Kutafuna ndi minofu nkhope: thunthu. Features a minofu nkhope

anthu onse masiku zabwino ndi zoipa, zosangalatsa komanso wachisoni zochitika, pali chinachake chimene umasokoneza, akatilakwira, akukhumudwa, kapena M'malo mwake, kumabweretsa anasangalala yosatheka kuneneka, amachititsa chisangalalo ndi chimwemwe. Pa nthawi ngati nkhope zathu - izo zangokhala buku lomwe mukhoza kuwerenga mphamvu zonse.

Koma n'chifukwa chiyani izi zikuchitika? Ndi chiyani icho za dongosolo nkhope amatilola kukhala wosiyana ndi moyo chidwi ndi m'zigawozigawo mawu a kutengeka? Iwo likukhalira kuti ndi mtengo wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya minofu. Kuti nkhani za iwo m'nkhani ino.

Mbiri ya kuphunzira ndi anapeza nyumba minofu

Kwa nthawi yoyamba pamaso pa thupi laumunthu mu minofu analankhula kalelo. Aigupto, Aroma, Aperisi, ndi Chinese otchulidwa mabuku a nyumba izi, munthu pansi pa khungu. Komabe, malongosoledwe a minofu zenizeni monga opezeka patapita nthawi yaitali. Choncho, chopereka chachikulu zimenezi ndi Leonardo da Vinci. Wa zojambula 600-tinayamba thunthu la munthu, omwe anasiya, mbali yaikulu khama minofu, malo awo pa kapangidwe thupi, maonekedwe. Kufotokoza minofu anapeza ntchito ya Andreas Vesalius.

Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa minofu kuphunzira ndi asayansi awa zaka XVIII-XX:

1. Luigi Galvani - anapeza chodabwitsa cha zikhumbo magetsi mu minofu ndi zimakhala nyama.
2. Emil Du Bois-Reymond - anakonza lamulo amasonyeza mphamvu ya chakuti zimakhala okonda
3. N. E. Vvedensky - anafotokoza ndi anapereka akadakwanitsira ndi pessimum magetsi malemeredwe minofu
4. Helmholtz, J. Von Liebig, Wislicenus V. Danilevsky ndi ena - ndi kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane ndipo anafotokoza mbali zonse zokhudza thupi la kugwira ntchito kwa minofu minofu, kuphatikizapo kutentha pa masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kudya minofu.

Pa gawo lino la chitukuko kale anakonza pafupifupi onse kufotokoza zotheka ongolankhula cha makhalidwe onse zinchito ulusi minofu. Electrophysiology, sayansi, thunthu ndi sayansi ena achititsa kuti kudzikundikira ambiri kudziwa m'munsi limeneli, kotero zofunika mankhwala.

chiwerengero ndi chizindikiritso cha minofu anthu

Okwana thupi la munthu lili pafupi 640 minofu, omwe amachita ntchito yeniyeni. minofu thunthu akuimira ya mbali zovuta structural.

Minofu (kapena minofu) - ndi ziwalo, zomwe ndi ya ulusi minofu (elongated mawonekedwe foni) ndi yosalala kapena transversely striated chitsanzo. Ikuchitikira pamodzi mwa lotayirira connective dongosolo minofu. Mu thupi la munthu kupanga dongosolo lonse minofu chigoba (striated minofu) ndi wodzaza ndi ziwalo zambiri ndipo mitsempha (yosalala nsalu).

Gawo

Mwa ntchito za minofu anawagawa m'magulu awa:

1. Awatulutsira.
2. Patsogolo.
3. Insoles.
4. Sphincters.
5. Dilators.
6. Rotators.
7. Flexors.
8. Extensors.
9. Posiyanitsa.
10. Pronator.

