Germany nkhondo World I: chitukuko ndi konzanso

Dziko kutaya Germany nkhondo World ndakumana nazo chaukali mavuto azachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Dziko unagonjetsedwa mafumu, ndi mu malo ake anadza Republic, wotchedwa Weimar. dongosolo ndale chinakhalapo mpaka 1933, pamene a Nazi anayamba kulamulira, kutsogozedwa ndi Adolf Hitler.

November zisinthe

M'dzinja 1918, Kaiser a Germany anali pa anangotsala pang'ono kugonjetsedwa mu First World nkhondo. Dziko watopa ndi mwazi. anthu a kale kukhwima kusakhutira ndi akuluakulu Wilhelm II. Zinachititsa mu November utasintha, umene unayamba pa November 4 ndi kugalukira wa okwera Kiel. Posachedwapa, pakhala zochitika zofanana mu Russia, kumene kalekale mafumu ali anakomoka. Chinthu chomwecho chinachitika mu mapeto, ndipo mu Germany.

November 9 Nduna Maksimilian Badensky analengeza kumapeto kwa ulamuliro wa Wilhelm II, kale kuugwira pa zimene zikuchitika m'dzikoli. Chancellor anasamutsa mphamvu zake kuti lamulo la Friedrich Ebert Foundation ndi kumanzere Berlin. Mutu watsopano wa boma mmodzi wa atsogoleri a otchuka German kayendedwe chikhalidwe-demokalase ndi SPD (Social Democratic Party wa Germany). Tsiku lomwelo analengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Republic.

Nkhondo ndi Entente kwenikweni anasiya. November 11 nkhalango Kompenskom mu lotchedwa Picardy armistice yosainidwa ndipo kenako anasiya mwazi. Tsopano tsogolo la Europe anali m'manja mwa oimira. Anayamba kukambirana zosavomerezeka ndi kukonzekera msonkhano waukulu. Chifukwa cha zochita onsewa anali Pangano la Versailles, yolembedwa m'chilimwe cha 1919. Mu miyezi ingapo m'mbuyomo mapeto a pangano, Germany nkhondo World ndakumana nazo zambiri zochitika mkati kwambiri.

Spartacist kugalukira

Kukwera aliyense kumabweretsa mphamvu zingalowe, amene akuyesera zosiyanasiyana mphamvu, ndi November kusintha lingaliro limeneli, anali nazonso. Patatha miyezi iwiri kugwa mafumu ndi kutha kwa nkhondo Berlin kunabuka nkhondo pakati pa gulu okhulupirika kwa boma ndi mbali ya Party Communist. Recent anafuna kumanga mu dziko lawo la Republic Soviet. mphamvu zikuluzikulu gululi anali Spartacus League ndipo anthu ake wotchuka: Karl Liebknecht ndi Roza Lyuksemburg.

January 5, 1919, chikominisi bungwe amenye zimene zinkachitika lonse la Berlin. Mosakhalitsa Katie unakula zipolowe zida. Germany nkhondo World ndinali loyaka cauldron zimene ankamenyana zosiyanasiyana mumaganiza ndi malingaliro. Spartacist chiwembu anali kupha yanthaŵi wa nkhondoyi. Patapita mlungu umodzi, ntchito kunapezeka kuti asilikali anagonjetsedwa anakhalabe wokhulupirika kwa Provisional boma. January 15 Karl Liebknecht anaphedwa Roza Lyuksemburg.

Bavarian Soviet Republic

The ndale ku Germany pambuyo First World nkhondo zinachititsa kugalukira lina lalikulu la mbali ya Marxism. Mu April 1919, akuluakulu a boma Bavaria a Bavarian Republic Soviet, anatsekula ndi boma. Boma lolamuliridwa ndi iye Communist Evgeny Levin.

The Republic Soviet bungwe Red yake Army. Kwa kanthawi anakhoza muli mavuto asilikali a boma, koma patapita masabata angapo iye anagonjetsedwa ndi kuloŵa Munich. M'matumba lotsiriza la kupanduka anali kuletsedwa ndi May 5. Zochitika ku Bavaria zinachititsa kuti chidani misa ya kumanzere-phiko mfundo ndi mbali ya ulimi watsopano. chakuti panali Ayuda zinachititsa funde la odana Semitism pa mutu wa Republic Soviet. Mu maganizo awa anthu anayamba kusewera nationalists kwakukulu, kuphatikizapo mbali ya Hitler.

