Kalonga ndi ndani? kutanthauza

Mutu apamwamba otchuka ndikanatha kuvala yekha mu Europe. Mu Middle Ages anapatsa munthu wachiwiri pambuyo mfumu. Tsatirani funso lokhudza amene Duke, tikhoza kunena kuti ndi munthu zigawo mfulu. Mwini wake anali nyumba, dziko, anthu. Kale mawu anatchula mkulu wa anthu German.

yomasulira mtima

Tchulani wa mayankho ku funso la amene Duke angapezeke mu mbiri yakale. Mawu «Herzog» amachokera Chijeremani. Iwo amagwirizana ndi anthu a m'banja lachifumu.

Mawu "Duke" ntchito mu zinenero zina:

• Tamasulira kuchokera ku mawu German kutanthauza "Duke» (Herzog) amati ndi "galimoto, kutsogolera, kutsogolera."
• (- kutsogolera duco) ntchito yofanana mawu dux ku Latin.
• Mu French mawu "Duke" amatanthauziridwa «duc».
• Baibulo English amatanthauza "munthu wolemekezeka, Ambuye" - «wolamulira».
• Chitaliyana Duke otchedwa mawu «duca».

tanthauzo zamalankhulidwe

Apa matanthauzo zamalankhulidwe m'madikishonale. Taganizirani amene Duke:

1. Tanthauzo wakale mawu akufotokozedwa ngati fuko wankhondo.
2. Mwini wa dziko ndi anthu.
3. Munthu wachiwiri pambuyo mfumu. Noble mutu wa anthu osankhidwa amazikonda anthu otchuka.
4. Akuluakulu nawo ntchito mmboma la mfumu. Amagonjera ake anali chintchito.
5. Mu England, ndi Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani anali anthu ndi akalonga ofanana magazi, mafumu.
6. The Union of South Africa anali nduna yaikulu mu 1924-1939 Hertzog Dzheyms a. Ine ndinapita uko mu mbiri monga wochirikiza wa tsankho, komanso anakana motsutsana Germany.
7. Mwini wa malo - ndi Duchy ndi akatengela apabanja. Iwo unali wovomerezeka pa mlingo wa mphamvu yapamwamba ndi Charles II ndi dazi (877).

Kumayambiriro tanthauzo la m'mbiri

Amene ndi Duke, izo tanenera kalelo. anthu dzina lake monga ambiri wake German. Mu ulendo anthu akhala kwa zaka, ndi zina anakhalabe mu madera anagonjetsa. kusamuka Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pansi mfundo ina - mwini wake wa dzikolo, lipoti mwachindunji kwa mfumu. Pakuti boma anali ulamuliro wapamwamba.

Atsogoleri anali mtundu zapadera zovala ankavala korona mawonekedwe wapadera ndipo anasonyeza kukhulupirika kwawo. Feoffee Mfumu kusunga dongosolo mu dera lake ndipo ngati n'koyenera, kachiwiri anatsogolera nkhondo ndi kugonjetsa kupanduka kapena kubweza kuukira malire chuma chawo. kugonjera linali gulu la matrasti - chintchito.

The Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani anali kulamulidwa popereka kwa anthu chifuniro cha mfumu, kuwunika kuphedwa kwa madongosolo ake ndi kuthana ndi ntchito Chilango ndi otsutsa. Chigawo chili chonse anali malamulo ake ndi malamulo zina zapita mwachindunji kwa mwini wa dziko.

mutu European

Karl Veliky munayesapo kuchotsa mutu kuti apewe nthawi zonse ufulu. Mu malo otchuka ndi anasankhidwa zendgrafy ndi margraves. Komabe, tanthauzo la mawu akuti "Duke" akuzisunga tanthauzo lake mu maiko oyandikana.

Anaumba Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani anachira mawu anapitiriza kunena ufulu wodzilamulira. Iwo anakwanitsa atengenso maudindo awo akale. Choncho, mu Germany kokha kunali duchies oposa asanu kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi:

1. Achisaxon.
2. Lorraine.
3. Swabian.
4. Franconian.
5. Bavarian.

Wamkulukulu title kupereka yekha kuyandikira wolamulira, kuti kusalola kulanda mphamvu ya otsutsa chigamulo kalasi. Mawu "Duke" kusanduka njira ya nthawi. Choncho iwo anayamba kuitana akulu a boma, kukwaniritsa chifuniro cha mfumu. Kenako ntchitoyi anayamba kuwonjezera "Wamkulu", izo anatsindika kufunika kwa munthu ndi mphamvu ya dzina lake.

M'mayiko ena

Taganizirani zimene mawu akuti "Duke" mu Ages Middle. Pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti ya mutu wa olemekezeka anayamba kulimbana ndi boma, ndi malamulo awo m'dzina. Kenako, olamulira akwanitsa kupita nawo amamvera, koma nkhondo yapachiweniweni anakhalabe nthawi yayitali.

