Kapangidwe ka mbalame dzira: chiwembu, makamaka

Oocytes (mazira) ndi zambiri embryonic mawonekedwe a nyama kapena dzira. Phunziro amachita awo oology - gawo lapadera la zinyama.

zambiri

makulidwe awo akhoza kukhala osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu mbewa oocyte kukula za 0,06 mm, koma m'mimba mwake wa mawonekedwe embryonic la nthiwatiwa African angafikire 15-18 masentimita. mawonekedwe angakhalenso osiyana. Koma kawirikawiri mazira ndi ozungulira kapena chowulungika mu mawonekedwe. Ena zinthu zamoyo, iwo akhoza kukhala oblong, elongated, monga nyulu nsomba, hagfish kapena tizilombo. Malinga ndi digiri ndi kugawa zakudya mkati oocyte ndi anatsimikiza ndi kukula ndi makhalidwe ena. Kudzikundikira yolk (a chinthu) kapena anagwira ngati thanthwe, kapena mu mawonekedwe pellet. Malinga, akatswiri kugawana oocytes pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. The ndondomeko ya umuna ikuchitika gawo chapamwamba oviduct lapansi. M'kupita kwa kudutsa njira kumachitika oocyte kuphwanyidwa. Zimenezi atuluka ndi mtundu tsankho discoid. Chifukwa chakuti onongani chikuchitika kale chiyambi cha oviduct mu mbalame dzira mtsogolo adzakhala pa limodzi la magawo onongani (monga nkhunda) kupita gastrulation (monga nkhuku).

dzira mbalame

Akazi a mitundu yonse ya zinyama nthenga anagona oocytes. mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuikira mazira wamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ichi ndi chifukwa kumene liri. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kagawo ndi zoti mu zitsime kapena maenje, mazira ndi lozungulira. Mu mbalame, amene zomangamanga ili pa promontory miyala, ndi oocytes adzakhala oblong. Nthawi zambiri, akuluakulu mbalame kwambiri, kukula kwa mazira. Koma lamulo limeneli pali kuchotserapo. Mwachitsanzo, ana mitundu mbadwa za amene ndinazolowera yomweyo kudziletsa kudya, kuikira mazira amene amakhala akuluakulu (poyerekeza ndi thupi wamkazi) kuposa iwo anapiye anabadwa lomwe limapezeka njakata. The chiŵerengero cha unyinji wa oocyte kuti thupi mu mitundu zing'onozing'ono zambiri kuposa mitundu ikuluikulu. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti dzira kwambiri kutchera nthiwatiwa African. Wachibale kwa thupi la nthenga nthumwi oocyte ndi 1% ya kulemera kwa thupi. Koma kulemera kwa mbalame ija yotchedwa hummingbird dzira ndi 6% ya kulemera mbalame.

Zina structural mazira nkhuku

Mu mbalame kukhala m'madera lamapiri, oocytes ndi "nthiti" ngati stiffeners. N'zofunika kuti kusunga umphumphu wa dzira, kotero iwo sanataye pamene mbalame lidzaponyedwe chisa, amene ali ndi malo ochepa. Izo ziyenera Mezhuyev poyamba, izo zadziwidwa kuti m'mphepete ichi amatha kupirira mavuto 40 makilogalamu / sq. cm, ndi mbali kumene palibe - osapitirira 2 makilogalamu / sq. cm. Pamwamba pa dzira ndi waukali kapena yosalala, chonyezimira kapena Mat. mtundu akhoza kukhala mtundu uliwonse, kwa woyera koyera mdima wobiriwira ndi chibakuwa. Pamwamba pa mazira a mitundu ina ali ndi speckles, zina n'kupanga padziko yosamveka m'mphepete beater. mtundu kudzadalira fano ndi kukaikira mazira malo. Choncho, ambiri mobisa dzira-atagona mbalame ndi mbalame zoweta chipolopolo ndi woyera. Pa anthu omwewo amene masamba ziri pansi, mtundu amakhala zinthu zofanana zachilengedwe: merges miyala kapena mbewu nsalu kuti mizere chisa. Mtundu dzira afika mkazi wina mu ngalande kubadwa. Mwachitsanzo, biliverdin (pigment) molumikizana ndi nthaka amapereka buluu kapena zobiriwira mtundu wa nyemba dzira. Chifukwa protoporphyrin akutembenukira wofiira kapena zofiirira mtundu, kapena malo a mthunzi. Tsopano tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo mkati mwa mbalame dzira.

