Kodi kuwundana ndi: maina, khalidwe. mndandanda wa makamu

Kuyang'ana nyenyezi monga mwana, timayesetsa kumvetsa zimene ndi magulu. Tili ndi chidwi mu dzina, kupanga chithunzi ndi nyenyezi, koma tanthauzo la mfundo "kuwundana". Pakali pano, monganso akulu, tilibe nthawi kumvetsa zimene kwenikweni chinapangitsa mawu bwino.

ziyerekezo

m'mlengalenga A zouluka m'mlengalenga, adzakhala chete aliyense wa chito lakumwamba alipo. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi kuti nyenyezi kumbuyo zikuoneka kuti ife, M'ndegeyo zoona, anapatukana zambiri pa ataliatali. Kuwundana ndi ziyerekezo wa chidutswa osiyana dera lakumwamba ndi zinthu zonse malo pabwino pake.

A mbiri pang'ono

Amaonera zimene magulu ali, amasiyana zaka zosiyana. Today zimatulutsa 88 zithunzi lakumwamba, koma izo sizinali nthawi zonse. magulu wakale ndi maina awo streamlined ndi anafotokozedwa ndi Ptolemy mu buku lake wotchuka "Almagest". mndandanda wake zinaphatikizapo 48 zithunzi zakuthambo. Onse a iwo, koma adasunga dzina lawo kutali. A kuwundana lalikulu Argo (sitima ya Argonauts) pambuyo pake ogaŵikana atatu ang'onoang'ono: muyezo, Stern ndi kupalasa. Poyamba, kanjedza wakumwamba, wotchedwa lero akale anatchula zaka zinayi pamaso Ptolemy mu 245 BC. e. Anachita komanso Greek - wolemba ndakatulo Aratus.

Ndi kufunika yothandizana mndandanda alipo anabwela pa Great akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale: chizindikiro mapu nyenyezi sizinathandize kuyenda nyanja yaikulu. Kumapeto kwa apaulendo m'ma 16 Frederick de A Houtman ndi Pieter Keyser anagwirizana nyenyezi mu 12 dongosolo zambiri zakuthambo. Ena mwa iwo anali bilimankhwe, Phoenix, South Hydra. magulu khumi ndi tsopano angapezeke pa mapu a Chigawo cha kum'mwera kwa kumwamba.

Mu 1613 Peter Plantsius ankafotokozedwa padzikoli angapo zithunzi zawo latsopano lakumwamba, ndi mu 1624-m, chifukwa cha German zakuthambo, sing'anga ndi masamu Jakob Bartsch, iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito padziko lonse sayansi. Today pa mapu a kumwamba anakhalabe awiri okha a iwo - Giraffe ndi chipembere.

Mapangidwe komaliza

Mndandanda wa makamu pa iyo inali isanatsilizidwe. Yan Gevely m'zaka za m'ma 17 ali allocated zithunzi asanu Nyenyezi (Sextant, Leo Minor, buluzi, Chikopa, Lynx, Chanterelle, atali Venatici). Yotsatira za m'ma 18, chopereka anapanga, ndipo Nicolas-Lui De Lacaille. Iye zinasonyeza magulu 17 kumaliza mapangidwe mndandanda.

Komabe, izi sinathe mbiri ya maina a nyenyezi. Ancient kanjedza lakumwamba anayesa maulendo angapo kuti Sinthani dzina, kuchotsa milungu Greek ndi ngwazi za oyera Mkhristu. Nthawi zina mufuna kuona ulemerero wa Olympians ndi kulamulira anthu ndi atsogoleri a asilikali. Komabe, chiwembu onse analephera.

malire

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 potsiriza anakhazikitsa kumvetsa zamakono zimene ndi magulu. Mayina a zithunzi lakumwamba monga kwambiri kapena zochepa anakhazikitsa. Chinthu chokha chimene chatsalira kudziwa malire.

Lero, pansi kuwundana kumvetsa osati kuwala makamaka, kupanga silhouette maonekedwe. Pamafunikanso onse "gawo" pafupi nyenyezi izi. Magulu anasiyanitsidwa ndi malire, wobvomerezedwayo mwa 1935 pambuyo mgwirizano yaitali zakuthambo angapo otchuka.

Kuchita lamulolo mosalekeza

Pa mapu kuwundana anali wotayika mapulani koma ngati inu mutayang'ana nyenyezi usiku wonse, n'zosavuta kuona kuti ziwerengero lakumwamba ndi zonse ikuyenda. Anthu ena kuyenda kuzungulira malo wamba, pamene ena akufotokoza Arc ndi kutha kumbuyo kaja. Kusinthaku mu malo umatchedwa diurnal kasinthasintha. Ngati akuona zili kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi ndipo zinayang'ana kum'mwera, nyenyezi iye kudzalimbikitsa mu mobwerera malangizo, likutuluka kum'mawa ndipo anazimiririka ku kumadzulo. Monga mkulu monga magulu zotheka pamwamba m'chizimezime kum'mwera. Ngati tisunga kayendedwe ka nyenyezi, zinayang'ana kumpoto, chithunzicho ndi yosiyana. Part wa kuwala sukupita akutali, ndipo limafotokoza bwalo mu mlengalenga. likulu lake amatchedwa kumpoto kwa dziko. Iwo lili North Star.

Pankhaniyi, yemweyo yowala mfundo nthawizonse limatulukira ndipo anakhala pansi pamalo padela kwambiri, mosiyana ndi dzuwa ndi mwezi, yotuluka ndi kulowa dzuwa malo omwe osamukira tsiku lililonse. Earth Kanema ndi tsiku nyenyezi "kuyenda" kuchokera kuwundana wina ndi mzake. Choncho, iwo "pitani" khumi dongosolo zakuthambo. Dzuwa akudutsa njira zake chaka chonse, ndi Moon - mu 27 ndi tsiku yaing'ono. Kulandiridwa "kunyumba" amene tsiku nyenyezi iliyonse miyezi khumi ndi ziwiri, mpaka bwalo m'nyenyezi.

nsanamira nyenyezi

Mwina, aliyense akudziwa chimene magulu a Chipingausiku kumeneko. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti chitsanzo wakumwamba, ndilo dzuwa mu mwezi makamaka, nthawi zonse zobisika kwa wowerenga, ndipo pali miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kenako.

Zizindikiro za Chipingausiku kudziwika kwa anthu kwa nthawi yaitali. Ena a maina awo adawomba akadali ku Mesopotamiya, chopunthira mmodzi wa chitukuko choyamba. Mawu "Chipingausiku" chiyambi Greek: zodiakos anamasuliridwa kuti "nyama." Khumi ndi magulu dzina lakuti chakuti ambiri a iwo amaoneka ngati nyama.

M'nyenyezi chimakwirira osati kanjira wa mwezi, komanso mapulaneti onse a dongosolo la zowalitsa. Malowa ali pamtunda pa ngodya kwa equator lakumwamba ndipo intersects ndi mfundo ziwiri lolingana azikhala vernal ndi autumnal.

lakumwamba mzati

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana funsolo, kodi magulu. Zakuthambo chifukwa chotsimikiza apanga njira yapadera ndondomeko. Tanena kale wa North Pole a dziko. N'zosavuta kuganiza kuti pali South anatchula kuwundana la Southern Cross. Ndipo alikuti mzati ndi equator kumeneko. Mu ntchito dongosolo, anamanga mu mlengalenga, pali declination (kumpoto mtunda equator), ndipo kukwera bwino (longitude).

Equator umadutsa magulu ena: Orion, Pisces, Keith, Taurus, Eridan, Sextant Mphungu, chipembere, Hydra, Schlangenträger, Small galu, Leo, Aquarius, Njoka. The peculiarity wa Chiwerengerochi lakumwamba ziti zomwe polojekiti pafupifupi kulikonse pa dziko lapansi. Izi ndi zotheka chifukwa cha malo a magulu a.

kumpoto

Pali classifications angapo supplementing kumvetsa kwathu zimene zimachitika kuwundana. ziwerengero zonse zakuthambo anawagawa a kumpoto kapena Chigawo Kumwera za mlengalenga.

Mndandanda wa magulu a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi zikuphatikizapo zithunzi za zitatu Gemini, Aries ndi Cancer. Iwo zikuphatikizapo zojambula wakumwamba a nyama Big ndi Little wonyika, dolphin, chinjoka, giraffe, atali Venatici, tsekwe, Chanterelle, Little Hatchi ndi Mkango Little, Lynx ndi buluzi. Pakati pa magulu a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, pali dzina la zilembo mu nthano zakale: chikomokere Berenices, Andromeda, Cepheus, Perseus, Pegasus, Hercules, Cassiopeia, Bootes, ndi kutanthauza zinthu: Lira, Sextant, Mivi Yanu, Triangle.

