankakana. Ku Ulaya, kuyesa kupeza choonadi zina inatha mu moto wa kusaka. Woyamba kufotokoza sayansi vuto amangonena za m'ma XVIII. Ngakhale tsopano, palibe umodzi chiyambi kungoganizira wa dziko lapansi zimene zikuphatikizaponso kutulukira zinthu zatsopano ndi chakudya cha maganizo Nditchimo.

nthano zakale

Man - ndi kufuna kukhala. Kuyambira kale, anthu ndi osiyana ndi nyama osati chifukwa chofuna kupulumuka mu dziko wankhanza wa kuthengo, komanso pofuna kumvetsa izo. Pozindikira mphamvu okwana pa mphamvu ya chirengedwe, anthu anayamba angalambire njira. Nthawi zambiri, ndi okhala kumwamba amatamanda ndi chilengedwe cha dziko.

Nthano za chiyambi Dziko Lapansi mu ngodya zosiyanasiyana za padziko lapansi anali zimasiyana Chrixitu. Malinga ndi zikhulupiliro za Aiguputo akale, izo aswa ku mazira a zopatulika, sleplennogo mulungu Khnum dongo wamba. Malinga ndi zikhulupiriro za anthu a pachilumbachi, dziko la milungu ndaweza kuchokera m'nyanja.

chiphunzitso chisokonezeko

Ife tinabwera wapafupi kwa sayansi Agiriki akale. M'maganizo mwawo, kubadwa kwa Earth anali wa primordial Chisokonezo, wodzazidwa ndi chisakanizo cha madzi lapansi, moto ndi mpweya. Izi zikugwirizana ndi sayansi ya chiyambi cha postulates Earth. zinthu obwerawa mosintha zimayenda Anadzaza zinthu zonse. Koma panthawi ina, kuchokera pansi pa chipwirikiti primordial anabadwa Lapansi - wamkazi Gaia, ndi bwenzi lake wosatha, thambo - mulungu Uranus. Pamodzi, nadzaza thambo lopanda moyo wa za moyo zosiyanasiyana.

A nthano ofanana unapangidwa China. Chisokonezo ndi Hun-tun, wodzazidwa ndi zinthu zisanu - matabwa, zitsulo lapansi, moto ndi madzi - kukuzungulira mu mawonekedwe a dzira pa chilengedwe chopanda malire, koma si anabadwa mulungu Pan Gu. Galamukani, anapeza iye chabe zopanda moyo mdima. Popeza kuti iye anali ndi chisoni kwambiri. Kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zake, mulungu Pan Gu zolakwa chigoba cha dzira-chisokonezeko, kumasuka mfundo ziwiri: yin ndi yang. The Yin katundu Amira pansi kupanga dziko lapansi, kuwala ndi zosavuta Yang anasangalala zimapikukira m'mwamba, kupanga kumwamba.

The kalasi chiphunzitso cha mapangidwe a Dziko Lapansi

Magwero a mapulaneti, makamaka dziko lapansi, asayansi amakono anaphunzira mokwanira. Koma pali zingapo mafunso ofunika (monga momwe anachita madzi), kuchititsa mkangano waukulu. Choncho, sayansi ya chilengedwe chonse evolves, sititha amakhala nyumba njerwa mu maziko a dziko lapansi chiyambi kungoganizira.

Wotchuka Soviet wasayansi Otto Yulevich Shmidt, Aka kumalo ozizira Research, ali m'magulumagulu ndi malingaliro onse akupemphedwa ndi ophatikizana iwo mu magulu atatu. Woyamba ndi ziphunzitso zochokera zopanda la mapangidwe dzuwa, mlengalenga, miyezi ndi comets ku zinthu limodzi (nebulae). Amadziwika Voitkevich kungoganizira, Laplace, Kant, Fesenkov posachedwapa ndikusinthidwa mabomba, Sobotovich asayansi.

M'kalasi yachiwiri Chili mfundo malinga ndi zomwe mapulaneti inakhazikitsidwa mwachindunji ku nkhani dzuwa. Ichi ndicho chiyambi cha Dzikoli amanena asayansi jinzi Jeffreys Multona ndi Chamberlin, Buffon ndi ena.

Ndipo potsiriza, m'kalasi yachitatu zikuphatikizapo chiphunzitso, osati kulumikizanitsa dzuwa ndi maiko magwero ofanana. Wotchuka amanena za Schmidt. Tiyeni tikambirane makhalidwe a lililonse kalasi.

kungoganizira Kant ndi

Mu 1755 ku German nzeru zapamwamba Kant, magwero a Earth mwachidule anafotokoza motere: ndi chilengedwe koyamba wopangidwa mwa n'kupuma fumbi la machulukidwe osiyana. Yokoka anabweretsa m'gulu lawo. Zinachitika kum'mamatira iwo wina ndi mzake (accretion zochitika), pamapeto pake chifukwa mu aumirira mapangidwe chapakati otentha - dzuwa. Komanso tinthu mwansanga kuyambitsa ndi kasinthasintha wa dzuwa, ndi izo fumbi mtambo.

