Kawopsedwe - kawopsedwe ndi ...

M'mafakitale osiyana, ndipo kokha moyo, mukhoza zambiri kumva za mankhwala poizoni ndi poizoni. Nanga mamolekyulu icho chiri? Kawopsedwe - muyeso wa kawopsedwe, kapena chinachake? Yesetsani kumvetsa njira nkhaniyo.

Kodi kawopsedwe?

Malinga ndi mankhwala amazionera, tanthawuzo la "kawopsedwe" - chimaonetsedwa ndi truncated dzina toksikometricheskogo index. Izi phindu chomwe chimasonyeza momwe pawiri makamaka ndi ngozi thanzi ndi moyo ndi nyama magazi ofunda zolengedwa.

Mu mawu ena, kawopsedwe - ndi muyeso wa pazipita kololeka ndende wa chinthu choopsa, chimene sadzakhala ndi mavuto atadziŵa zamoyo.

Yogwira chigawo masamu ngati mtengo osiyanitsidwa wa woopsa mlingo avareji wothandizila makamaka. Mukhozanso kunena kuti kawopsedwe - luso pawiri kuti chifukwa inasinthiratu mu umoyo wa anthu, zinyama ndi zomera.

Muyeso wa kawopsedwe angakhale osiyana, kutifotokozera limagwiritsa ntchito malamulo apadera kapena magawo. Pa mfundo imeneyi kusiyanitsa magulu angapo a zinthu.

Makalasi zinthu kawopsedwe

Angapo a iwo. Mtundu uwu wa gulu la zosiyana. Taganizirani magulu n'kotheka.

1. Kalasi yoyamba ya kawopsedwe - zoipa kwambiri. Sonyezani nambala pansipa 15 mg / kulemera makilogalamu thupi.
2. mankhwala kwambiri poizoni. index amenewa ndi apamwamba, koma ochepa - kuchokera 15 mpaka 150 mg / kg.
3. Odziletsa kukhudzana - mpaka 1500 mg / kg.
4. Low-poizoni - kuposa chithunzi m'mbuyomu.

Mwachibadwa, mmene thanzi adzapereka osati mfundo, zomwe gulu ndi wankhanza, koma nthawi wake kukhudzana. The apamwamba ndi, wamkulu chiopsezo cha imfa kapena poyizoni kwambiri.

zinthu kwambiri poizoni

Zikuphatikizapo osati okhawo amene amayambitsa poizoni anthu ndi nyama. Komanso omwe amatha uwononge chilengedwe. Iwo akhoza kukhala mu maiko osiyanasiyana loitanirana:

• olimba;
• madzi;
• mipweya.

The owopsa a iwo - ndi asphyxiating mankhwala mpweya ndi colorless ndi odorless. Mwachitsanzo, mpweya monoxide kapena mpweya monoxide.

Kwambiri poizoni adzalandira angapo makhalidwe amene amalola kuonetsetsa pakati mankhwala ena.

1. Akhoza kufalitsa mpweya mitsinje kwa zosiyanasiyana (nthawizina lalikulu kwambiri) mtunda.
2. Kuthetsa pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana m'banja, chakudya ndi zinthu zina zimene zimawonjezera kusatetezeka ndi poyizoni.
3. zosiyanasiyana kwambiri ndi kusiyana mu ntchito, kotero inu mukhoza kupanga mankhwala konsekonse.

Chotsatira kuti kawopsedwe - ichi ndi chuma cha nkhaniyi, zomwe ndi zovuta kupirira ndi ngakhale kovuta kulamulira kwathunthu. Choncho, ntchito ndi mankhwala awa ndi woopsa kwambiri ndipo osafunika. Ndipo ngati simungathe kuzipewa, m'pofunika kuganizira zosankha zonse zotheka pofuna kuteteza thirakiti kupuma ndi khungu.

Taonani zitsanzo zochepa za ziphe amphamvu kwambiri pakati zakumwa, ndi pakati pa asphyxiating mamolekyulu mpweya.

asidi Hydrocyanic ndi mchere ake

The kawopsedwe mwa mankhwala a salt asidi hydrocyanic zedi mkulu. Komanso pawiri yokha. mankhwala chilinganizo ake HCN. Iwo ali fungo khalidwe chabe chikhalidwe chake, free-madzi ndi loopsali kwambiri.

