Katundu ndi kapangidwe ka mafuta, madzi ndi zolimba

Onse ngakhale sanali moyo tichipeza particles amene makhalidwe osiyanasiyana. Kapangidwe ka gaseous, madzi ndi zolimba ali makhalidwe yake. The tinthu zolimba ikuchitikira pamodzi, chifukwa zili zogwirizana kwambiri ndi mzake, choncho zimenezi cholimba kwambiri. Komanso, adzasunga mawonekedwe ena, monga particles zawo zing'onozing'ono pafupifupi Usaigwedezere, ndi kokha kunjenjemera. Mamolekyulu mu zakumwa ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mzake, koma iwo ali ndi ufulu kuyenda, kotero mawonekedwe awo awo, iwo alibe. The tinthu mpweya kanthu mwamsanga kwambiri padziko iwo, monga ulamuliro, zambiri danga, kutanthauza nsinga mosavuta.

Katundu ndi kapangidwe ka zolimba

ndi kapangidwe ndi mbali ya kapangidwe ka zolimba zimene? Iwo zigwirizana particles amene ali pafupi kwambiri kwa wina ndi mzake. Iwo akhoza kusuntha, ndi mawonekedwe awo liri lokhazikika. ndi katundu wa olimba chiyani? Iwo sakubwerera, koma ngati ndi mkangano, buku ake zingawonjezere ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha. Ichi ndi chifukwa tinthu anayamba kunjenjemera ndi kuyendayenda, imbaenda ku kuchepa osalimba.

Imodzi mwa mbali ya zolimba kuti ali ndi mawonekedwe amodzi. Pamene olimba ndi mkangano, ndi mathamangidwe avareji zoyenda particles kumawonjezera. particles mofulumira avundulidwe adzawombana mwamphamvu kwambiri, kuchititsa aliyense tinthu kukankhira anansi awo. Choncho, kuwonjezeka kutentha zambiri zimachititsa mphamvu apamwamba a thupi.

Crystal Kapangidwe ka zolimba

Intermolecular mphamvu pakati mamolekyulu moyandikana wa olimba kwambiri moti adzawalange mu malo amodzi. Ngati particles timeneti ali mu msonkhano kwambiri analamula, nyumba zimenezi zimatchedwa crystalline. Issues mkati inalamula wa particles (maatomu, ayoni, mamolekyulu) ya zinthu kapena pawiri ndi chinkhoswe sayansi wapadera - crystallography.

Kapangidwe ka thupi olimba mankhwala ndi chidwi makamaka. Mwa kuphunzira khalidwe la particles, mmene ntchito, akatswiri akhoza kufotokoza ndi kulosera mmene zipangizo zina adzadzikuza akamaziwononga. particles ting'onoting'ono thupi olimba imakonzedwa mu latisi a. Izi otchedwa zonse makonzedwe a particles, kumene zofunika kwambiri ndi ankaimba ndi nsinga zosiyanasiyana mankhwala pakati pawo.

Band chiphunzitso okhwima thupi kapangidwe kuganizira olimba ngati akaphatikiza maatomu, omwe nawonso imakhala ndi phata ndi ma elekitironi. The crystalline dongosolo la phata la atomu ali mfundo latisi, amene amakhala ndi munthu wina pafupipafupi okhudza malo.

ndi kapangidwe zakumwa chiyani?

Kapangidwe ka zolimba ndi zakumwa N'chimodzimodzinso kuti particles wa zimene wapangidwa ndi chapatali pafupi. kusiyana ndi kuti mamolekyulu wa zinthu madzi kusuntha momasuka, popeza mphamvu ya kukopa pakati pa iwo ndi yochepa kwambiri kuposa zolimba.

Nanga katundu wa madzi? Choyamba, fluidity ichi, kachiwiri, chidebe madzi adzatenga mawonekedwe imene aikidwa. Ngati ndi mkangano, voliyumu kwambiri. Chifukwa cha moyandikana ndi tinthu kuti madzi mzake sangathe wothinikizidwa.

ndi kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka matupi gaseous chiyani?

particles mpweya imakonzedwa mwachisawawa, ali motalikirana kwambiri moti pakati pawo sangakhoze kukhala wokongola mphamvu. Kodi katundu wa mafuta ndi matupi gaseous chiyani kukonza? Childs, mpweya imatulutsa chimadzaza danga lonse imene anaikidwa. Iwo mosavuta wothinikizidwa. Mlingo wa particles gaseous wa ukuwonjezeka thupi ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha. Choncho palinso kuwonjezeka mu chipsyinjo.

Kapangidwe ka gaseous, madzi ndi zolimba amakhala ndi mtunda osiyana pakati pa particles miniti zinthu izi. The particles mpweya ali patsogolo kwambiri popanda kuposa boma olimba kapena madzi. Mu mlengalenga, Mwachitsanzo, mtunda pafupifupi pakati pa particles pafupifupi nthaŵi khumi awiri aliyense tinthu. Choncho, kuchuluka kwa tinthu Pamangofunika za 0.1% ya chonse pamodzi. Otsala 99,9% ndi malo opanda kanthu. Mosiyana particles madzimadzi kudzaza pafupifupi 70% buku okwana madzi.

Aliyense tinthu mpweya amasuntha momasuka pamodzi njira rectilinear mpaka zilibe adzawombana ndi tinthu wina (mpweya, madzi kapena olimba). particles zambiri kusuntha kudya mokwanira, ndipo pambuyo awiriwo adzawombana, iwo zophukiranso kutali mzake ndi kupitiriza ulendo wawo yekha. mwansanga Izi zikusintha malangizo ndi liwiro. katundu izi kulola mpweya particles mpweya kukuza kudzaza mawonekedwe kapena buku.

kusintha mu chikhalidwe

Kapangidwe ka gaseous, madzi ndi zolimba zingasiyane ngati zenizeni kunja chikoka amagwiritsa ntchito pa iwo. Mwinanso kupita ku boma la mzake akamaziwononga Mwachitsanzo pa Kutentha kapena yozizira.

• Kusungunuka. Mchikakamizo cha kutentha kwambiri bungwe dongosolo n'kugwa, ndi olimba amakhala madzi. particles akadali zili pafupi wina ndi mnzake, koma pali danga pakati pawo. Choncho, pamene chimasungunula olimba, izo kawirikawiri zambiri kudzaza buku penapake zikuluzikulu. ufulu kuyenda amalola Mwachitsanzo, kupereka mtundu winawake wa zitsulo madzi.

• Kutenthako. Kapangidwe ndi katundu wa matupi madzi kuwalola akamaziwononga, kusamukira chikhalidwe chosiyana thupi. Mwachitsanzo, mwangozi anakhetsa mafuta pa mafuta galimoto, mukhoza kumva fungo lake lakuthwa wokongola msanga. Kodi zimenezi zimachitika? particles amayenda kudutsa madzimadzi, chifukwa mu gawo lina la iwo ukufika pamwamba. malangizo awo akhoza kupanga mamolekyulu awa kunja pamwamba pa malo pamwamba madzi, koma kukopa amachoka iwo kumbuyo. Komano, ngati tinthu ikuyenda mofulumira kwambiri, mwina kusiya wina pa mtunda yabwino. Choncho, kuwonjezera mathamangidwe particles, kumene kumachitika kawirikawiri Kutentha, ndondomeko evaporation zikachitika, i.e. kutembenuka kwa madzi kuti mpweya.

Khalidwe la matupi limati osiyana thupi

Kapangidwe ka mpweya, zakumwa, zolimba makamaka chifukwa chakuti zinthu zimenezi zimakhala ndi ma atomu, mamolekyu kapena ayoni, koma khalidwe la particles izi zikhoza kukhala zosiyana kwambiri. The particles gasi m'njira wachisokonezo spaced Chrixitu, mamolekyulu madzi ali pafupi wina ndi mnzake, koma sankalimbana nafe kusasintha monga olimba. The particles mpweya ndi vibrated zokwawa pa liwiro mkulu. Maatomu ndi tinthu wa timayamba kunjenjemera madzi, kusuntha ndi Wopanda zapitazi mzake. particles olimba a thupi komanso kunjenjemera, koma kayendedwe chotero, si achilendo kwa iwo.

Features ya kapangidwe mkati

Pofuna kumvetsa khalidwe la zinthu, tiyenera kaye mbali ya dongosolo lake mkati. ndi kusiyana mkati pakati lubwe, mafuta ndi helium mu chibaluni chiyani? A chitsanzo yosavuta dongosolo kudzakuthandizani kuti mupeze yankho la funso limeneli.

Lachitsanzo ndi chidule cha chinthu chenicheni kapena thunthu. Mwachitsanzo, pomanga mwachindunji akuyamba, mapulani oyamba pulani ya ntchito chitsanzo yomanga. Izi chitsanzo chosavuta sindiye zikutanthauza kuti kulongosola molondola, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, amatha lingaliro akhakula zimene adzakhala kuonetsa umodzi kapena dongosolo lina.

zitsanzo chosavuta

Mu sayansi Komabe, zitsanzo alibe nthawi zonse thupi. Pa atumwi wotsiriza panali kuwonjezeka kwambiri kumvetsa la dziko thupi. Sitikudziwa kudziwa anadzadza ndipo chomuchitira potengera mfundo yovuta kwambiri, monga masamu, mankhwala ndi kachitidwe thupi. Kumvetsa zonsezi, muyenera kukhala mokwanira bwino otsendereka awa enieni ndi zovuta sayansi. Asayansi atulukira chitsanzo chosavuta kuti muzione, kufotokoza ndi kuneneratu zochitika thupi. Zonsezi kwambiri zimatithandiza kumvetsa chifukwa chake ena matupi ndi mawonekedwe zonse ndi buku pa kutentha zina, ndipo ena akhoza kusinthidwa ndi zina zotero.

nkhani yonse imakhala ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono. particles Awa zoyenda zonse. Voliyumu ya magalimoto kugwirizana ndi kutentha. Kuchuluka kutentha chikusonyeza kuwonjezeka mu liwiro. Kapangidwe ka gaseous, madzi ndi zolimba losiyana ufulu kuyenda particles, komanso ndi mmene kwambiri particles ndi azifunana. Thupi katundu wa thunthu zimadalira uliri thupi. Madzi nthunzi, madzi ndi oundana chimodzimodzi katundu mankhwala koma katundu wawo thupi zimasiyana kwambiri.