Motero, kutsatira Duchy izo anakhazikitsa madera a ku Ulaya:

• 1156 - Austria.
• 1185 - Pomeranian, anatchula kale za Asilavo;
• Mu 1273 - Maziko mu Carinthian.
• 1339 - anaonekera Geldernskie.
• Mu 1349 - m'mbiri ya Mecklenburg analowa.
• 1364 - Luxembourg.
• Mu 1356 - anayambitsa Jülich.
• 1378 - Savoy.
• Mu 1423 - anayambitsa Duchy wa Nyumba ya Wettin.

Kuyambira 1844, m'malo mwa mutu wa Duke anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito maudindo ena. Mu Germany, anthu mwayekha otchedwa adzakhala 'Wammwambamwamba, poyerekezera si ntchito mawu mwayekha ulamuliro. Mu England, ife anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "chifundo chake".

A kuchita chimodzimodzi ankaona limati zina:

1. Chipolishi Chilituyaniya boma. Ndi ulamuliro ducal nkhawa senators wauzimu, olemekezeka chikunja chuma, akuluakulu a boma, Radney ziwaya.
2. Hungary. Mwa atumiki a mfumu anachitira mbadwa za akalonga, barons, earls. Chiwerengero apamwamba anali woyenera kuchita pagulu, kufuna kuthetsa nkhani zofunika mu Nyumba ya boma. chopereka amatchedwa "tebulo tycoons" kapena "mkulu tebulo".

Mu England ndi ku France

m'chigawo Ducal zinapitirira kwa nthawi yaitali, mwangwiro kusonyeza ake ufulu kanthu zida. Mafumu anayesa mwa onse kugwirizanitsa padziko zigawo mfulu. Ogulira kuzipeleka kwa anthu osadalira pa mapangano, zokambirana, mabungwe m'banja. Amene anali otetezeka ku zokhazikitsa mphamvu wapamwamba, inathetsedwa ndi mphamvu.

Choncho, France anaima wamphamvu duchy:

• Gascon, Gienskoe.
• Brittany, Burgundy.
• Normandy, Aquitaine.

Kenako, mu ulamuliro wa Napoleon I-St ndi mbadwa ya Napoleon III-Rd, mawu akuti "Duke" wataya tanthauzo wapachiyambi. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti olamulira anayamba kukakambirana mutu wa munthu aliyense vending. Ngakhale jester atsopano mwadzidzidzi kukhala mfumu.

Mu England mutu wa Duke anaonekera kuyambira ulamuliro wa Mfumu Edward III. Izi zisanachitike panali barons, zimawerengeredwa. Kuti mumatsindikanso banja awo, wolamulira ikutchedwa ana - ana:

1. Senior Prince of Wales kupereka mutu wa Duke la Cornwall. Mu England, mtundu uwu anasunga lero.
2. Kalonga wa York.
3. Duke wa Clarence.

mutu unapatsidwa kwa oimira olambira makamaka anthu otchuka. Choncho panali atsogoleri:

• Lancaster.
• Northumberland.
• Clarence.

Title ku Russia

Kuyambira ndi Menshikov, nawonekera mawu ake Russian kutanthauza "Duke". Zapakati anali olemera olemekezeka ndi ochokera proteges kunja mphamvu. mutuwu analipo ngakhale Tsars Russian - Holstein-Gottorp. Iye ananena kuti anachokera Western.

Mu mbiri ya dziko analembedwa banja odziwika wa Romanovs:

• Leuchtenberg.
• Oldenburg.
• Württemberg.

Atsogoleri anali ndi mphamvu zonse. Koma akhoza kutenga udindo wa boma mogwirizana ndi kulanda za dziko limene kazembe pano analephera kuteteza ufulu wawo. zinthu zimenezi zinachitika m'mbiri ya limati European.

Mu Russia, mutu ankavala otchuka, anthu olemekezeka. Udindo chitaperekedwa, pa msinkhu wa limati ntchito matanthauzo ena a boma ndi mfumu pafupi - akalonga.

Kodi pali udindo kwa aliyense wa m'nthawi yake?

M'mibadwo zilipodi Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani wa Luxembourg, Jean, umtembenuzire iye, kuyambira ndi mawu oti "Royal adzakhala 'Wammwambamwamba." Mutu wa Duke la Cornwall ndi Prince of Wales ku England.

Ngati tiganizira zomwe mawu "Duke" mu nthawi yathu, n'zotheka kuchita ofanana mbali zamalankhulidwe cha tanthawuzo:

• Monga m'mbuyomu, pansi pa mutu wa Duke anamvetsa chiyambi wolemekezeka wa munthu.
• atsogoleri cholowa anapita ku nyumba ndi nyumba zina za mbiri yakale.
• Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ndi udindo umenewu ali ndi mwayi ndithu mu mawonekedwe a zigawo dziko ndi ndalama.

Komabe, Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani ano akusowa kukopa kwake pa zochitika za ndale mu dziko. Title akukumbutsa kokha ena za chiyambi cha mwamuna ndi nyumba yake. Mu England pali atsogoleri lero. Ilowa mlingo anzawo zikuluzikulu, yomwe inali mu utsogoleri wolowezana pansipa mafumu mfulu.