Silver Age ndakatulo: andakatulo, ndakatulo, mayendedwe zikuluzikulu ndi mbali

M'malo mwa XIX atumwi, amene wakhala nthawi zapadera kuwuka kwa chikhalidwe dziko ndi zina zomwe kwambiri m'minda yonse ya luso, kubwera zovuta, wodzala ndi zochitika zodabwitsa ndi kutembenukira mfundo XX atumwi. The zaka za golide za cikhalidwe ndi luso m'malo ndi siliva otchedwa anabereka chitukuko mofulumira Russian mabuku, ndakatulo ndi prose mu mafunde latsopano yowala, ndipo kenako anakhala poyambira kugwa kwake. M'nkhaniyi tiona pa ndakatulo ya Silver Age, zimene zili kanukanu, tikambirana za mayendedwe waukulu, monga ophiphiritsa, futurism ndi Acmeism, omwe ali wapadera nyimbo za vesi ndi omveka akuti maganizo ndi malingaliro a ngwazi m'nyimbo.

Silver Age ndakatulo. nthawi yovuta kwambiri chikhalidwe Russian ndi luso

Akukhulupirira kuti chiyambi cha Silver Age mabuku Russian kudawerengedwa kwa zaka 80-90. XIX atumwi. Panthawi imeneyi, pali ntchito za olemba a chi zambiri: V. Bryusov, K. Ryleeva, K. Balmont, I. Ann - ndi olemba L. N. Tolstogo, F. M. Dostoevskogo, Saltykov-Shchedrin. Dziko zikuchititsa nthawi yovuta. Mu ulamuliro wa Alexander Ine, poyamba pali amphamvu zosonyeza kukonda makani pankhondo ya 1812, ndipo chifukwa cha kusintha mwadzidzidzi mu ndondomeko kale owolowa manja a mfumu, anthu a akukumana ndi kusokeretsedwa chowawa ndi zomvetsa katundu abwino. pachimake ndakatulo ya Silver Age mpaka 1915 Social moyo ndi ndale zinthu yodziwika ndi kuya mavuto, chipwirikiti, mpweya otentha. Kukula zionetsero misa, ndyale wa moyo ndipo nthawi yomweyo kulimbitsa chizindikiro munthu. Kampani akuchita akuyesetsa kwambiri kuti apeze abwino watsopano mphamvu ndi dongosolo chikhalidwe. Ndipo olemba ndakatulo ndi ndasunga limodzi ndi nthawi, kukhala mitundu yatsopano luso ndi kupereka maganizo molimba mtima. umunthu liyamba anazindikira ngati chiyanjano woyambitsa ambiri: zachilengedwe ndi chitukuko, kwachilengedwenso makhalidwe. Pa February, October kuukira boma ndi Civil nkhondo ya Silver Age ndakatulo mavuto. Iwo Blok "Pa ndakatulo iyi" (11 February 1921), kwa iwo mu Nyumba ya Writers pa msonkhano pa nthawi ya 84 chikumbutso cha imfa ya Pushkin, wobwezera poyambira yomaliza ya Silver Age.

mabuku khalidwe la XIX - oyambirira XX zaka.

Tiyeni tikambirane mbali ya ndakatulo ya Silver Age. Choyamba, chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za mabuku a nthawi imeneyo anali chidwi kwambiri kwa nkhani wosatha: kufufuza tanthauzo la moyo wa munthu ndi anthu onse, ndi mwambi wa chikhalidwe dziko, mbiri ya dziko, kulowerera kwa yolembedwa ndi mwauzimu mogwirizana wa munthu ndi chikhalidwe. Zothandizira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX. Kuyenera zambiri nthanthi: olemba kuwulula mutu wa nkhondo, zisinthe, munthu anthu tsoka anataya chifukwa zochitika bata ndi mtendere mumtima. Mu ntchito za olemba ndi ndakatulo anabadwa yatsopano, yotsimikizika zachilendo, wamphamvu ndi sizimadziwika khalidwe, zovuta kuthetsa mavuto onse ndi wadzaoneni. Ambiri mwa tcheru ntchito linaperekedwa kwa momwe phunziro mwa prism wa maganizo ake amaona zochitika zomvetsa chisoni chikhalidwe. Kachiwiri, makamaka ndakatulo ndi prose anakhala kufufuza kwambiri mitundu choyambirira luso ndi njira yosonyezera makhalidwe. Vesi mawonekedwe ndi nyimbo unachita kwambiri. njira olemba ambiri amasiya chakale kotunga mawu ndi kuyambitsa latsopano, monga Vladimir Mayakovsky analenga wake wotchuka "makwerero." Kawirikawiri olemba kukwaniritsa zotsatira wapadera ntchito kulankhula ndi chinenero kuvutika, kugawikana, ndipo ngakhale alogisms analola masipelo.

