Gray nkhalango dothi: makhalidwe, zinthu mapangidwe, katundu

The mitandadza zobiriwira pomwe mitundu yotakata-Ndalankhula kukula, anapanga imvi dothi nkhalango. Natural dera malo - dera zolimbitsa chokhala ndi nyengo. Awa ndi madera pali ambiri masiku dzuwa ndipo palibe mvula.

inafikira

Gray dothi nkhalango tiri pa madera ambiri a Russia. m'magawo akuluakulu iwo akukhala Canada ndi United States. zone Izi steppe m'malire kumpoto ndi zigawo boreal, ndi kumwera - kuchokera dera steppe.

Gray nkhalango dothi m'gawo la Russia, ndi Mzere mosalekeza kwa gawo Loona za dziko. Amapezeka m'madera ambiri ku malire Chiyukireniya kwa mapiri a Ural. Ophunzira imvi nkhalango dothi ndi malo Chilwa penapake kum'mawa, ku Altai. Ichi ndi dera la West Siberia Plain. M'dera la nthaka imvi - ndi 3.5% ya malo okwana la Russia. M'munsimu tione zimene ndi imvi dothi nkhalango. Makhalidwe mu Russia m'mayiko amenewa ndi ntchito yaikulu mu gawo la ulimi adzamva anaphimba m'nkhani ino.

mpumulo

Khalidwe lonse la malo malo ndi kupeza dothi imvi wa zigwa. Mu gawo European ya m'nkhalango-steppe Chigwacho steeply mumbali ndi undulating. Mu Asia, pambali, ngakhale ndi malo athyathyathya. Mu nkhalango pali zopezera gullies ndi zigwembe. Ndinasangalala kwambiri nawonso amakhudza makhalidwe a dothi imvi, chifukwa uyamiko kwa Iye, pali masoka ngalande m'deralo.

zikhalidwe za mapangidwe

Kodi ndi imvi dothi nkhalango? zinthu maphunziro iwo ndi mulingo woyenera okha nyengo chokhala. Izi ndi pachaka mpweya kutentha kuphatikiza madigiri zisanu ndi ziwiri mu zigawo kumadzulo kwa opanda anayi ndi theka kum'mawa. Komanso, mapangidwe dziko amakhudza wina kuchuluka kwa vuto mu mvula pa chaka. Mu West kwa mapiri a Ural ndi 500-600 mm, ndi kum'mawa kwa zitunda awa - 300 mm. Pankhaniyi, pali ofanana chiŵerengero cha mpweya ndi evaporation. Mwa gawo, kumene anapanga imvi dothi nkhalango, mwaona chomwecho pafupifupi kutentha July. Iwo amapanga madigiri 19-20.

Gray dothi nkhalango anapanga pansi zomera ankaimira busa deciduous nkhalango. West wa Dnieper, ali thundu ndipo hornbeam zikuchokera. Kum'mawa, kuti Urals, mu nkhalango ya mitengo ndi lindens kukula. Nthawi zina pali phulusa ndi. East wa Ural mapiri chimakhala chogwidwa ndi Aspen ndi nkhalango birch. Komanso, ku dera Trans-Baikal, pali larch.

Chifukwa kulemera mkulu wa zinyalala mitengo deciduous ndi zina katundu imvi nkhalango nthaka. Mapangidwe a zikuchokera amasonyeza zili mkulu wa kashiamu ndi phulusa m'nyanjazi. zinthu zonsezi zimalowa nthaka ndi zinyalala, amene misa malinga ndi asayansi, ndi ku quintals 70 90 pa mahekitala.

Pa dera la nkhalango-steppe miyala nthaka-kupanga izi zikuimira loams. Izi madipoziti carbonate.

Kumbali ya herbaceous nkhalango broadleaf m'dziko abwera njira ziwiri zazikulu. Popanda, sitikanatha apangidwa imvi dothi nkhalango. Mbali-n'kupanga wosanjikiza mwachindunji ndi njira izi. Woyamba chikuchitika mchikakamizo cha otaya kunsi madzi kugwa pa mpweya pansi. The chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi ndi issuance wa mankhwala nthaka ndi weathering awo a miyala mu zigawo m'munsi. Nthawi zina zinthu izi akusinthika mu zigawo za loam.

