Kuyatsa wopanduka. Mpingo ndi ampatuko

Izo zinachitika kuti ampatuko, koma chilango cha osokonezeka, nthaŵi mogwirizana ndi njira Witching ndi kusaka - chodabwitsa khalidwe la Europe: makamaka Italy, Southern France, Spain ndi Portugal. Koma kungakhale kulakwa kuganiza kuti mu maiko kupitirira pa ulamuliro wa Papa, ndi otsutsa akhoza otetezeka. woyaka Public la osokonezeka - ambiri mawonekedwe chilango - m'Matchalitchi Byzantium ndi Russia.

Chiyambi cha mipatuko

Kuchokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "mpatuko" amatanthauza "malangizo" kapena "sukulu". Kumayambiriro kwa wachikhristu 1-2 N-TH zaka. e., dongosolo limodzi achipembedzo sanayambebe otukuka. Pali madera ambiri, mipatuko, omwe m'njira yakeyake anamasulira mbali zina za chiphunzitso: utatu, chikhalidwe cha Khristu ndi Virgin Mary, masiku omaliza, kapangidwe masanjidwe wa Mpingo. Mu 4 m'ma BC. e. Izi kutha Mfumu Constantine: mosathandizidwa mphamvu yotsala ya mpingo boma adakali ofooka, sanathe ukhale mwambo. Mipatuko, Chiarian anatsimikizidwa choyamba, ndiye Nestorianism. Adonatisiti anazunzidwa ndi Montanists. Atsogoleri a mpingo oyambirira Ages Middle, motsogozedwa ndi akalata Chipangano Chatsopano, anapereka lingaliro ili apamtima negative. Komabe, kutentha ampatuko pamtengo pa nthawi sinafike wamba.

Ziphunzitso za mpatuko chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano sanali yowala ndemanga zandale kapena zinthu zina. Koma pa nthawi, okhulupirira anayamba kutsutsa alipo akuluakulu a tchalitchi, Mpingo mgwirizano ndi mphamvu yanu, pa patsogolo wa ansembe ndi chinyengo chawo.

The Cathars

Mu 11-13 zaka TH, moto unayakira ku Ulaya. Kuyatsa wopanduka unaperekedwa kwa ufumu wolowezana wa mpingo mu njira zosavuta kuti amuchotsepo kuwatsutsa. Mpingo kugawanika ku Western (Catholic) ndi kum'mawa (Orthodox) m'nthawi 11 anapereka kutsogolera zikamera ziphunzitso zatsopano. Wotchuka adani maganizo a Mpingo wa Katolika anakhala Cathars, kapena "oyera". Mbali yaikulu anayamba kachitidwe kawo zamulungu inachokera pa miyambo yachikunja, makamaka Manichaeism, amene amaganiza kuti afanane ndi mphamvu za Mulungu ndi mdierekezi. chipangizo dziko Cathars sankaona wangwiro. Iwo anadzudzula mabungwe a boma, dyera atsogoleri ndi poyera kuti Papa mtumiki wa mdierekezi. Cathars analalikira austerity, ukoma, khama. Iwo anapanga mpingo wawo gulu, ndi ulamuliro waukulu. Nthawi zina mawu akuti "catarrh" asonkhanitse oimira asayansi ena ndi zinthu zofanana: ndi Waldensians, ndi Bogomils, Paulicians. Mu 1209, Papa Innocent III anatenga Cathars kwambiri ankatanthauza ambuye oyandikana kuthetseratu ampatuko ndipo dziko awo.

polimbana ndi ampatuko

Abusa ankakonda kuthana ndi otsutsa manja la olamulira a dzikoli. Anthu nthawi zambiri kodi simusamala, chifukwa iwo akhagopa wa achotsa. Kusaka - Mu 1215, Innocent III thupi wapadera wa khoti kachipembedzo unakhazikitsidwa. Ogwira ntchito (makamaka Order Republic - "Agalu la Ambuye") ayenera kufunafuna ampatuko, kuti mlandu iwo, mafunso ndi kulanga.