Chakumapeto pang'onopang'ono anapanga Magulu osiyana mankhwala - mazira mapulaneti m'tsogolo padziko zomwe dera anapanga ndi makina amenewa. Aumbike mwa njira iyi Earth pachiyambi linakhalapo ankaoneka ozizira.

Laplace lingaliro

French zakuthambo ndi masamu Laplace akufuna Baibulo yosiyaniranapo, lomwe limafotokoza chiyambi cha dziko lapansili ndi maiko ena. Dongosolo dzuwa, mu maganizo ake, anapanga kuchokera otentha gaseous Nebula ndi gulu la tinthu pakati. Iye anawomba nsalu ndi wothinikizidwa mchikakamizo yokoka. Pa kuzirala zina, liwiro rotational wa Nebula anakula pa periphery wa izo katungulume kuchokera mphete amene ndisungunuka pa maplaneti prototypes m'tsogolo. Chinthu lomaliza koyamba mpweya otentha ankaimira mipira kuti pang'onopang'ono utakhazikika ndi Unalimbitsa.

Kupanda Kant ndi Laplace ndi kungoganizira

Amanena za Kant ndi Laplace, kufotokoza chiyambi cha dziko lino lapansi, anali wamphamvu kwambiri cosmogony mpaka m'ma makumi awiri. Ndipo unachita mwapang'onopang'ono, kutumikira monga maziko a sayansi, makamaka nthaka. The drawback ndicho kulephera kwa malingaliro kufotokoza yogawa mwa dongosolo dzuwa okhota patsogolo (CDM).

MKP limanenedwa ngati mankhwala a kulemera pa mtunda kuchokera limazungulira ndi liwiro lake rotational. Inde, zochokera chakuti dzuwa ali oposa 90% ya misa okwana dongosolo, izo ziyenera kukhala mkulu ndi CDM. Ndipotu, Sun ali 2 okha% ya okwana CDM lapansi, makamaka akuluakulu okutidwa ndi otsala 98%.

chiphunzitso Fesenkov

kutsutsana izi m'ma 1960 anayesa kundifotokozera Soviet wasayansi Fesenko. Malinga ndi buku la chiyambi cha dziko lapansi, Sun ndi mapulaneti inakhazikitsidwa ndi psinjika a chimphona Nebula - ". Globules" Nebula anali nsalu ochepa kwambiri anapeka makamaka a hydrogen ndi helium ndi pang'ono zinthu zolemera. Mu mphamvu yokoka mu likulu la globules nyenyezi woboola pakati anaonekera thickening - dzuwa. Ndi mofulumira sangathenso. Chifukwa cha zamoyo wa chinthu dzuwa mu ozungulira malo gasi fumbi, mpweya chuma anagwira zina. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti imfa ya misa ndi mapulaneti dzuwa zida analenga mbali yaikulu ya MCR. Mapangidwe mapulaneti imene accretion Nebula.

Nthanthi Multona ndi Chamberlin

Akatswiri US Multon zakuthambo ndi miyala ndi nthaka Chamberlin akufuna kungoganizira zofanana za chiyambi cha dziko ndi dongosolo dzuwa, chimene mapulaneti anapanga ku nthambi zakuthupi mpweya wa mizere yozungulira, "Chikoka" wa Sun osadziwika nyenyezi, kumene kunachitika pafupi mokwanila iye.

Asayansi akhala anayambitsa mu cosmogony ndi maganizo "planetesimal" - nthinthi Zachepetsedwa mpweya ku chinthu choyambirira amene anakhala mazira a mapulaneti komanso asteroids.

ziweruzo jinzi

British Katswiri J. jinzi (1919) adati kuti dzuwa ndi nyenyezi ina otsiriza ndinakoka protrusion ndudu woboola pakati, chomwe pambuyo unasweka mu Magulu osiyana. Ndipo pakati pa gawo thicker za "ndudu" anapanga mapulaneti lalikulu, ndi pa m'mphepete - yaing'ono.

kungoganizira Schmidt

Mu nkhani ya mfundo choyambirira cha view mu 1944, Schmidt ananena chiyambi cha chiphunzitso Earth. Ichi chikudziwika ngati kugwa kwa miyala yochokera kungoganizira, ndiye mwakuthupi ndi mwamasamu otsendereka ana a wasayansi wotchuka. Mwa njira, mu amanena za mapangidwe Dzuwa si vuto.