Ake chuma oopsa - ndi sungunuka mitundu yonse mankhwala, kuphatikizapo madzi. Choncho, pamene ingested ndi odzipereka yomweyo. Thupi zimakhudzanso thupi kutsekereza dongosolo kupuma. Cyanide (Hydrocyanic asidi mchere) angathe kaphatikizidwe ndi hemoglobin chitsulo, potero kuuononga. Pamene akuyamba mpweya njala wa matishu, maselo ndi ziwalo. Chifukwa - imfa inali itayandikira kapena kuledzera kwambiri.

Potaziyamu cyanide ntchito monga ululu wamphamvu kuyambira nthawi zakale. Iwo anali kale kwa katundu ndi mmene thupi.

mpweya woipa

Mwa mankhwala gaseous, pali ambiri a anthu a gulu la kwambiri poizoni. Ngakhale pa World nkhondo yoyamba chlorine mpweya ntchito ngati mankhwala chida, ndipo ndithu bwinobwino.

Pali zingapo kanthu ndi wamba mankhwala mwamphamvu kwambiri wa mtundu uwu:

• phosgene;
• formaldehyde;
• chloro;
• awiri maatomu bromine;
• carbon monoxide;
• enaake, phosphorous (III);
• amoniya;
• sulphide wa hydrogen;
• mpweya disulfide;
• woipa sulfure;
• methyl enaake, ndi ena ambiri.

List onse si zotheka, chiwerengero chawo ndi yayikulu. Kuwonjezera zonse apanga mitundu yonse yatsopano polumikizana, ena amene kubwezeretsanso chuma poizoni.

chlorine

Izi chakupha mpweya lachikasu wobiriwira mtundu ndi fungo lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma. Chifukwa izi n'zotheka kudziwa popanda zipangizo zina zapadera. Ndi zolemera kwambiri kuposa mpweya, kotero zikhazikike kumadera a kuchigwa. Choncho, kuthawa zotsatira ake, kukwera m'mwamba ngati nkotheka.

Izi kulakwitsa ndi anthu odzipereka amene samadziwa za katundu uyu mpweya. Iwo anayamba kubisala zapansi ndi otsika, kumene polojekitiyo ndi kuchepetsa mtambo wa poizoni. mmene iye kwachilengedwenso pa thupi lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma kwenikweni. Akalowa mwa mundawo kupuma, izo zimayambitsa zilonda zamoto ndi minofu, chifukwa, amavutika kupuma, limodzi ndi ululu. Zimenezi akuyamba pa ndende yake mu mlengalenga mu kuchuluka kwa 6 mg / ^M3.

Mu ntchito iyi mpweya mu makampani n'kofunika kwambiri. Kotero, ntchito:

• kupanga tizirombo;
• zitsulo okonza;
• makampani chakudya monga zowonjezera (E 925);
• madzi disinfection;
• monga oyeretsa zina;
• monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amphamvu, kuphatikizapo mankhwala zolinga.

Ntchito ndi pawiri ayenera kukhala bwino ntchito yapadera suti kumatenda ndi popanda kunyalanyaza malamulo chitetezo.

phosgene

Izi mpweya woipa, umene bwinobwino alibe mtundu, fungo ndi mwandele udzu. ngozi yaikulu kwambiri ndi motsutsa izo palibe yothetsera. Dzitetezeni, inu mukhoza amabisa. Izo zinali ntchito yoyamba ya padziko lonse ngati chida mankhwala.

zotsatira zake thupi ndi yomweyo kutchinga njira alveolar. The chifukwa ndi wamphamvu m'mapapo mwanga edema. Imfa ili pafupi, choncho mpweya igwera mu gulu la poizoni kwambiri.

ndende yake mu kuchuluka kwa 5 mg angachititse imfa. Ngati kuyambira pachiyambi kukhudzana ndi phosgene angathe kuonedwa ndi fungo, ndiye mu izo midadada m'tsogolo mitsempha olfactory, kotero silidzachotsedwa anali ndende iliyonse mu mlengalenga.