Karaganda, anthu: anthu ndi kapangidwe kake

Mmodzi wa midzi yaikulu ya Kazakhstan mzinda wa Karaganda. Chiwerengero pano ali ethnically, linguistically ndi zipembedzo wosanganiza kwambiri, monga m'midzi ina kwambiri kumpoto kwa dziko. Kuphunzira zinthu zaziwerengero pakati dera chidwi kwambiri. Tiyeni tipeze chimene ndi anthu mumzinda wa Karaganda mu manambalawo.

malo Hrs

mzinda Karaganda ili m'chigawo chapakati cha Kazakhstan, ndi kuchepetsa kumpoto chakumadzulo pa dera la Karaganda khala beseni pakati pa steppe louma. Limafotokoza malo pafupifupi wofanana mamita lalikulu 550. Km. Chikazaki unsembe wa dzina lake kutchulidwa monga "Karaganda".

mudzi uwu ndi likulu la dera Karaganda. Komanso, malo - ndi pakati chikhalidwe ndi mafakitale derali.

Loimira anthu Karaganda, tikambirana pansipa.

A mwachidule mbiri ya mzinda

Koma pamaso inu mukudziwa anthu Karaganda, mitundu ndi zipembedzo maonekedwe a mzinda, tiyeni tiwone pamene anakhazikitsidwa ndi kuthetsa ndi mmene Kutacha. Izi zikhoza kutithandiza kwambiri kumvetsa kusintha zaziwerengero mu mzinda, komanso kuphunzira mmene kupanga anthu Karaganda.

Kale ndi Zapakati anawonjezera steppes kuthengo kumene patapita Karaganda. Chiwerengero cha mayiko amenewa anatsogolera woyendayendawu chuma, ndipo chinaperekedwa kwa mafuko Turkic olankhula. Mu theka lachiwiri la XV m'zaka za m'gawo la Kazakhstan ano n'lakuti Chikazaki Khanate kumene kunachitika mmalire a ethnogenesis wa Kazakhs ano. M'zaka za m'ma XVIII, boma potsiriza odukaduka patatu - zhuzes. gawo tsopano wotanganidwa ndi Karaganda, anaphatikizidwa Middle Juz. Mu 1740, Middle gulu akulandira zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Russian Ufumu, ndipo mu 1822 potsiriza m'gulu kapangidwe kake.

Malinga ndi nthano, mu 1833 pa malo tsogolo mzinda Chikazaki mbusa wachinyamata anapeza miyala ya malasha. khala kuti adzakhala maziko chuma Karaganda, koma zidzachitike patapita zaka zambiri. Industrial yopanga khala mu Russian Ufumu wa Karaganda beseni okha pa chiyambi cha m'ma XX.

Choyamba kuthetsa okhazikika pa malo kumene kunali Karaganda, unakhazikitsidwa mu 1906 ndipo anaitanidwa Mikhailovka m'tsogolo. Koma pambuyo zisinthe, malasha migodi wakhala anaima, mudzi anali m'chipululu.

Mu 1930, ndi chiyambi cha mafakitale migodi mu dera ali adapitiriza, chifukwa chimene antchito angapo 'midzi. Mu 1931, iwo anali ogwirizana mabungwe Karaganda ogwira ntchito. Kuti chaka chino imatengedwa chikhazikiro tsiku Karaganda.

Dzina "Karaganda" dera limeneli linali kale mapangidwe mzinda, ndipo anthu akukhulupirira kuti linachokera ku wamba mu malo mthethe chitsamba - caragana. Ngakhale pali ochepa maganizo zina.

Mu 1934 m'mudzi anapatsidwa mwayi wokhala mumzinda. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zikuluzikulu epochal amene anapulumuka Karaganda. Chiwerengero cha mzindawo poyamba chinapangidwa pa ntchito, makamaka Asilavo mitundu, makamaka Russian. Koma mu zaka wotsatira, mzindawo n'kuyamba ndi Kazakhs m'madera pafupi.

Mu 1936 Karaganda anakhala likulu la dera Karaganda mu Chikazaki Soviet Socialist Republic.

Nkhondo yachiwiri itatha mu mzinda kumanga chomera, mofulumira anamangapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana za zomangamanga anapitiriza kukhala khala beseni.

Utatha wa linanena bungwe Union a Soviet m'mafakitale Karaganda kwambiri yafupika, amene zoipa bwanji zinthu zaziwerengero mu mzinda. Chifukwa kuti asiye malonda mabanja ambiri anasamukira ku malo ena.

anthu

Tsopano tiyeni tipeze anthu angati Karaganda? Chiwerengero cha ife tsopano ndipo tidzakambirana. Monga wa tsiku zatsopano ndiponso mphamvu.

