Magawo chachikulu cha mmene moyo Earth: tebulo

Pali lonse osiyanasiyana sayansi kuphunzira zofunika magawo a chitukuko cha moyo Padziko Lapansi, onse a iwo anafunsanso funso mosalekeza, chifukwa ndi vuto lofunika sayansi achilengedwe. Kwambiri zofunika paleontology Maphunziro a zotsalira za zomera ndi nyama kale nyengo zapitazi, mwachindunji ndi kuphunzira kwa zamoyo wa dziko.

sayansi Maphunziro a zigawo zikuluzikulu mmene moyo Lapansi ndi rekostruirovaniya maonekedwe, kufanana kunja ndi maganizo, moyo mbiri isanayambe, nyama zinatha ndi zomera, monga anatsimikiza mtima nthawi Akuti wa kuli mitundu. Koma paleontology sipangakhalenso monga sayansi osiyana popanda kwambiri za ena, vspomogayuschih, sayansi ndi pa mphambano za sayansi kwachilengedwenso ndi miyala. Magawo chachikulu cha chitukuko cha moyo padziko lapansi kulengedwanso mothandizidwa ndi khalidwe monga:

• mbiri nthaka;
• stratigraphy;
• palaeography;
• poyerekeza thunthu;
• paleoclimatology ndi ena ambiri.

Iwo onse cholukanalukana, popanda wina kulibe.

nthawi Geological

Kuunikila magawo yaikulu ya chitukuko cha moyo padziko lapansi, muyenera kukhala ndi maganizo choncho lingaliro monga nthawi miyala. Kodi anthu anakwanitsa kuonetsetsa magawo ena m'dzikoli? Chinsinsi chonse chagona pa kafukufuku wa miyala. chakuti miyala anakumana panthawi ina, superimposed pamwamba pa anthu amene analipo kale. Ndipo m'badwo wa zigawo izi akhoza anatsimikiza mtima kuphunzira zinthu wakukhala mwa iwo.

Pakati zosiyanasiyana awo onse aime otchedwa chuma bwana, amene ali ochuluka kuposa ndi ambiri. Mwatsoka, pogwiritsa ntchito miyala inu simungakhoze kukhala m'badwo mtheradi, koma pano asayansi lekani, kupeza chidziwitso cha thanthwe chiphala. Monga mukudziwa, iwo achokera chiphalaphala lapansi. Ndipo anatsindika magawo yaikulu ya chitukuko cha moyo padziko lapansi.

Mwachidule ndondomeko kudziwa m'badwo Mtheradi wa miyala chiphala chiri motere: miyala igneous muli ena zinthu, ngati tingamasulire zili mwa thanthwe, n'zotheka kudziwa zaka mtheradi wa miyala molondola. Kumene, pangakhale zolakwika, koma musalumphe peresenti asanu. Komanso anatsimikiza ndi m'badwo wa dziko lathuli, asayansi kugwira manambala ake, koma mtengo ambiri amavomereza ndi zaka mabiliyoni asanu. Tsopano kusankha magawo chachikulu cha chitukuko cha moyo Padziko Lapansi, tebulo zidzatithandiza mu nkhani iyi ndi Mthandizi wabwino.

Nyengo, nyengo ndi nthawi

zokwiriridwa onse masitepe asanu kapena, mwa kulankhula kwina, AD, omwe lagawidwa nthawi zonse zimene zigwirizana a mibadwo, ndi wotsiriza - a zaka. Archean ndi Proterozoic nyengo - ichi ndi nthawi yakale kwambiri, amene amafotokoza za biliyoni zaka zitatu. Iwo chosiyana wathunthu kupanda inakhala ndi zomera lapadziko amene amapezeka "nthawi ya moyo wakale", wosangalatsa kuposa zaka mamiliyoni mazana atatu. Chotsatira ndi "nthawi ya pakati pa moyo", ndi Mesozoic (zaka sevente-faifi miliyoni zana), mbali kanukanu - chitukuko cha zokwawa, mbalame, nyama, zomera, onse maluwa ndi angiosperms.