The chachiwiri, ofunika ndondomeko, chifukwa chakuti imvi dothi nkhalango anapanga pansi pa mitengo deciduous ndi udzu. Akufa mbewu wolemera mu zinthu mchere, waikamo mu wosanjikiza chapamwamba mu mawonekedwe a zatsalira organic. Mu zigawo padziko humus nthaka aumbike. wosanjikiza Izi wolemera organo-mchere zinthu womangidwa kwa calcium. Pamlingo yaing'ono nkhalango napereka podzol ndondomeko. Iwo kumalimbitsa zigawo chapamwamba sesquioxides nthaka ndi oxides magnesium, kashiamu ndi zinthu zina zambiri.

kapangidwe

Gray nkhalango dothi (onani pansipa chithunzi) anapereka zigawo zisanu.

The ulemu wa iwo ali ndi makulidwe a 3 cm. Zinyalala Izi, wopangidwa mwa udzu neperegnivshey akufa ndi imfa. Chotsatira ndi wamphamvu kwambiri grainy imvi wosanjikiza amene makulidwe -. 12 masentimita Iwo aumbike kwa humus ndipo ali ndi dongosolo lotayirira. Kuya kwa wosanjikiza lachitatu -. 12 masentimita Nthaka akuda nutty kapena kuwala imvi mtundu. Mu wosanjikiza izi apo kukupatsidwa mimba ya silika ndi humus. Kenako, dothi limakhala bulauni hue. Mu wosanjikiza izi, pamene anapeza mankhwala organo chitsulo nthawi zambiri amapezeka akagwidwa ndi zikanga glossy. Ndime zotsatirazi ndi makolo nkhani za chikasu-bulauni mtundu.

Mtundu imvi nthaka kuonetsetsa subtypes amenewa:

• kuwala imvi;
• imvi;
• mdima imvi.

Gawo ili zimadalira chikhalidwe cha wotuluka mu njira pansi Podzolization.

Mankhwala makhalidwe a dothi imvi

Kapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa micro- ndi macroelements, zimadalira zinthu mapangidwe zigawo zonse kaja. ndi katundu mankhwala dothi imvi nkhalango chiyani? Khalidwe zopezera kufufuza za njira zawo amadzimadzi timatha kulankhula za kupezeka acidic ndi ofooka acidic anachita. Komanso, zotsatira za kuwunika zasayansi limasonyeza otsika machulukitsidwe dothi ngati zapansi ndi kuchepetsedwa kuchuluka choyamba M'maso awiri particles dothi.

Imachitika zofufuza mankhwala ndi okwanira sasonyeza mfundo kuti subtype aliyense ali ndi imvi dothi nkhalango. Khalidwe la iwo ndi osiyana. Choncho, mdima imvi dothi nkhalango akhala akukuchitirani wambirimbiri humus. Iwo adagumana kuwanda kwa asidi humic pa fulfokislotami. Kodi aliyense ali osiyana mdima imvi nthaka m'nkhalango? Mapangidwe izi chifukwa cha kuwunika mankhwala zikutsimikizira kudzikundikira kashiamu mu izo. item Izi m'chizimezime chapamwamba.

Makhalidwe a imvi nkhalango nthaka chifukwa kukhazikitsa kufufuza mankhwala, ananena kuti umphawi wa zigawo zake chapamwamba sesquioxides ndi chidwi patsogolo mu silika. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti zikuchokera kwa ndondomeko podzolization. Izi bwino kwambiri yafotokozedwera kuwala dothi imvi subtype. Zochepa - mu imvi mdima. Malinga subtype nthaka ndi kukhala katundu osiyana mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, kuwala imvi adzalandira acidic. Pochita zimenezi, iwo sali osiyana m'munsi machulukitsidwe.

Zochita za dothi imvi nkhalango akusonyeza kuti subtype ichinso ali ndi anachita acid. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali ena zapansi unsaturated. Komabe, zikuoneka poyerekeza kuwala imvi subtype.

Wachitatu mtundu wa dothi ali ndi yabwino kwambiri katundu mankhwala. dothi mdima imvi ndi anachita ofooka acidic ndi lalikulu zapansi machulukitsidwe. Komanso, kapangidwe awo anati mkulu humus okhutira, phosphorous, calcium ndi asafe.

Iwo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri kwa anthu amene akuphunzira nkhalango imvi dothi khalidwe.

tebulo A kuti akutionetsa katundu onse subtypes zosiyanasiyana adzalola bwino kukumbukira deta onse akamagwira ofufuza.

specifications thupi

Katundu kumtunda zone steppe mwachuluka amadalira zili humus. Maonekedwe nthaka imvi amakhudza kapangidwe gwero thanthwe chachikulu.