Malingana ndi chiphunzitso, dzuwa pa limodzi la magawo ake chitukuko analanda (anakoka iye) ozizira gasi fumbi mtambo wa meteoric. Isanafike kuti wogwidwa ochepa CDM mtambo ndi zimayenda pa mtengo kwambiri. Mu wamphamvu yokoka munda wa dzuwa anayamba zosiyanasiyana chammwamba mtambo, kachulukidwe ndi kukula. Part zakuthupi meteoritic anabwera kuwala, zina, chifukwa cha njira accretion kuti apange kuundana-mazira a mapulaneti komanso makina awo.

Mu amanena, chiyambi ndi chitukuko ya Dziko Lapansi, kaya mphamvu ya "mphepo dzuwa" - dzuwa cheza kuthamanga, kuti sichisangalatsa zigawo kuwala mpweya kwa periphery wa dongosolo la zowalitsa. Choncho anaumba dziko lapansi linali thupi ozizira. kwanyengo Komanso amagwirizana ndi kutentha radiogenic, yokoka zosiyanasiyana ndi zina mphamvu mkati mwa dziko. Ikuluikulu ofufuza drawback amanena kuti dzuwa ndi otsika Mwina adani izi mtambo chammwamba.

Mfundo migodi ndi Sobotovich

Mbiri ya chiyambi Earth akadali amanditenga asayansi. Ndi posachedwapa (mu 1984) ndi E. B. Rudnik Sobotovich anapereka Baibulo zake za chiyambi za mumlengalenga ndi dzuwa. Malinga ndi maganizo awo, kuyambitsa ndondomeko mu gasi fumbi mtambo akanatha kukhala pafupi supernova kuphulika. zochitika wotsatira, malinga ndi ofufuza, anali motere:

1. Mu zotsatira za kuphulika anayamba ya psinjika a Nebula ndi mapangidwe chapakati gulu - dzuwa.
2. Sun akutulukira kuchokera IRAs anasamutsa mapulaneti mu atomu kapena convective kugwedezekagwedezeka-ndi.
3. Anayamba kupanga mphete chimphona chokhala Saturn mphete.
4. Chifukwa cha accretion mphete zinthu planetesimals poyamba ndiye aumbike mwa Masiku ano.

Zamoyo lonse zinachitika mofulumira kwambiri - pafupi 600 miliyoni zaka.

Mapangidwe dongosolo dziko lapansi

Pali kumvetsa zosiyanasiyana za ndondomeko ya mapangidwe mbali lamkati la dziko lathuli. Malinga ndi mmodzi wa iwo, Protoearth ankaimira unsorted yense chitsulo silicate zakuthupi. M'tsogolo, chifukwa yokoka kulekana zinachitika pa yachitsulo pachimake ndi silicate chovala - chodabwitsa homogeneous accretion. Othandiza accretion sakanikira ndikukhulupirira kuti refractory woyambayo anapeza chitsulo pachimake, musapitirire kwambiri fusible particles silicate.

Malinga ndi yankho la vuto tikhoza kulankhula za kukula kwa kutentha yoyamba ya Earth. Inde, nthawi yomweyo pambuyo mapangidwe ake dziko anayamba kutenthetsa chifukwa cha ntchito anzake a zinthu zingapo:

• Planetesimals bombardment a pamwamba pake, amene anali limodzi ndi zamoyo wa kutentha.
• Kuwola a nyukiliya isotopes, kuphatikizapo aluminiyamu lalifupi isotopes moyo wa ayodini, nyukiliyazo basi ndi ena.
• Mphamvu subsoil zosiyanasiyana (ngati tingayerekezere ndi accretion homogeneous).

Ofufuza ena, panthawi imeneyi oyambirira a dziko mapangidwe mbali kunja akhoza kukhala mu mkhalidwe pafupi Sungunulani. Chithunzi dziko lapansili kuyang'ana ngati red-hot mpira.

The chidule chiphunzitso cha mapangidwe lonselo

Mmodzi wa malingaliro woyamba wa chiyambi cha dziko lonselo anali The chidule, imene nyumba phiri zogwirizana ndi kuzirala a Dziko Lapansi ndi kuchepetsa utali wozungulira ake. Kuti maziko a oyambirira maphunziro miyala. Pa maziko ake ndi Austria miyala ndi nthaka E. Suess lithe onse panthaŵi zokhudza kapangidwe ka kutumphuka dziko lapansi mu monograph "nkhope ya Dziko Lapansi". Koma kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX. pali umboni wosonyeza kuti mbali imodzi ya matanthwe a dzikoli wothinikizidwa mu zina - anatambasula. Chiphunzitso chidule potsiriza inagwa Atapeza mpweya wa poizoni ndi kukhalapo kwa kutumphuka dziko lapansi mu inventories lalikulu la zinthu nyukiliya.

