Pamene chuma amakhala kutithandiza kuona, kapena njira formational kuphunzira mbiri

Ancient World, Middle Ages, masiku ano, zatsopano - magawo onsewa chitukuko cha anthu, amene zochokera mapangidwe umoyo ndi zachuma. Bukuli lili zinaoneka njira formational kuphunzira mbiri. Chimene icho chiri, lomwe magawo anasonyeza ofotokoza amene anali tate? mafunso awa akupemphedwa kuganizira.

maphunziro chakale limaphunzitsa mbiri siteji zina za chitukuko chachikulu amakhala mbali imene ndi mapangidwe anthu. Njira imeneyi kafukufuku m'mbuyomu anali kukulitsa linatsimikizidwa Karlom Marksom. Iye anati kugwiritsa ntchito njira monga njira lomenyera mbiri, ndi woona yekha kwa zosiyanasiyana magawo chitukuko anthu. Kodi izi ndi zoona?

Kutengera pa ntchito yake, mapangidwe njira - kuphunzira chitukuko cha anthu kwa anthu wosazindikira kwa analipo pa maziko a kusinthidwa wa chitsanzo zachuma. kusintha ayenera ikuchitika makamaka likuvutika otchedwa "kusintha" mwachitsanzo, kusintha lofunika pa moyo wa anthu.

Choncho, wosazindikira dongosolo limodzi amachita monga woyamba pa nkhani formations amene amasiyanitsa mapangidwe njira. Pakuti mbiri ya anthu adzaupereka monga nyengo yachisanu ikupita chitukuko. zinthu zakale zikusonyeza kuti pamene proto-chuma zochokera mitundu 3 ntchito: nsomba, nyama komanso kukafufuza. The zipangizo waukulu anali wosazindikira kuti ndi thandizo lawo kunali kosatheka kukhala zinthu zina. Komabe, kusamuka mpaka kalekale sanathe kupereka zosowa onse kukula kwa anthu osauka. Panali kufunika kwa zida watsopano, umene ndi munakhala akapolo. maonekedwe awo anali kusintha zimachititsa kuti kupanga kusintha kwa watsopano mapangidwe - dongosolo kapolo.

Kuwonjezera mapangidwe latsopano mtundu wa anthu, pa yomweyo kumayamba, ndi kukula mofulumira mayiko amene alandira obscherodovoy amatchedwa "kapolo."

Yotsatira zinasintha pa nthawi imene mphamvu ya ntchito za akapolo wakhala otsika kuti ife kupeza njira yatsopano ya ukugwirira ntchito ya chuma. Iwo anali asapita wa pangano dziko, pang'onong'ono ku Ulaya, Asia ndi Russia. Mark, ndizoonekeratu kuti yamasika konse mu mkhalidwe dongosolo loyamba zachuma zafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Choncho anabadwa latsopano gawo mu chitukuko cha anthu ndi boma - feudalism limene limafotokoza mmodzi wa mapangidwe njira yaikulu. Izi zidatheka pa zifukwa ziwiri: anthu ambiri m'madera ambiri m'dzikoli manja a banja limodzi ndi asilikali amakakamizidwa mwa zinthu zimene anthu onse a.

Mbali wachinayi anali anthu capitalist. njira Formational kuphunzira mbiri limanena kuti zikamera wa mtundu uwu wosonkhana Zimatheka zikomo chikulepheretsa sayansi ndi luso, kuonetsetsa kukula kwa kupanga komanso mafakitale zina. Pankhaniyi, wakuti anthu capitalist, wolemba ankaona otchedwa "kugulitsa pobereka" ntchito capitalist.

Pachimake cha mbiri chitukuko, malinga ndi njira imeneyi, anthu anali kukhala otchedwa "chikominisi anthu" aliyense ntchito, ndi zipatso za ntchito anawagawa anthu onse.

Anapereka kufotokoza mwachidule njira kuphunzira atsimikiza kuti lolunjika yekha Kukwezeleza chuma monga chinthu chachikulu mu chitukuko cha anthu. Koma njira formational kuphunzira mbiri ndipo alibe chifukwa cha zinthu zinanso zimene kunathandiza kwambiri kulikonse anthu. Ndipo wotsutsana ndi izo anayamba kupanga chitukuko njira komanso amaganizira chipembedzo, dera limene akukhala, maganizo ndi chikhalidwe mbali.

Pankhani imeneyi tisaiwale kuti ngakhale yodalirika ya wolemba atapereka umboni formational njira kuphunzira mbiri ya munthu amaganiza, ndi kuphunzira yapita ayenera kuganizira zinthu zonse Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe.