Phula zinthu ndi katundu wawo. Boma madzi a nkhani

Tsiku ndi tsiku, ife mowirikiza takumana ndi mayiko atatu a nkhani - madzi, gaseous ndi olimba. Za kuti ndi zolimba ndi mipweya, tili ndi lingaliro mwachilungamo bwino. Mpweya - akonzedwa a mamolekyulu kuti kusuntha mosintha mbali zonse. Onse mamolekyulu olimba boma kukhala makonzedwe mangawawo. Iwo amapanga kusinthasintha chabe.

Katundu ndi chuma madzi

Ndipo kodi zakumwa? Mbali yaikulu ndi kuti, agwilitse udindo wapakatikati pakati makhiristo ndi mipweya, iwo kuphatikiza pa katundu enieni limati awiriwa. Mwachitsanzo, zakumwa, komanso molimba (crystalline) matupi amakonda kupezeka buku. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zamadzimadzi, komanso mpweya kuti afanane ndi chotengeracho kumene akukhala. Ambiri a ife timakhulupirira kuti iwo alibe maonekedwe awo. Komabe, siziri choncho. Mawonekedwe a chirengedwe cha madzi aliwonse - mpira. Yokoka bwinobwino kukuletsa atenge mawonekedwe Chotero, izo zimatengera mtundu wa madzi kapena chotengera, kapena kufalitsa padziko wosanjikiza woonda.

Malinga ndi katundu wa boma madzi a nkhani makamaka zovuta, chifukwa malo ake wapakatikati. Linayamba kuphunzira kuyambira nthawi ya Archimedes (zaka 2200 zapitazo). Komabe, kusanthula khalidwe la tinthu wa chinthu madzi lidakali limodzi mwa madera zovuta kwambiri sayansi ntchito. Mofala ndi chiphunzitso wathunthu zakumwa ukadali kumeneko. Koma chinachake za khalidwe lawo tikhoza kunena motsimikiza ndithu.

Khalidwe la mamolekyulu mu madzi

Phula - chinachake chimene angathe ikuyenda. kuti Short-osiyanasiyana zimawonedwa mu dongosolo la particles ake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti malo a oyandikana nawo pafupi izo, poyerekezera ndi mbali ina amatsogozedwa. Komabe, monga limayenda kutali ndi ena, malo ake poyerekezera ndi iwo umayamba kuchepa analamula, ndiyeno kuti ndi kusiyiratu. Phula mankhwala wapangidwa mamolekyulu amene kusuntha kwambiri momasuka kuposa zolimba (monga mpweya - momasuka). Kwa nthawi yaitali, aliyense wa iwo iri yofulumira kumbali imodzi kapena imzake, popanda chichokereni ku anansi ake. Komabe, molekyulu wa madzi nthawi ukatuluka mwa chilengedwe. Iye amafika latsopano, kusamukira ku malo osiyana. Apa, kachiwiri, chifukwa nthawi zina izo zimandipangitsa ngati oscillation kuyenda.

Ya. I. Frenkelya chopereka kuphunzira madzi

Ya. I. Frenkelyu, Soviet wasayansi, anapanga zopereka kwambiri mu kukula kwa nkhani zosiyanasiyana pochita ndi nkhani ya mmene zakumwa. Umagwirira kwambiri anasamukira patsogolo kuyamika zimene anatulukira. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti zakumwa chisonyezo matenthedwe ali ndi khalidwe zotsatirazi. Pa nthawi ina iliyonse molekyulu oscillates za mgwirizano udindo wake. Komabe, iye samasintha malo ake nthawi, kusunthira kulumpha udindo watsopano umene ndi wosiyana amene yapita kutali, ndi za kukula kwa molekyulu yokha. M'mawu ena, mamolekyulu mkati kusuntha madzi, koma pang'onopang'ono. Gawo la nthawi akhalebe za malo ena. Choncho m'gulu lawo ndi chinachake chonga chisakanizo cha mafuta ndi anaipanga ndi kayendedwe olimba thupi. Kusinthasintha mu malo omwewo patapita kanthawi m'malo mwa kulanda ufulu malo.

Kuthamanga mu madzimadzi

Ena katundu wa chinthu madzi kudziwika kwa ife kuyamika zimachitika nthawi zonse ndi iwo. Choncho, chochitika cha tsiku ndi tsiku, ife tikudziwa kuti amachita padziko zolimba, amene ndikukumana nazo, ndi mphamvu ndizodziwikiratu. Iwo amatchedwa mphamvu za kuthamanga madzimadzi.

Mwachitsanzo, kutsegula dzenje ndi chala chanu ndi kachizindikiro kuphatikizapo madzi, timamva, monga Chilombocho kuthamanga pa chala. wosambira A amene analumphira m'madzimo poipa kwambiri, palibe ngozi ndi ululu makutu. Ndi chifukwa chakuti likalowa m'makutu kuumiriza mphamvu. Madzi - chinthu madzi, kotero izo ziyenera onse katundu wake. Kuti kuyeza kutentha kwa madzi mu kuya kwa nyanja, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito thermometers amphamvu kwambiri, kotero kuti sanathe kufafaniza kuthamanga madzimadzi.

kuthamanga chifukwa cha psinjika, ndiye kusintha mu buku la madzi. Iwo ali poyerekezera ndi kusintha mu elasticity. Anzanu mphamvu - ichi ndi mphamvu zotanuka. Choncho, ngati zochita madzimadzi pa thupi kukhudzana ndi izo, ndiye wothinikizidwa. Popeza osalimba a ukuwonjezeka thunthu mu psinjika, zikhoza kapadera kuti madzi ndi kulemekeza kusintha kachulukidwe ndi elasticity.

evaporation

Kupitiriza ndi katundu wa chinthu madzi, chitani evaporation. Near pamwamba, komanso mwachindunji mu pamwamba wosanjikiza mphamvu kuchita kuonetsetsa kuti kuli wosanjikiza izi. Iwo salola kuti achoke buku la tinthu madzi mu izo. Komabe, ena mwa iwo chifukwa cha zoyenda matenthedwe akufotokozera liwiro mwachilungamo lalikulu limene imatheka kugonjetsa mphamvu zimenezi ndi kusiya madzi. Timanena zodabwitsazi wa evaporation. Iwo akhoza anamuona mpweya aliyense kutentha, koma ndi kuwonjezeka mlingo wake wa ukuwonjezeka evaporation.

condensation

Ngati tinthu amusiya madzi atachotsedwa danga ili pafupi ndi pamwamba, ndiye izo zonse, kenako ukuphwera. Ngati tinachoka mamolekyulu ake kuchotsedwa, iwo apanga awiriawiri. Atsekerezedwa m'derali, lomwe lili pamwamba pa madzi, mamolekyulu nthunzi achotsedwa mu izo mphamvu wokongola. Zimenezi amatchedwa condensation.

Choncho, ngati mamolekyulu si kuchotsedwa, mlingo evaporation amachepetsa ndi nthawi. Ngati nthunzi kachulukidwe kumawonjezera zina, zinthu zimatheka limene chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu kusiya kwa nthawi zina madzi adzakhala ofanana kuchuluka kwa maselo amene anabwerera pa nthawi yomweyo mu izo. Choncho mkhalidwe wamphamvu mgwirizano. The nthunzi ali m'bukuli, amatchedwa zimalimbikitsa. kuthamanga ndi osalimba ake kumawonjezera ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha. The apamwamba ndi kwambiri, chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu wa madzi ndi chokwanira kwa mphamvu evaporation choncho ayenera kachulukidwe apamwamba a awiriawiri kuti andipeze ndi vaporization akhoza condensation.

kuwira

Pamene mu Kutentha ndondomeko zakumwa zimatheka kuti kutentha pa zimene nthunzi zimalimbikitsa ndi kuthamanga mofanana chilengedwe kunja, ndi mgwirizano udzakhazikitsidwe pakati pa nthunzi zimalimbikitsa ndi madzi. Ngati madzi imatiuza kuchuluka zina kutentha yomweyo amabwera mu nthunzi kutembenuka lolingana Unyinji wa madzi. Zimenezi amatchedwa kuwira.