Kumbali ina ya Earth

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone chimene magulu akalipo kwa wina ku Chigawo cha kum'mwera. Ambiri a manambalawo lakumwamba ali ndi mayina zopanda moyo ndi madera awo: guwa, kampasi, chakudya, Kiel, maikulosikopu Bowl, Norma, Octant, Telescope, mpope, wodula, kupalasa, ng'anjo, gululi, kampasi, wotchi, Chikopa, Southern Korona, Kumwera Cross ndi kum'mwera Triangle. Kuyambira zizindikiro za m'nyenyezi kwa magulu kum'mwera ndi Capricorn, Scorpio ndi Sagittarius. La zilembo lanthano pano ndi Phoenix yekha ndi Cepheus, koma pali ojambula (ziboliboli ndi zojambulajambula) ndi woimira anthu (Native American), komanso mwiniwake wa chozizwitsa cha chilengedwe (Mensa). Ambiri pano ndi nyama Big Dog, Khwangwala, Nkhunda, Wolf, Kuuluka, Gold ndi South Nsomba, Crane, Kalulu, Mbalame za Paradaiso, Nkhanu, Ntchentche, Mbalame Yotchedwa Toucan, bilimankhwe, South Hydra.

Dzinja ndi chirimwe

Pa mungachite izi yankho la funso loti, kodi kuwundana, osati wotopa. Wina mfundo ya gulu - chaka chimene chitsanzo wakumwamba bwino anaona. Ndipotu, chilimwe, yozizira, masika ndi autumn pa mutu wake zilamulire zithunzi zosiyanasiyana.

Mu June, July ndi August kumwamba kukongoletsa kuwundana Cygnus, Lyra ndi Mphungu, mfundo yowala zomwe ndi asterism Chilimwe Triangle. nthawi ino ya chaka likupezeka kusunga Bootes, kuŵala kwa m'mlengalenga Borealis, kampasi, Hercules ndi anthu ena ochepa kanjedza zakuthambo.

M'nyengo yozizira, palibe malo zochepa wokongola pamwamba pa mutu kuposa m'chilimwe. Madzulo m'chizimezime limapezeka kuwundana Orion. Ake zovuta kupeza atatu madontho yowala alimbane mu mzere. Izi asterism Orion ndi lamba. Pansipa ndi pang'ono kumanja ndi Rigel, nyenyezi olemekezeka kwambiri pa chithunzi ichi zakuthambo. Ngati lamba ndi zina lamanzere ndi pansi, ndiye mzere posachedwapa abuts ndi Sirius Alpha Canis Major ndi nyenyezi yowala kwambiri mu mlengalenga lonse. Yaikulu ndi yaing'ono galu zimagwilanso nchito kwa magulu yozizira. Pa mapeto ena a mzere kudutsa lamba Orion abuts motsutsa Aldebaran zokhudza Taurus.

M'dzinja ndi masika

Chilimwe limodzi ndi kusintha kwa magulu a nyenyezi yaikulu kumwamba. Tsopano, ndi bwino kukhala zooneka Nsomba, Cassiopeia ndi Andromeda. Ngakhale kuwala Mat Orion tsekwe, iwo kukongoletsa thambo zawonjezeka ndipo alinso kuchilingalira.

Spring headroom ndi akuunika nyenyezi Big wonyika, Leo, Virgo, Bootes. Kumene, iwo amaoneka, ndipo nthawi zina, koma ndi kasupe - nthawi za "ulamuliro" mu mlengalenga.

magulu Main ndi mayina a nyenyezi kudziwika kwa ife kuyambira kale. Kuyambira pamenepo, mndandanda awo anali wodzilemekeza ndi kusinthidwa. List of 88 zithunzi lakumwamba - yankho zochuluka funso, kodi magulu. maina awo kupereka lingaliro la nthawi ya maonekedwe a Chiwerengerochi Nyenyezi mu mapu kumwamba. Kotero, pafupifupi otchulidwa lanthano kunawala mu nthawi ya Greece ndi Rome. Ambiri a nyama nthawi zonse munthu ano, komanso silhouettes umunthu luso ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana - zotsatira za rethinking nyenyezi mapu mu 17-18 zaka TH. Search magulu facilitates wachibale wawo kwa equator lakumwamba ndi mizati ya dziko.