Iyambe wopanduka nthawi limodzi ndi kuzunza (luso hangman mu nthawi ino analimbikira chitukuko, ndipo wapanga nkhokwe chidwi zida kuzunzidwa). Koma mosasamala chimene linamalizidwa yofufunzira, kulanga ndi aphedwe anali kugwira munthu yolembedwa. Kodi chigamulochi munaupereka zambiri? Kutentha la osokonezeka pa msonkhanowo anthu. Nchifukwa chiyani moto? Chifukwa chilango anayenera kukhala ngati kuti Mpingo sindinathe kukola mwazi. Komanso, malawi okutidwa ndi katundu kuyeretsa.

Mallu

woyaka moto wa ampatuko chinali chochitika mwamantha. Choncho, aphedwe anali kukhala ngati kuli kotheka kwa anthu a magulu onse. Mwambo anali kutumikiridwa pa tchuthi ndipo ankatchedwa "galimoto de A Fe" ( "timamukhulupirira"). Madzulo a m'dera chokongoletsedwa, anamanga bleachers kwa otchuka ndi zimbudzi anthu. mabelu mpingo anatengedwa kupita kukulunga nsalu yonyowa: chifukwa iwo anaomba zambiri muffled ndi "kulira". M'mawa, wansembe mwambo wa Misa, a inquisitor analalikira, ndipo asukulu kuimba nyimbo. Pomaliza, ziganizo za analengeza. Ndiye iwo kunja. Kuyatsa wopanduka anali mmodzi wa chilango choopsa kwambiri ikuchitika mu chimango cha Galimoto. Kuchitanso: zilango (mwachitsanzo, Haji) wathuwu atavala zizindikiro moyo, poyera popemphera, m'ndende.

Koma ngati mlanduwo anali aakulu, Wolakwayo anali pafupifupi zosatheka. Chifukwa cha wozunzikirapowo! "Achikunja" nthawi zambiri, iye anavomereza kulakwa kwake. Kenako, udavlivali ndi kutentha mtembo womangidwa kwa malo. Koma ngati aphedwe, mwadzidzidzi anayamba kukana zimene ine ndinanena kale, kuti anali kuyembekezera moyo moto, nthawizina pa moto wochepa (nkhuni izi mwapadera okonzeka yaiwisi).

Amene aliyense anali wofanana ndi ampatuko?

Ngati munthu sanabwere kwa achibale akaidi ku imfa, zikhoza amaganiziridwa mogwirizana. Choncho Mallu nthawizonse zakhala otchuka. Ngakhale kuti m'malo mwa munthu mlandu zikhoza kukhala pafupifupi aliyense, khamu kusekedwa "achikunja" ndipo amapatsa iwo zachipongwe.

Woyaka anaopseza osati ndale ndi maganizo otsutsa Mpingo ndi ambuye ang'onoang'ono. Kuphedwa Misa ya akazi mlandu wa ufiti (kwa iwo yabwino kuloza chala mtundu uliwonse wa masoka), asayansi - makamaka zakuthambo, nzeru ena ndi madokotala (monga mpingo anadalira chipulukiro cha anthu ndi sankafuna kufalitsa kwa nzeru), amatukutuku (chifukwa chothandiza mwangwiro anakonza dziko ndi Mulungu), Chimonko kumene osakhulupirira (makamaka Ayuda), alaliki a zipembedzo zina. Ndipotu, akhoza kutsutsa aliyense ndi chilichonse. Onaninso kuti mpingo anachotsa chuma cha ananyongedwa.

Mpingo ndi ampatuko mu Russia

Adani chofunika kwambiri Mpingo Orthodox wa Old Okhulupirira anayamba. Koma kugawanika zinachitika ndi m'zaka za m'ma 17, ndi kufikira nthawi imeneyo, onse pa dziko zikukangalika moto oimira mipatuko yosiyanasiyana maganizo ndi chikhalidwe tanthauzo: Strigolniki, Wachiyuda ndi ena. Ife anaphedwa komanso chuma mabuku achikunja, mwano mpingo wa Khristu ndi Virgin Mary, ufiti, kuchokera mphukira obisika. Ambiri, Muscovy ankasiyana pang'ono kuchokera kwa Spain pa gawo la otentheka m'dera "inquisitors", koma kuti Kuphedwa zinali zambiri osiyanasiyana ndipo anali ndi kulunjika dziko Mwachitsanzo, kuyatsa ampatuko zinachitikadi osati pa mtengo, ndipo m'nyumba matabwa.

Russian Orthodox yekha mu 1971 anazindikira zolakwa zawo ndi kulemekeza okhulupirira Old. Koma kulapa zina "otengeka," izo sizinathetse.