Choyamba, tipeze momwe anthu ambiri amakhala mu mzinda lero. Malinga ndi ziwerengero Katswiri, anthu a Karaganda kwa 2016 ndi za 496,2 zikwi. Anthu. Pa mphindi, ndi wachinayi chithunzi mu dziko pambuyo kumzinda waukulu wa Kazakhstan - Almaty, likulu - Astana ndi m'madera enanso - Shymkent (Shymkent).

kachulukidwe wa anthu

Tsopano ife kuphunzira machulukidwe zomwe anthu a Karaganda kwa 2016. Kachulukidwe moyo panthawi ku anthu a mzinda ndi anthu 846 pa 1 sq. Km.

Koma kwambiri kapena pang'ono? Tiyeni yerekezerani osalimba a anthu ku nthawi yomweyi m'midzi lalikulu kwambiri Kazakhstan - Almaty. Mu Almaty, anthu kachulukidwe ndi anthu 2346. pa sq. Km., kumene monga momwe taonera, kangapo kuposa zimene ali Karaganda. Chiwerengero mu mzinda uno, kotero kuonedwa monga mwachilungamo akatulutsidwa. Koma kodi nthawi zonse? Kuti tipeze yankho, muyenera kupeza chimene chinali chiwerengero cha Karaganda mu zaka zam'mbuyo.

Mphamvu ya kusintha anthu

Monga momwe taonera, anthu a Karaganda (2016) ndi za 496,2 zikwi. Anthu. Koma monga momwe analiri poyamba?

Mu 1959 anthu a mumzindawo la anthu 397,1 chikwi, zaka zisanu ndi zinayi pambuyo - .. anthu 523,3 chikwi, zaka 20 pambuyo (1979) anthu chawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi theka - anthu 578,9 zikwi .. Pofika chaka cha 1989, mu mzinda wa Karaganda (Kazakhstan) anthu anafika pachimake m'mbiri ya - anthu 613,8 zikwi ..

Koma ndiye chiwerengero cha anthu anayamba kutha mofulumira. Choncho, mu 1991 izo utachepa msinkhu wa anthu 608,6 zikwi, ngakhale patapita zaka eyiti wagwa ku mtengo wa 436,9 zikwi mu 2004 anali kukafika pansi pa kugwa - .. anthu 428,9 zikwi .. Choncho pa zaka 14. kugwa chiwerengero cha anthu amene akukhala mu mzinda waponya pafupifupi 185 zikwi. Man.

Koma kuyambira chaka chamawa, anthu anayamba kukula pang'onopang'ono. Mu 2005, izo zinasonyeza kuti anthu 436,0 zikwi, mu 2010 -. 465,2 zikwi, mu 2012 - .. 475,4 zikwi Karaganda anthu mu 2016 anafika chiwerengero cha anthu 496,2 zikwi .. Izi 67,3 zikwi. Oposa mu 2004, koma pa 112,4 zosakwana izo zinali mu 1989. Apa ngati ntchito zazikulu amakhala mu Karaganda anthu. chiwerengero 2016 si ngakhale nditapatsidwa 1970.

Chifukwa kusintha kooneka mu mphamvu anthu

Tsopano tiyeni tione chifukwa mphamvu ya anthu mu mzinda wa Karaganda kakusintha kusintha choncho.

Chiwerengero kukula kwa Karaganda 1989 Ponena, nkhani makamaka sayambitsa. Zinali masoka njira. Makamaka Karaganda - mzinda waukulu mafakitale, zomwe nthawi zonse yapangidwa m'nthawi ya Soviet Union, choncho amafuna kuchuluka kwa ntchito yatsopano. Anthu anabwera ntchito pa ogwira Karaganda ku madera ambiri a Soviet Union. Ndi ntchito kusamuka, pamodzi ndi zachilengedwe kuchuluka kwa anthu zathandizira kuti ponso kukhala pakati dera kuchokera 1959 mpaka 1989 ndi oposa theka.