Atsopano, wachisanu, nyengo - ndi Cenozoic, monga amatchedwa "nyengo ya moyo watsopano," anayamba zaka miliyoni makumi asanu zapitazo, ndipo tsopano ife tikukhala mu izo. nyengo ili yodziwika ndi chitukuko mofulumira nyama ndi Kubwera kwa munthu. Tsopano ife ankaiphwasula magawo chitukuko cha moyo Padziko Lapansi Mwachidule, ife akamufunsirire uliwonse payokha nyengo.

nyengo archean

Mbali imeneyi chimakwirira nthawi zitatu zikwi mazana asanu ndi zaka zoposa zikwi ziwiri miliyoni mazana asanu zapitazo. Part thanthwe nyanja kuti aumbike mwa ntchito amadzimadzi sing'anga wa particles anakhalabe mu Africa, Greenland, Australia ndi Asia. Onsewo ali ndi:

• biogenic mpweya;
• zinazake;
• zakufa zing'onozing'ono.

Pankhaniyi, chiyambi cha wachiwiri kwa nthawi anapatsidwa si bwino Mwachitsanzo, mu Proterozoic iwo ali oyanjana ndi cyanobacteria. Masiku Archean zamoyo zonse ankachitira ndi prokaryotes, ndi gwero la mpweya anatumikira monga sulfates, ku feteleza, nitrites, ndi zina zotero. zamoyo zonse analipo padzikoli akufanana cinoni mafilimu, makamaka ili pansi pa malo m'madera chiphala.

nyengo proterozoic

Nkofunika osanenapo imeneyo chimenechi kugawidwa m'mbali umene pali atatu. Komanso, ili nthawi yaitali mbiri yathu (pafupifupi zaka miliyoni). Ngati tikambirana malire a nyengo Archean ndiyeno nthawi imeneyi, dziko lathuli wasintha kwambiri, redistributing malo dziko ndi madzi. Loimiridwa padziko ayezi chipululu, koma pa mapeto a nthawi ino mpweya okhutira anafika peresenti, amene anathandiza zisathe moyo unicellular zamoyo, algae ndi mabakiteriya zayambika.

Kumapeto kwa Proterozoic anapanga nyama multicellular, nthawi iyi imatchedwanso "zaka modabwitsa." M'malo mwa zamoyo limodzi-selo multicellular kubwera kwa qualitatively kusintha zikuchokera mlengalenga, ndipo zimenezi zimathandiza kuti chitukuko cha moyo padziko lathuli.

Paleozoic

Pamafunikanso nthawi ochuluka monga sikisi, zoyambirira amatchedwa oyambirira Paleozoic, ndipo chachiwiri - mochedwa. Oyambirira ndi malemu Paleozoic nyama ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana.

Mu gawo loyamba la kusanduka unkagwiritsidwa okha mu dziko m'madzi, ndi kuthetsa dziko linayamba mu Devonian, omwe unalembedwa kuti malemu Paleozoic.

Nyengo Mesozoic

Ife tsopano tikufika pa nyengo chidwi kwambiri, chachinsinsi wolemera zosiyanasiyana moyo, kusinthika kwa pafupifupi eyite-faifi miliyoni zaka. Monga Tingaone pa gome, iye, nayenso, kugawidwa m'mbali zitatu. Choko, poyerekeza ndi Jurassic ndi triasovskim, motalikitsa (zaka sevente-wani miliyoni).

Koma nyengo, izo zidalira pa malo lonselo. Mosiyana ndi nyengo yathu muli mu mfundo yakuti:

• zinali wotentha kwambiri kuposa masiku;
• panalibe kusiyana kutentha pakati pa equator ndi mizati.

Komanso, mpweya anali chinyezi, chimene chinachititsa kuti mofulumira zamoyo.

Mukapita pa zinyama, gulu ambiri wapadera - kuwona zinyamazi. Iwo anali ndi udindo lalikulu pa mitundu ina ya zikomo moyo kwa kapangidwe ka chamoyo, ndi deta thupi ndi ayankhe.

Choncho, kupenda funso kodi magawo yaikulu ya chitukuko cha moyo Padziko Lapansi, ife apeza magawo asanu. Amalize chithunzi mpaka tione wina. Tikupereka kuyamba pompano.

nyengo Cainozoic

Izi ndi nyengo yatsopano, amene kumatenga lero. M'maiko ndapeza tione ano, mbisoweka zinyamazi womaliza padziko lapansi chimakhala chogwidwa ndi zomera ndi nyama, zomwe ziri bwino kwambiri. Takambirana magawo yaikulu ya chitukuko cha moyo Padziko Lapansi mwachidule, anagwetsa zinthu zonse payokha, anapereka tokha cholinga zimatheka.