Palinso gulu la minofu ndi malo mu thupi. Choncho, amasulidwe:

• minofu thunthu (kungotengeka ndi akuya);
• minofu ya nthambi;
• minofu mutu (nkhope ndi kutafuna).

mawonekedwe

Pa mfundo imeneyi kusiyanitsa 7 yaikulu magulu minofu, mmene gulu lililonse isanafalikire mu gawo zinchito ndi yeniyeni ya thupi.

1. Spindly.
2. Square.
3. Mosabisa.
4. Molunjika.
5. Triangular.
6. Cirrus.
7. Zozungulira.

minofu thunthu

Lililonse minofu ali pafupifupi chimodzimodzi dongosolo mkati mwa dongosolo: kunja aphimbidwa epimiziem - wapadera mankhwala chipolopolo, anagwirizana ndi minofu connective. Kuchokera mkati ndi ya mitolo minofu ya madongosolo osiyana kuti amaphatikizidwa chifukwa endomysium - connective minofu. Pankhaniyi, malo abwino nambala iliyonse minofu Mitsempha ndi capillaries ndi kotunga chokwanira mpweya pa ntchito. Mtsempha anatengedwa mankhwala kuwonongeka ndi mpweya. Misempha ozama ulusi kupereka conduction ndi excitability kudya komanso mmene odalirika (ntchito).

Minofu maselo okha ndi mitima zingapo, monga pa ntchito yogwira angathe kupoletsa mphamvu matenthedwe chifukwa mitochondria ambiri. umatha kutenga minofu ngongole mapuloteni lapadera: akitini ndi myosin. Iwo amapereka nchito imeneyi, kuchititsa kuchepetsa myofibrils - contractile gawo la mnofu CHIKWANGWANI.

Ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya ulusi minofu - contractility ndi excitability, kusamalira mogwirizana wamba a mitsempha ndi nyumba mapuloteni ndi dongosolo chapakati mantha (ubongo ndi msana).

Minofu ya mutu

monga mitundu zofunika zochepa kwa gulu ili. The akuluakulu ndi:

• minofu ya nkhope (minofu nkhope) - ndi udindo mimicry, ndi mawonetseredwe kunja mtima;
• chewable - kuchita ntchito yofanana.

Kupatula izi, minofu amadziŵika:

• mwana wa diso;
• Makutu ossicles;
• chilankhulo;
• thambo;
• os.

Features ya kapangidwe ka akatumba onse a m'mutu, kupatula tsaya, ndi yonena za plantar fascia - wapadera "thumba" muli minofu zonse ndiponso kuti amamangirira mwachindunji mafupa. Choncho, ambiri a iwo kumbali atakolekedwa mafupa, ndi zina - momasuka zimapita mwachindunji ku khungu, mwamphamvu imachitika mogwirizana ndi mu dongosolo limodzi.

Wotsanzira minofu nkhope: Mitundu

The ntchito yake maonekedwe chidwi kwambiri ndi bwino naonetsere basi minofu nkhope. Chifukwa ntchito pokhala anachita, ndiye luso kupanga anthu nkhope, ndipo anatenga dzina lawo - minofu nkhope.

Iwo anali kumeneko ndithu kwambiri. Ndipotu, Munthu akhoza kungowauzira kukumbukira zimene chodabwitsa zosiyanasiyana angakhale mawu a maganizo athu, kuti timvetse kuti ndi ntchito imeneyi nokha kapena limodzi sangathe kulimbana. Choncho, minofu nkhope ali mu magulu, ndi onse 4:

1. Ndimapanga m'chipinda chotetezeka cranial.
2. Ndimapanga circumference pakamwa.
3. Encircling mphuno.
4. Ndimapanga maso bwalo.

Taonani gulu lililonse mwatsatanetsatane.