chokhala ndi kulowerera

Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri. akutulukira amanena za kulowerera chokhala. Asayansi yaitali anaona kufanana coastlines la America South ndipo Africa, Africa ndi ku Arabiya, Indian kudela ndipo Africa, ndi ena. The woyamba poyerekeza deta Pilligrini (1858), kenako Bihanov. Ganizo kwambiri za kulowerera chokhala anali kukonza ndi Akatswiriwa American Taylor ndi Baker (1910) ndi German geophysicist ndi meteorologist Wegener (1912). Last kutsimikizira amanena mu monograph wake "The Origin wa maiko ndi nyanja" imene inafalitsidwa mu 1915. Mfundo zimene anatchula pothandizira amanena:

• Kufanana kwa maphunziro a m'mayiko pa mbali zonse za Atlantic, komanso maiko m'malire Indian Ocean.
• Kandalama kufanana kwa mayiko pafupi zigawo miyala ya malemu Paleozoic ndi Early miyala Mesozoic.
• The zinthu zakale za zomera ndi nyama, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti zomera wakale ndi zinyama za dziko lonselo kum'mwera anapanga gulu limodzi: ali makamaka zikuonekera mwa zinthu zakale wa zinyamazi lystrosaurus mtundu zopezeka mu Africa, India ndi Antarctica.
• Paleoclimatic deta Mwachitsanzo, kukhalapo kwa kuda Chakumapeto ayezi chivundikirocho.

Mapangidwe kutumphuka dziko lapansi

Chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha dziko lapansi inextricably zogwirizana nyumba phiri. Wegener ankanena kuti mayiko ndi lopangidwa ndi misa ndi kuwala mchere, ngati iwo akuyandama pa amabweretsera katundu pulasitiki zinthu basalt bedi. Amaganiza kuti poyamba wosanjikiza woonda zakuthupi granitic ankati kuphimba dziko lonse. Pang'onopang'ono, umphumphu wake akusokoneza mphamvu Ndiyetu kukopa kwa mwezi ndi dzuwa akuchita padziko dziko kuchokera kummawa mpaka kumadzulo, komanso magulu centrifugal ku kasinthasintha wa Earth anakhudzidwa ku mitengo dziko.

Lubwe (mwina) anali supercontinent wosakwatiwa, Pangea. Izo zinakhala mpaka pakati pa nyengo Mesozoic ndipo anakomoka mu nthawi Jurassic. Gululi amanena anali magwero a Earth wasayansi Staub. Ndiye panali mgwirizano wa mayiko a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi - Laurasia, ndi mgwirizano wa mayiko a Chigawo cha kum'mwera - Gondwana. Pakati pa iwo anasowa kothawira miyala ya pansi Pacific Ocean. Mu dziko lonselo overlie nyanja ya chiphalaphala imene anali ikuyenda. Laurasia ndi Gondwana anasamukira rhythmically kuti equator, ndiye mitengoyo. Pamene kusamukira ku equator supercontinent frontally wothinikizidwa, motero kukankhira flanks Pacific misa. Izi njira Geological ambiri amaona zinthu zazikulu kupanga ranges lalikulu phiri. Kayendedwe kwa equator chinachitika katatu; pa Caledonian, Hercynian ndi Alpine orogeny.

Pomaliza

Pa nkhani ya mapangidwe dongosolo la zowalitsa opangidwa zambiri si zopeka, mabuku ana, mabuku apadera. Magwero a Earth ana mawu osavuta anafotokoza mu mabuku. Koma ngati inu kutenga mabuku zaka 50 zapitazo, zikuonekeratu kuti mavuto ena asayansi amakono anayang'ana njira zina. Ankaganizira, nthaka ndi sayansi zokhudzana si chilili. Zikomo kugonjetsa Earth danga anthu kale kudziwa zimene zimaoneka mu chithunzi dziko lapansili kuchokera mlenga lenga. zinthu zatsopano amalenga tanthauzo latsopano la malamulo a chilengedwe chonse.

N'zoonekeratu kuti chilengedwe cha chisokonezo yoyambirira ya Earth, Sun ndi maiko ankagwira asilikali amphamvu a chilengedwe. Nzosadabwitsa kuti makolo akale kuyerekeza ndi kupambana kwa Mulungu. Ngakhale mophiphiritsa kosatheka kuyerekezera magwero a Lapansi, zithunzi zenizeni mwina kuposa kuganizira kwambiri kufika. Koma Akamva kudziwa zinapezedwa sayansi, pang'onopang'ono anamanga chithunzi chonse cha dziko.