Chachitatu, Silver Age andakatulo andakatulo Russian momasuka kwambiri ndi mwayi luso la mawu. Pofuna kufotokoza zovuta, nthawi zambiri amatsutsana "oyaka" kuzaza maganizo, olemba akhala mawu atsopano amatanthauza akulu a ndakatulo zake kusonyeza wochenjera mithunzi ya tanthauzo. Standard Chinsinsi liwulo zinthu momveka bwino cholinga chikondi, zoipa, mfundo banja, makhalidwe abwino - wakhala m'malo umboni maganizo mafotokozedwe. mfundo yeniyeni anagwetsa akupangira ndi kutineneza. Chotero fluctuation, fluidity wapakamwa mfundo mwana'yo mafanizo yowala, zimene zimachizidwa zochokera zitsulo osati Yesuyo kufanana kwa zinthu kapena zochitika, ndi zinthu nonobvious.

Chachinayi, yodziwika ndi njira yatsopano kulankhula maganizo ndi malingaliro a ndakatulo m'nyimbo ya Silver Age. Ndakatulo ndi olemba ambiri zinalengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi, amajambulapo maluwa okongola a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, komanso silinatchulidwe ndi zolaula tikalemba. Mwachitsanzo, ambiri aluso m'gulu mawu a zolengedwa awo zithunzi kuchokera Greek, Roman ndipo kenako Asilavo nthano. Mu ntchito za J. Ann, Marina Tsvetaeva ndi V.Bryusov nthano ntchito yomanga chilengedwe zitsanzo maganizo kumvetsa anthu munthu Makamaka chigawo wake wauzimu. Aliyense ndakatulo ya Silver M'badwo wa munthu yowala. Ndi zovuta kumvetsa zomwe a iwo a ichi kapena ndime imene. Koma anayesa ntchito yawo zooneka ndi moyo, wodzala ndi mitundu, kuti wowerenga angathe kumva liwu lililonse ndi mzere.

Malangizo yaikulu ya ndakatulo Silver Age. ophiphiritsa

Alembi ndi alakatuli kutsutsa lokha Kuzindikira, analengeza chilengedwe cha watsopano, luso lamakono - chimakono. Pali zitatu kayendedwe mabuku a ndakatulo Silver Age: ophiphiritsa, Acmeism, futurism. Aliyense wa iwo anali makamaka yake yowala. Ophiphiritsa poyamba adanyamuka France monga kuukira ndi tsiku ndi tsiku zenizeni chiwonetsero ndipo bourgeois kusakhutira ndi moyo. Makolo a m'dera lino, kuphatikizapo J. Morsas ankakhulupirira kuti kudzera mwa lingaliro wapadera - chophiphiritsa, mungaphunzire zinsinsi za chilengedwe. Mu Russia, ikuimira anaonekera mu 1890s oyambirira. Woyambitsa wa gulu limeneli anali DS Merezhkovsky, amene analengeza mu postulates wake buku zitatu za luso latsopano: ". Patsogolo luso sensibility" ophiphiritsa, zili lachinsinsi ndi

Achinyamata ndi akuluakulu Symbolists

The Symbolists woyamba anam'patsa dzina lakuti okalamba, anayamba V. Ya. Bryusov, KD Balmont, FK Sologub, Z. N. Gippius, N. M. Minsky ndi ena. Olemba ndakatulo. ntchito yawo zambiri yodziwika ndi kukana lakuthwa zenizeni. Iwo akuonetsedwa moyo weniweniwo yosasangalatsa, wosakongola komanso wopanda nzeru, kuyesera kupereka mfundo zina zabwino kwambiri wochenjera malingaliro awo.

Zapakati pa 1901 ndi 1904. M'pamene chiyambi cha chida chatsopano andakatulo Russian. Symbolist ndakatulo impregnated ndi mzimu chosintha ndi premonition wa zinthu ziri nkudza. Wamng'ono Symbolists: Blok, V. Ivanov, A. White - sanakanepo dziko, kuyembekezera asinthe n'komwe, apadera Mulungu kukongola, chikondi ndi ukazi kuti ndinu wotsimikiza kusintha zenizeni. Ndi ndi maonekedwe powonekera mabuku a Symbolists wamng'ono mabuku zikuphatikizapo mfundo khalidwe. Andakatulo kumvetsa ngati mawu m'zigawozigawo akuganizira dziko, "kumwamba", akamanena wauzimu ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo, "ufumu wapadziko lapansi."

Ophiphiritsa mu zaka zingapo

Russian Silver Age ndakatulo mu 1905-1907. kusintha. Ambiri mwa Symbolists poganizira zochitika umoyo ndale, timalembanso maganizo pa dziko ndi kukongola kwa malo mu dziko. inawo tsopano anamvetsa monga nkhondo chisokonezo. Andakatulo kulenga zithunzi za dziko latsopano, umene umabwera m'malo otaika. . V. Ya Bryusov amalenga ndakatulo "Kudza Huns", Alexander Blok - "Barca moyo," "limatuluka ndi mdima wa kosungira ..." ndi ena.

Kusintha ndi zizindikiro. Tsopano akunena kuti cholowa wakale, ndi m'nthano Russian ndi Asilavo nthano. Zitasintha, pali gulu la Symbolists, pofuna kusunga luso la zinthu kunachitika ndi M'malo mwake, ali ndi chidwi mwakhama kulimbana chikhalidwe. Pambuyo 1907 kutsutsana Symbolists kuutsiriza okha, m'malo akubwera potsanzira luso la Kale. A 1910 Russian ikuimira mavuto, bwino kusonyeza zotsutsana ake mkati.

Acmeism ndakatulo Russian

Mu 1911, N. S. Gumilev bungwe gulu zolembalemba - "Gulani a akuyimba." Mpheroyi andakatulo S. Gorodetsky, Osip Mandelstam, Ivanov ndi G. Adamovich. Malangizo zatsopano sanakukane zenizeni ozungulira ndi kuvomereza momwe ziliri, kukhalabe kufunika kwake. "Anthu olemba Msonkhano" anayamba kufalitsa magazini ake "Hyperborean", komanso kusindikiza ntchito mu "Apollo". Acmeism, anayamba ngati sukulu zolembalemba kupeza njira yothetsera vuto la vuto la ophiphiritsa, ogwirizana ndi osiyana kwambiri maganizo ndi luso makhazikitsidwe ndakatulo.

Mmodzi wa olemba-Acmeists wotchuka anali Anna Akhmatova. ntchito zake akhala ladzala ndi zokumana chikondi ndi kukhala ngati chibvomerezo adzazunzidwa zikhumbo za moyo wamkazi.

Features wa Futurism Russian

Silver M'badwo wa Russian ndakatulo spawned kudera lina chidwi otchedwa "Futurism" (kuchokera ku Latin. Futurum, kuti, "tsogolo"). Kufunafuna mitundu yatsopano luso mu ntchito za abale H. ndi David Burliuk, N. S. Goncharovoy, N. Kulbin MV Matyushina kukhala chofunika kubadwa kwa azimuth izi mu Russia. Mu 1910, unaturuka kulisindikiza zosonkhanitsira futuristic "Zadoki oweruza", imene anasonkhana ntchito za olemba a chi kwambiri monga V. Kamensky, V. Khlebnikov, Burliuk abale, E. Guro. olemba awa anapanga maziko a otchedwa Cubo-Futurists. Kenaka limodzi ndi Vladimir Mayakovsky. Mu December 1912 anabwera Almanac - "mbama mu Mtima wa Kukumana Public". cubofuturists Vesi "Buch Lesin," "Akufa Moon", "wobuma Parnassus", "Gag" anakhala nkhani Kutsutsana ambiri. Poyamba, iwo amaona kuti njira kunyoza makhalidwe wowerenga, koma pa perusal pafupi wapezeka kufunitsitsa kusonyeza masomphenya atsopano a dziko ndi wapadera kulolerana chikhalidwe. Anti-azisangalala lidzasinthidwa kukana yankhanza, kukongola yabodza, mawu amwano lidzasinthidwa mawu a khamulo.

Cholinga-Futurists

Kubofuturizma Komanso, panali mumaganiza angapo, kuphatikizapo egofuturizm walunjika I. Severianin. Iwo panaoneka andakatulo monga V. I. Gnezdov, I. V. Ignatev, K. Olympia, etc. Iwo analenga kusindikiza nyumba "Petersburg Herald", magazini ndi anthologies ndi maina choyambirira: ". Nebokopy", "Eagles pa zinathamangira kuphedi ndi kulumphira" "shuga fitment" ndi zina zotero. d. ndakatulo awo ankasiyana wamatama ndi zambiri zinapangidwa ndi analengedwa ndi mawu. Kuwonjezera cholinga-Futurists, ife opareshoni magulu awiri enawo: "Centrifuge" (B. L. Pasternak, N. N. Aseev, S. P. Bobrov) ndi "Mezzanine ndakatulo" (R. Ivnev, SM Tretyakov, VG Sherenevich).

m'malo mapeto

Silver M'badwo wa Russian ndakatulo sunakhalitse, koma likutsindikanso pa Way yowala woyimba luso. Ambiri a biographies izi zinali zomvetsa chisoni, chifukwa chifuniro cha tsoka iwo anali n'kumakagwira ntchito ngati fateful kwa dziko, nthawi yovuta kwambiri kusintha ndi zaka pambuyo chosintha chipwirikiti, nkhondo yapachiweniweni, kukhumudwa ndi kubadwanso. andakatulo ambiri anamwalira pambuyo zinthu zoipa (Khlebnikov, A. Block), ambiri anasamuka (K. Balmont, Z. Gippius, IA kumpoto, Marina Tsvetaeva), ena anatenga moyo wake, anawomberedwa kapena zatha m'misasa Stalin. Komabe, iwo anakwanitsa chopereka chachikulu ndi chikhalidwe Russian ndiponso kupangitsa ndi kwambiri limaonetseratu, zokongola, ntchito pachiyambi.