Koma ngati kuwonjezeka sayambitsa nthawi theka zaka 30 chiwerengero nkhani mzinda omveka, m'mene zinachitikira kuti pa zaka 10, kuyambira 1989, chiwerengero cha anthu ali utachepa pafupifupi mu theka mofanana kwambiri? chifukwa ndi onse makampani chomwecho. Only nthawi iyi ntchito yomwe si kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha malonda ndi ntchito, ndi kusiya kupanga kutseka mafakitale chifukwa cha mavuto a nyengo ya kusintha pambuyo kugwa Soviet Union ndi kusintha kuchokera anakonza chuma msika. Kutsekedwa amakampani, kuchepetsa kwambiri ntchito pa zochepa zimene zatsala limayenera chifukwa ulova kwambiri, zomwe zachititsa kuti outflow wa anthu m'madera zochepa maganizo a dziko komanso kunja, makamaka latsopano la Russia. Makamaka yambili ya anthu a Karaganda anali ku Russia, kumene iwo kapena makolo awo anabwera Soviet Union kuukitsa kutulutsidwa kwa Chikazaki SSR.

Chinthu chofunika analinso kulanda likulu la Kazakhstan ku Almaty mumzinda kum'mwera kumpoto kwa dziko - Astana (poyamba Tselinograd). Likulu latsopano inali otero Karaganda, kuti zonse zofunika manja ntchito, ndi moyo mu mzinda waukulu wa dziko palokha akutsegula chiyembekezo chachikulu. Choncho, kwambiri za anthu Karaganda akulumikiza tsogolo lawo ndi Astana. Good ndi kuchoka analibe. Mosiyana Karaganda, chifukwa kupeza udindo likulu la chiwerengero cha anthu Astana kuyambira 1989 mpaka ku nthawi ino chawonjezeka kwambiri. Choncho, ngati mu 1989 mzindawu anthu zikwi 281,3 chabe. Anthu, ndiye mu 2016 anthu anali 872,7 zikwi. Anthu. Kuti, mu zaka 27 pakhala kuwonjezeka mu anthu oposa 3. Kumene, mothandizidwa ndi kukula zachilengedwe zizindikiro izi sangathe kukwaniritsa. Chinthu chachikulu kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha anthu mu Astana - ndi tributary a anthu a mizinda maganizo ngati Karaganda.

Mu lokha Karaganda mu 90 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo ndipo zoyambirira za khumi zoyambirira za zana lino anthu koposa yafupika. Mu Soviet Union, mzinda ali nambala wachiwiri kukula kwa okhala ku Kazakhstan, kutsatira malo oyamba okha likulu la Chikazaki SSR - Almaty. Ngakhale zoopsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, udindo wa Karaganda anakhoza kumupulumutsa ku Zakachikwi zatsopano. Koma mu 2000s oyambirira, mzinda mawu alionse anayenda awiri basi midzi: Shymkent ndi likulu latsopano - Astana. Choncho, kwa tsiku, Karaganda lili pa nambala yachinayi pa Kazakhstan pa chizindikiro ichi.

Ndi chifukwa cha kuchepetsa mofulumira akukhala Karaganda mumzinda ichi ochepa anthu osalimba, tinakambirana za pamwamba chabe. Mu Soviet Union mzinda abwera moyo kwambiri anthu ochokera m'madera ena a dziko, ndi kumanga ndi kukuza. Koma 90 a anayamba eksodo unyinji wa anthu ochokera Karaganda, koma malire a mzinda wofanana kuti unachita molimba chakuti kachulukidwe anthu pa mfundo iyi ndi yaing'ono kwambiri.

A kuwonjezeka latsopano chiwerengero cha anthu a Karaganda

Kutha manambala a ku Karaganda, sanathe mpaka kalekale. Mu 2004 iye anapangidwa osachepera - anthu 428,9 zikwi .. Kale kuyambira 2005, zinthu zaziwerengero mumzinda anayamba kusintha ndipo anthu pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka. Zotsatira unkachitika mpaka nthawi ino. Kumene, kuchuluka sinditi mofulumira momwe izo zinachitika kale kugwa, komabe ndi azimuth positive. Kodi kusintha zaziwerengero ankayambitsa?

Choyamba, kuchepa kupanga, monga iwo amati, kukafika pansi. Zikugwira ntchito makampani zambiri kapena kulephera kupereka anthu otsala mwa ntchito mzinda. Panalibe zoopsa ulova, monga kale, chimene chinapangitsa munthu outflow zakuthwa kwambiri. Tsopano chiwerengero cha anthu ndipo chiwerengero cha ntchito zomwe zinakonzedwa kupereka ogwira ntchito kwambiri kapena zochepa moyenera. Kodi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuletsa outflow wa anthu mumzindamo.