Minofu ya m'chipinda chotetezeka cranial

minofu wotsanzira mutu, kupanga m'chipinda chotetezeka cranial, naperekanso occipital-mazunzo Ufumuyo galea lapansi. Chisoti pawokha ndi tendon kuti conventionally kugawanitsa minofu mu mbali ziwiri: mazunzo ndi occipital. Ntchito zazikulu zimene amachita ngati minofu wotsanzira mutu - ndi mapangidwe m'makwinya yopingasa wa khungu pa mphumi ya mwamuna.

gulu ili mulinso minofu kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo khutu. zotsatira chawo chachikulu ndicho kuti athe khutu kunja kwa flick mmwamba, pansi, kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo.

Ofananira nuchal minofu - wa nyumba ya m'chipinda chotetezeka cranial. The Ntchito yaikulu - kayendedwe ka khungu kumbuyo kwa mutu.

Minofu, kupanga maso bwalo

Izi kwambiri limaonetseratu nkhope nyama nkhope. thunthu lawo sizikutanthauza kuti fascia, ndi mawonekedwe a nyumba amenewa ndi osiyana.

1. Zozungulira minofu kwathunthu lazungulira diso mu bwalo pansi pa khungu. Amakhala mbali yaikulu atatu: ophthalmic, m'badwo wa zaka ndi misozi. Action - kutsegula ndi kutseka maso, ulamuliro slezotoka, kutsitsa pansi pa nsidze, ndi kuwongola kunja makwinya pamphumi.
2. Nkhope minofu makwinya pamwamba, idaluma fupa mazunzo kwa khungu la eyebrow. Ntchito: mapangidwe makutu kotenga pa mphuno.
3. Minofu ya wonyada - dzina lokha amalankhula za kufunika - kupanga yopingasa makutu patsinde pa mphuno, kupereka nkhope kumasonyeza kudzikuza ndiponso inaccessibility.

Izi minofu nkhope amalola kuti anthu kufotokoza maganizo awo okha yang'anani kupyolera mu maso ndi khungu owazungulira. Kwambiri tinganene popanda mawu chifukwa cha peculiarities wa kapangidwe thupi.

Minofu kuti apange circumference a pakamwa

Ofunika ndi minofu ena a nkhope. The thunthu la gulu minofu ankaimira dongosolo zozungulira azinga pakamwa kutsegula. Pali minofu angapo pachimake, amene poyerekezera ndi mzake ndi muzikangana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ena a iwo zambiri mkamwa kudula, ndi ena, m'malo mwake, itsekeke pang'ono.

1. Minofu m'kamwa, wotchedwa zozungulira. Action: kuchepetsa mkamwa kudula ndi milomo kupitabe patsogolo.
2. Zygomatic minofu (zazikulu ndi zazing'ono). Ntchito: amalola ngodya ya kamwa kuti kusunthira, pansi chammbali.
3. Makamaka minofu nkhope mkamwa ndizo chakuti iwo kumulola kuti kusuntha. Mwachitsanzo, nsagwada m'munsi ali mkono chapamwamba, amene amalola kukweza mlomo chapamwamba. Nearby pali wina amene amaukitsa mphuno ndi phiko.
4. Tsaya minofu. Mtengo: akuchedwa ngodya kwa kamwa, pamene kuchepetsa mbali ziwiri amalola retract pamwamba lamkati la masaya kwa pachibwano.
5. Minofu kuseka. Action: amalola m'mphambano za pakamwa anatambasula laterally.
6. Awiri genial minofu. Features a mtundu umenewu minofu nkhope MUKACHULUKIDWE mfundo yakuti mmodzi wa iwo akhala wosakhazikika, mwina kuchepetsa. Ntchito: kupereka kayendedwe ka khungu chibwano, ndipo anasolola mlomo wake m'munsi patsogolo.
7. Minofu, kutsitsa mlomo wa mmunsi. Ubwino monga mutu.

Ndi zonse m'kamwa minofu zofunika nkhope, thunthu zimene zimathandiza munthu kumwetulira, kuyankhula, kusonyeza chimwemwe ndi kukhumudwa, kusuntha pakamwa pake.