Kuwira ndi evaporation lochita madzi. Iwo ubwera osati kuchokera pamwamba, ndi nkhawa lonse voliyumu yake. Mkati nthunzi madzi thovu kuonekera. Kuti apite ku madzi kuti nthunzi, mamolekyulu ndi kugula mphamvu. M'pofunika kuthetsa magulu kukopeka ndi zimene iwo anali mu madzi.

mfundo kuwira

Otentha mfundo - ndi imodzi imene pali kufanana cha mavuto awiri - ndi kunja nthunzi ya zimalimbikitsa. Izo kumawonjezera ndi kuthamanga kuwonjezeka ndipo amachepetsa ndi kuchepa ake. Chifukwa chakuti msinkhu wa madzimadzi kusintha ndime kuthamanga m'menemo otentha limapezeka pa misinkhu yosiyana kutentha osiyana. Only zimalimbikitsa nthunzi, inali pamwamba pa madzi mu ndondomeko kuwira, ali ndi kutentha zina. Amaonekera kokha chifukwa chotengera kunja. Ndi zimenezo, tili mu malingaliro pamene tikukamba za kuwira mfundo. Kumasiyana mu madzi zosiyanasiyana zimene ankagwiritsa ntchito luso, makamaka ndi distillation wa mafuta.

Zobisika kutentha vaporization - kuchuluka kwa kutentha zifunika kusintha kuchuluka kwa nthunzi isothermally madzi pamene kuthamanga kunja n'chimodzimodzi ndi zimalimbikitsa nthunzi kuthamanga.

Katundu mafilimu madzi

Ife tonse tikudziwa zokhudza mmene angakhalire ndi thovu ndi Kutha sopo m'madzi. Ichi ndi wina kuposa kuchuluka kwa thovu, lomwe okha madzi wopangidwa mwa filimu woonda. Komabe, kupanga thovu madzi komanso zilipo ndipo osiyana filimu. katundu ndi chidwi kwambiri. mafilimu awa akhoza kukhala wochepa thupi kwambiri: kakakulu mu zigawo thinnest opanda masauzande oposa zana la millimeter a. Komabe, nthawi zina khola kwambiri, ngakhale izi. Sopo filimu akhoza pansi mapindikidwe ndi stretchability, mukhoza kudutsa izo mtsinje wa madzi, ngakhale kuti awononge. Kodi ife kufotokoza bata amenewa? Kuti filimu kumeneko, m'pofunika kuwonjezera koyera madzi mankhwala kusungunuka mmenemo. Koma si onse, ndi kuchepetsa mavuto padziko.

Phula filimu Nature and Technology

Chikhalidwe cha luso ndi timakumana makamaka osati mafilimu payekha, koma ndi thovu, umene ndi ya iwo. Ndi zambiri m'zimene mitsinje ya madzi bata kusiya kwapang'onopang'ono yaing'ono. Luso la madzi thovu Pankhaniyi kumayambitsa pamaso pa nkhani organic, amene ali akutali chomera mizu. chitsanzo cha madzi achilengedwe wothandizila thovu. Ndipo bwanji ndi luso? Pamene akumanga Mwachitsanzo, ntchito zipangizo zapadera kuti ndi dongosolo ma chokhala thovu. Ndi wosavuta, wotchipa, mphamvu zokwanira, akuwauza osauka kutentha ndi phokoso. Pakuti iwo mu njira yapadera anawonjezera kulimbikitsa thobvu wothandizira.

Pomaliza

Kotero ife tikudziwa zinthu ndi madzi, iwo aona kuti madzi amatanthauza kanthu wapakatikati pakati pa gaseous ndi olimba. Choncho, ali katundu khalidwe la onse. timibulu madzi, amene tsopano ankagwiritsa ntchito luso ndi makampani (mwachitsanzo, madzi galasi kusonyezedwa) ndi chitsanzo chapadera cha boma za nkhaniyi. Katundu izi ophatikizana a zolimba ndi zakumwa. N'zovuta kulingalira mmene thunthu mu madzi kuyambitsa sayansi m'tsogolo. Komabe, n'zoonekeratu kuti izi boma la nkhani mungathe chachikulu chimene angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti athandize anthu.

Kwenikweni zochita zako thupi ndi mankhwala zikuchitika m'chigawo madzi, chifukwa chakuti munthu ndi 90% madzi, madzi ambiri padziko lapansi. Ilo liri mu malo awa ndondomeko zonse zofunika mu mbewu ndi nyama. Choncho, kwa ife tonse kwenikweni kuphunzira boma madzi a zinthu.