Chinthu chachiwiri chimene anachita mbali mu olimba za moyo zaziwerengero mu Karaganda, anali kusintha mmene chuma chikuyendera mu 2000, monga kuyenera 90 m'dziko lonselo. Ndi anayamba ziziyenda njira zonse zazikulu anthu, kuti abwere kwa mlingo zachilengedwe monga chiwerengero.

Kumene, kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu mu Karaganda pa siteji iyi makamaka chifukwa kuwonjezeka lachibadwa, kuti pali kusiyana zabwino pakati pa kubadwa ndi imfa, osati chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa anthu, monga izo zinaliri mu nthawi Soviet. Komabe, ngakhale izi kuwonjezeka ang'ono ndi azimuth zabwino kwambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti pali tsogolo la Karaganda.

mtundu zikuchokera

Tinaphunzira anthu mzinda wa Karaganda. The zikuchokera magulu mitundu n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa kumvetsetsa zinthu zaziwerengero m'mudzi. Tiyeni tipeze mtundu wokhala Karaganda.

Magulu ochuluka kuposa mitundu mu Karaganda ndi Russian ndi Kazakhs. atsogoleri Russian mu chiwerengero. ntchito yawo chonse cha anthu a mumzinda uno 45,6%. Cholowa cha Kazakhs - 36,3%. Mu Soviet Union, chiwerengero cha Russian anali kwambiri, mlandu oposa 50% ya anthu. Koma mu nthawi ya ufulu wa Kazakhstan kukhala mbali yofunika kwambiri Russian kumanzere mu Russia, ndi ana a mabanja wosanganiza, ngati poyamba ankakonda kudzitchula Russian, koma tsopano ambiri a kalembera amasonyeza kuti mtundu wa "Chikazaki".

The mitundu gulu lotsatira waukulu kwambiri Karaganda - ndi Ukrainians. Ndi laling'ono kwambiri pa nambala kuposa magulu yapita awiri. Pa nthawi, gawo Ukrainians mu chonse cha anthu a mumzindawo ndi 4.8%. Mu Soviet nthawi yawo, komanso Russian, panali zambiri.

Pamakhala a ku Germany (3.3%) ndi Chitata (3.1%). Izi zili choncho makamaka ana a anthu amene anatengedwa kupita ku dera Volga ndi Crimea pa nthawi ya repressions Stalin.

N'zochititsa chidwi zochepa Karaganda Korea (1.6%) ndi Belarusians (1.2%).

Mu mzinda palinso Zitsulo, Chechens, Bashkirs, Azerbaijanis Mordvins, ndi mitundu ina. Koma chiwerengero chawo si angafike 1% ya chonse cha anthu.

chipembedzo

Mu Karaganda pali zipembedzo zambiri. Komabe, ziwiri zazikulu amaonedwa: Orthodox Christianity and Islam. Mu Karaganda pali mipingo ingapo Orthodox, masisitere ndi tchalitchi, umene uli likulu la Karaganda chigawocho. Mzindawu uli mizikiti asanu zosowa achipembedzo a anthu Muslim a Karaganda.

Mwa zipembedzo zina ikhale Chikatolika ndi Chiprotestanti zipembedzo. Mu mzinda pali ambiri Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti mipingo. Kuwonjezera Karaganda ndiko kuchimake kwa dzina chomwecho cha Roma Katolika chigawocho. Mu mzinda ichi ndi chokhacho Apamwamba Theological Seminary ku Central Asia. Poyamba, Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti mu Karaganda zinali zambiri, koma mogwirizana ndi kuchoka kwa anthu German pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR ku Germany mwina m'dera Volga, chiwerengero cha kumbali ya mafunde achipembedzo deta kwambiri utachepa.

Otsatira a m'zipembedzo zina mu Karaganda, mlingo wochepa.

ziyembekezo Chiwerengero mzinda

Mu ndondomeko ya kuphunzira zinthu tinaphunzira kuti anthu Karaganda kwa 2016 ndi anthu 496,2 zikwi. Tinaphunziranso mitundu ndi zipembedzo zikuchokera kwa Chiwerengero cha mzindawo. Payokha, kusintha mphamvu ya zosintha zaziwerengero anali kuphunzira.

Inde, 90 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo sanali bwino mu mbiri ya mzinda. The kuchepa kupanga anapangitsa outflow ya anthu ndi mavuto zaziwerengero lonse m'deralo. Komabe, resumption pang'onopang'ono a kuchuluka kwa anthu kuyambira 2005, komanso olimba a magawo zofunika zaziwerengero, amalola kuti ndiyang'ane chiyembekezo tsogolo la mzinda lodabwitsa.