The chipangizo cha oocyte ndi

Kapangidwe ka dzira nkhuku limafanana kopita. Lili zonse zofunika mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha achinyamata chamoyo. Mu dzira Ndisanaumbidwe wakudya mankhwala opezeka mu yolk a. misa Izi anayimiridwa mwa mitundu iwiri - woyera ndi wachikasu. Iwo anakonza mu concentric zigawo alternating. The yolk ndi vitellinovoy Kakhungu. Wazunguliridwa ndi mapuloteni ndi. Mu magawo oyambirira a chitukuko cha mazira nkhuku chipolopolo kukwaniritsa ntchito zakudya. Mapuloteni, kuwonjezera, kuteteza lake latsopano asanakumane ndi mthunzi. Okhutira kwambiri oocyte ndi wazunguliridwa ndi zigawo ziwiri podskorlupovymi: kunja ndi mkati. Poganizira kapangidwe ka mbalame dzira, m'pofunika kunena mawu ochepa za chipolopolo kwambiri. Amakhala makamaka kashiamu carbonate. M'mphepete yosamveka wa oocyte pambuyo atagona za chipinda cha mpweya aumbike pang'onopang'ono.

yolk

Poganizira kapangidwe ka mbalame dzira, amene chiwembu ali pansipa, ayenera kuti deytoplazma (yolk) ndi yofunika zikuluzikulu za nkhani mkati mwa oocyte lapansi. The yolk misa lili zinthu zonse zofunika kuti kupereka mphamvu ndi chitukuko wabwinobwino wa chamoyo. Deytoplazma wapezeka mu dzira osati mbalame, komanso nyama zina (ndi anthu), ndipo ndi mndandanda wa timasunga mbewu, zina, merging mu thanthwe. Kuchuluka kwa yolk, komanso kugawa ake angakhale osiyana. Pamene pang'ono tirigu deytoplazmy kapena mbale anagawira uniformly mu cytoplasm lapansi. Pankhaniyi tilankhula za "izoletsitalnyh" mazira. Ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha zigawo yolk kapena kudziunjikira mu chigawo cha pakati cha cytoplasm wa - kapena mozungulira phata mu gawo vegetative wa oocyte lapansi. Mbali yoyamba tilankhula za tsentroletsitalnyh, pamene lachiwiri - mazira telolecithal. Malinga ndi buku ndi mlingo wa kufalitsa kulemera yolk ndi kukhala ndi mtundu wa onongani oocytes. Kapangidwe ka mbalame dzira mankhwala amapereka mitundu itatu deytoplazmy. Yolk kungakhale zimam'patsa mafuta kapena mapuloteni. Koma kawirikawiri, ambiri a anthu yolk zigawo zikuluzikulu monga kusiya mankhwala pamwamba, mchere, inki, asidi ribonucleic, ndi Choncho zovuta dongosolo mankhwala. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, mu mapeto kukula nkhuku oocyte uli mu yolk a ndale mafuta 23%, mapuloteni - 16%, 1.5% mafuta m'thupi, phospholipids - 11%, ndi 3% mankhwala mchere. Kaphatikizidwe ndipo kudzikundikira yolk chigawo ndi nawo organelles osiyana: ndi mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi zovuta. Kaphatikizidwe wa yolk mapuloteni dongosolo chigawo nyama zambiri amapezeka kunja n'kuwasanganiza lapansi. Ndi pinocytosis mapuloteni chigawo likulowerera mu dzira osauka.

zinthu zina oocyte kapangidwe

nembanemba onse kupewa kufalikira, kuyanika ndi kuwonongeka kwa dzira. Koma iwo sapereka chinyezi zofunika kuti kukula chamoyo. Iwo aumbike ziwalo extraembryonic. Makamaka zinthu monga madzi (kapena amniotic) chipolopolo. Chifukwa amnion ake zochepa M'mimbamo, wodzala ndi madzi, kumene Ndipotu, osauka chamoyo. Pamodzi ndi madzi zigawo ziwiri zambiri anapanga: ndi mtima ndipo serosal (kapena allantois). Mu mbalame ndi nyama zokwawa, wosanjikiza izi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka limba ndi kupuma. Ku dzira kuti m'mbali yosamveka ndi lakuthwa mazira achoke chalaza - wandiweyani mapuloteni zopotoka chingwe. Iwo kupereka malo khola la pakati, yopewera kusamutsidwa ku malo pakati.

chipolopolo

Kuphunzira kapangidwe ka mazira mbalame, ayenera, ndiponso pa zigawo ozungulira phata. Wosanjikiza ambiri akunja ndi chipolopolo zovuta. Ndi wandiweyani ndithu ndi kukachita ntchito ya kuteteza motsutsana kuwonongeka makina ndi kungasokoneze chilengedwe kunja. Pansi pano podskorlupovye chipolopolo casing. Kumapeto yosamveka iwo mogwirizana ndi kupanga m'chipinda mpweya. Lili mpweya, chimene chili chofunika kupuma latsopano chamoyo.

oocytes trophic

Pali mtundu wa mazira, amene ikuchitika mu ntchito mtanda kuphika kwa mibadwo. Monga ulamuliro, iwo neoplodotvoreny, ndi maonekedwe awo ndi pafupifupi munthu wosiyana alipidwa. akazi awo anagona ena nyerere ndi chiswe chiberekero mpaka nthawi monga njuchi amayamba kutulutsa chakudya chokwanira. Unfertilized oocytes nyama ndi dzira nkhuku ndi dzira Mitundu zina molakwika amatchedwa trophic, chifukwa iwo ntchito musadye ndi mbalame, ndi anthu ndipo nthawi zina ziweto.