Minofu encircling mphuno

gulu awiri okha minofu chachikulu:

• nasalis minofu, kungomanga mbali mkati ndi kunja. Action: kupereka kayendedwe ka mphuno ndi mphuno;
• minofu, kutsitsa pansi m'mphuno septum.

Choncho, mu mphuno bwalo awiri okha minofu nkhope. Matenda a iwo si wosiyana kwa ena inalongosola pamwamba. Ambiri, magulu awa minofu diso, pakamwa, mphuno ndi cranial m'chipinda chotetezeka - izi ndi Gawo la nkhope. Chifukwa kukhalapo kwa minofu imeneyi anthu kutsindikiza zimafalitsa osiyanasiyana maganizo, tilankhule wina ndi mnzake popanda mawu ndi mawu kofunika kulimbikitsa akuti zithunzi.

Ndi minofu nkhope nyumba zofunika kwambiri, udindo komanso mapangidwe makwinya pa ukalamba. N'chifukwa chake malo onse nawo opaleshoni pulasitiki ndi njira zofanana, akupemphedwa kuti ntchito Akatswiri kwambiri aluso amene mumadziwa thunthu minofu ya.

minofu Masticatory: mitundu

Wotsanzira ndi masticatory minofu - ndi Gawo la kumaso ndi kumutu. Ngati woyamba akunena za nyumba 17 zosiyanasiyana, gulu lachiwiri - 4. yekha Komabe anayiwa minofu masticatory mbali yofunika kwambiri mu moyo wa munthu, komanso mu ntchito yokonza wamng'ono wokongola chowulungika nkhope. Tiyeni tione zimene ndendende dongosolo zogwirizana iwo.

1. Kutafuna - kwambiri, munthu ophunzitsidwa tikadwala minofu chakudya. Ili mu mbali ziwiri: kwambiri ndi kungotengeka. Umayamba kwa Chipilala zygomatic ndi minofu Ufumuyo mandible lapansi.
2. Zosatha - akuyamba ku ndondomeko ya fupa kanthawi ndi imafika ku nsagwada m'munsi.
3. Ofananira pterygoid - imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri: chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi mitu. Kuyambira sphenoid fupa gawo ndi mapeto minofu m'munsi nsagwada, n'kupanga interweaving zovuta ndi iwo.
4. Pterygoid medial - nayenso fupa sphenoid kuti nsagwada m'munsi.

akatumba awa onse ogwirizana ndi ntchito wamba anachita, zomwe tikambirana.

ntchito

N'zoona kuti kamodzi minofu ndi gulu la kutafuna, ndiye zochita zawo n'koyenera: kupereka mosalekeza nsagwada kayendedwe:

• Kutafuna - chimakweza nsagwada ndi amakankhira patsogolo.
• Medial - lateral ndipo amapereka magulu ena a mandible lapansi.
• Ofananira - lili ntchito zofanana medial lapansi.
• Zosatha - wothandizira mkulu pamene kutafuna kayendedwe. Ubwera nuchoka lotsatira atapereka nsagwada m'munsi, komanso kulola kuti phiri kuti kutseka kuchokera pamwamba.

Komanso, amapatsa munthu wosakhalitsa minofu wotopa, wolema ndi haggard tione. Ngati nthawi yaitali mu mkhalidwe mavuto mantha, maganizo pachimake ndi nkhawa, thupi adzayamba kuonda, ndipo munthu alandira yoyenera haggard mawu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti zosatha thins minofu obtyagivaya khungu nkhope, zithunzi amasintha zimachititsa chilumbachi ake.

Choncho, tinganene kuti nkhope ndi masticatory minofu - ndi okonza a nkhope yathu, amalola inu muyike mawu aliwonse, kuti zosiyanasiyana kuyenda ndi kusintha zosiyanasiyana grimaces. Ndipo iwo amakulolani kuti kutafuna, amene Mosakayika mmodzi wa njira zofunika kwambiri pa zinthu zamoyo, kuphatikizapo anthu.