Chapamwamba M'maso deta mbali mkulu porosity mkulu 60%. Monga ife kusuntha pansi mbiri nthaka amalemera kwambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa kuchepa mu ndende ya humus. Deta ya katundu zathupi kusiyana malingana subtype wa dothi izi. Choncho, mu mdima-imvi miyala ya kachulukidwe wa subsurface ngakhale zing'onozing'ono. Ichi ndi chifukwa mkulu humus okhutira ndi structuring yapadera kwambiri.

Mmodzi mwa makhalidwe thupi ndi osalimba wa M'maso illuvial. Onse subtypes wa dothi imvi izo si mkulu. Mtengo wake umalandira kuchokera magalamu 1.5 kuti 1,65 pa centimeter kiyubiki. Mokhudzana ndi porosity okwana, ndi mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 50 mpaka 60%. A mu zigawo chapamwamba - kuchokera 40 kuti 45%. porosity khalidwe mu kuwala imvi subtype amamuchititsa mtundu capillary. Mbali imeneyi amachepetsa permeability nthaka.

Koma mdima imvi subtype, katundu thupi ndi yabwino kwambiri. wosanjikiza Izi nthaka amakhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu madzi, amene amalola lonse chomera dziko kulandira madzi zofunika kwambiri kwa iye. Gray ndipo Kuwala Gray subtypes dziko zone nkhalango m'malo ulesi adzalandira maonekedwe. Izi otsika humus okhutira ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha sludge, ndi wambirimbiri tuzigawo twa matope. makhalidwe onsewa amathandiza obesstrukturirovaniyu zigawo chapamwamba kaja pambuyo akulima. m'mayiko amenewo kusambira mofulumira ndi kutumphuka mapangidwe amapezeka padziko.

The microstructure wa subtypes zosiyanasiyana dothi imvi sali mzake ndi madzi kukana. Mwachitsanzo, kuyatsa imvi maonekedwe pambuyo akulima msanga losindikizidwa. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti subtype izi zimawonedwa pamaso pa nthaka aggregates madzi zosagwira kuti amakhala akuluakulu kuposa 0,25 mm.

makhalidwe kwachilengedwenso

Humus nthaka amasonkhana imvi mu M'maso ake chapamwamba ndipo umaimira gulu lonse la zokhudza mankhwala apamwamba maselo. Iwo kwachilengedwenso chigawo chimodzi - zosakaniza yaikulu ya mbiri woyamba organic wosanjikiza. Iwo ali zambiri phosphorous, asafe ndi zinthu zina. humus mapangidwe chikuchitika wa deciduous zomera ndi mavuto, komanso mizu ya zomera akufa ndi nawo yogwira tizilombo.

zinthu matenthedwe

Malinga ndi chizindikiro ichi imvi dothi nkhalango katundu ndi zabwino ndithu. Kwa nthawi yaitali, amene kumatenga kuchokera April kuti December, kuzungulira mbiri zawo pali kutentha positive. Yozizira amapezeka ndi isanayambike yozizira, ndi zina January. Ndi April wosanjikiza akuya masentimita 50 70 kale kwathunthu thawed.

Mu chapakati ndi kumadzulo zone m'nkhalango steppe wa facies nthaka wa subtype a kapezedwe kutentha. Pano mukhoza kusunga yozizira koopsa zodziwitsa ndi thawing a wosanjikiza chapamwamba nthawi yozizira.

Wina boma matenthedwe wa dothi lililonse kwa Western Siberia. Apa pali nthawi yaitali kuzizira zigawo kaja. Komanso, mkubwela kwa nthaka masika thawed pang'onopang'ono. Izi ndi chifukwa frosts kwambiri, komanso chisanu yaing'ono. Field ntchito m'madera amenewa amayamba kuti zizichitidwa yekha mu May. Komabe, pa nthawiyi misinkhu m'munsi ngakhale kutentha subzero ikutsatiridwa.

mode mpweya

Mkhalidwe umenewu ndi mndandanda wa ambiri zochitika. Ndipo iwo onse ogwirizana ndi kufika kwa nthaka mpweya ndi gulu lake zina pa izo, komanso mowa. Iyi ndi chodabwitsa cha kuwombola mpweya kumachitika pakati pa zigawo wa kaja ndi mlengalenga ozungulira.

Nthaka mpweya ndi kubwera kwa nyengo yotsatira akukumana ena kusintha kapangidwe kake. Ndipo mu zigawo chapamwamba cha ndondomekoyi ndi zambiri kwambiri.

boma madzi

Gray dothi nkhalango amakhala ndi nthawi kusamba mtundu wa chizindikiro. Monga ulamuliro, mpweya wochuluka imagwera m'dzinja moisturize nthaka masentimita 50 okha. Lenileni chinyezi likulowerera pa nthawi ya masika m'firiji pamtunda. Mu nkhani imeneyi, makulidwe a wetting wa nthaka zimadalira mphamvu ndi yozizira chivundikiro runoff meltwater.

Zina zokhudza ulamuliro wa madzi zimawonedwa m'madera ndi mtunda wa kavali. Apa, imfa pazipita chinyezi m'chilimwe kungakhale 20% ndi chivundikiro wosanjikiza dothi kukhala mita makulidwe.

A chosiyana madzi ulamuliro wa nthaka zili m'madera nkhalango. Apa ndi kudzikundikira lalikulu la chisanu amapezeka yozizira. Pa nkhani imeneyi, m'chaka nthaka yothira zambiri kwambiri. Kenako Komabe, limagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mizu ya mitengo. Izi uphwetsa nthaka kuti akuya mamita 4 5.

udindo michere

Ambiri yabwino katundu wa chizindikiro ndi mdima imvi nkhalango nthaka. Iwo mkulu chonde zachilengedwe chifukwa wambirimbiri pano mu humus phosphorous, ndi asafe.

Chopatsa thanzi mode dothi zimadalira kulima ndi feteleza ake ntchito. Zikatero, zigawo chapamwamba kaja adzakhala ali ndi kuchuluka wamkulu wa zinthu zofunikira.

Pa ulamuliro michere ya dothi umakhudza zili asafe hydrolyzable. Makamaka osauka mbali iyi ya imvi nthaka kuwala. Mmodzi wa akalozera chonde dziko ndi kukhalapo mu iwo a phosphorous zilipo. The pazipita kuchuluka kwa mchitidwe umenewu uli mwa dothi residually Mbali yokhala ngati.

Chilimwe nyengo amathandiza kuti yambitsa mankhwala, njira kwachilengedwenso ndi zina zimene zimachitika mu dothi olimapo. Pakati pa nyengo ofunda pali kuwonjezeka hydrolytic ndi exchangeable acidity. Pa nkhani imeneyi, izo yafupika nthaka machulukitsidwe zapansi.

The ntchito za ntchito zachuma

Mu agro-mafakitale zovuta za dziko izo chimagwiritsidwa kutengela lomwe pali imvi dothi nkhalango. Chonde wa dziko amalola anthu bwinobwino kukula iwo mbewu zosiyanasiyana. Komanso, imvi dothi nkhalango nawo malo awo mu dongosolo la msipu ndi msipu, ndi hayfields.

Madera nakulitsa kwa wobzalidwa ulimi steppe kasupe ndi yozizira tirigu, chimanga ndi shuga Beet, fulakesi, mbatata ndi zina zotero. D. The European horticulture m'nkhalango ambiri.

The malonda zolowa zikuphatikizapo subtypes zonse dothi imvi. Munthu uyu amamuchititsa wuse awo kutsatira mndandanda wa zinthu. Wamphamvu chonde topsoil analengedwa ndi umuna ndi kulima udzu. Izi bwino maonekedwe ndi zakudya ulamuliro wa dothi, komanso amachepetsa mphamvu kupanga kutumphuka pa wosanjikiza pamwamba. Kuwonjezera dziko ndi asidi wambiri chifukwa kuwongolera makhalidwe awo pansi pa liming.

Forest kulima ndondomeko imvi ndi kuwala dothi imvi komanso zotheka recess wosanjikiza olimapo. chochitika limodzi ndi umuna. Ngati ndi kotheka, achite dziko ndi liming.

Chonde wa dothi mdima imvi kuonjezera ntchito mwadongosolo feteleza. Ndipo kuthetsa awo kuchuluka acidity hydrolytic ntchito mankwala feteleza.

ntchito ulimi miyeso imvi kukokoloka kwa nthaka ulamuliro ayenera. Izi ndi zoona makamaka gawo European m'dera nkhalango-steppe. Pakuti zinthu zoterozo kwa m'thaka kudutsa otsetsereka a, kukonza zitunda zadothi ndi zina zotero D..