Weimar malamulo

A masiku angapo pambuyo pa mapeto a kugalukira Spartacist kumayambiriro 1919, chisankho inachitika, amene anasankhidwa kuti zikuchokera Assembly National Weimar. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pamene yoyenera kuvota kwa nthawi yoyamba analandira mkazi German. The Constituent Assembly woyamba anasonkhana pa February 6. dziko lonse wayesetsa kutsatira zimene zinkachitika ang'ono Thuringian mzinda wa Weimar.

Ntchito kiyi wa oimira anthu pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo atsopano. Kukonzekera lamulo lenileni la Germany anatsogolera levoliberal Hugo Preiss, amene anadzakhala nduna za Mkati Ulamuliro wa Nazi. The Constitution ndi maziko demokalase ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi Kaiser. Chikalatachi anali kukondera pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a ndale za lamanzere ndi lamanja phiko.

Act amakhazikitsa demokarase aphungu ndi ufulu chikhalidwe ndi owolowa manja kwa anthu ake. Waukulu malamulo thupi la Reichstag anasankhidwa kwa zaka zinayi. Iye anatenga ndalama za boma ndipo akhoza kuloza ku malo a mtsogoleri wa boma (Chancellor), komanso mtumiki aliyense.

Kuchira mu Germany pambuyo First World nkhondo sanathe zimatheka popanda bwino kugwira ntchito ndi dongosolo yolinganizidwa bwino ndale. Choncho, malamulo anayambitsa mutu watsopano wa boma - Ulamuliro wa Nazi Pulezidenti. Ndipo Iye anaika mtsogoleri wa boma ndipo analandira ufulu kupasuka yamalamulo. pulezidenti Ulamuliro wa Nazi kusankhidwa chisankho pa 7 wazaka yaitali.

Mutu woyamba wa Germany latsopano anali Friedrich Ebert. Iye anagwiritsitsa mfundo imeneyi 1919-1925 gg. Weimar Constitution, amene anaika maziko a dziko latsopano, Analeredwa ndi Assembly Constituent pa 31 July. pulezidenti Ulamuliro wa Nazi walemba pa August 11. Lero anatchedwa tchuthi dziko mu Germany. The watsopano ndale ankatchedwa Republic Weimar polemekeza mzinda umene wadutsa chosaiwalika constituent msonkhano ndi malamulo a kumeneko. Boma limeneli demokalase unakhala kuchokera 1919 mpaka 1933. Yambani izo anaika November kusintha Germany pambuyo First World nkhondo, ndipo zinawonongedwa ndi Anazi.

Mgwirizanowu wa Versailles

Nthawiyi, m'chaka cha 1919 ku France anasonkhana oimira padziko lonse. Iwo anakumana kukambirana ndi kusankha chimene chidzagwa Germany pambuyo First World nkhondo. Pangano la Versailles, omwe anakhala chifukwa cha yaitali ndondomeko kukambirana, yosainidwa pa June 28.

The mfundozo chachikulu cha chikalata zinali motere. France walandira kuchokela kuchigawo Germany adatsutsana za Alsace ndi Lorraine, anachitaya icho pambuyo pa nkhondo ndi Prussia mu 1870. Belgium anapita ku distilikiti malire Eupen ndi Malmedy. Poland anapatsidwa dziko Pomerania ndi Poznan. Danzig anakhala ufulu mzinda-ndale. Mphamvu wopambana anatenga ulamuliro wa m'dera Baltic Memel. Mu 1923, iye anasamutsidwa kuti posachedwapa palokha Lithuania.

Mu 1920, chifukwa cha plebiscites otchuka Denmark analandira gawo la Schleswig, ndi Poland - chidutswa cha Upper Silesia. gawo laling'ono zace anali kunditumiza ku moyandikana Czechoslovakia. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndi voti ya Germany anapitiriza kum'mwera kwa East Prussia. Dziko kutaya zimatsimikizira ufulu wa Austria, Poland ndi Czechoslovakia. Dera la Germany nkhondo World ndinasintha m'njira yakuti dziko wataya madera onse Kaiser m'madera ena a dziko.

Zofooka ndi kukonza

Kukhala mu German lamanzere gombe la Rhine phunziro kwa demilitarization. zachitetezo sizikanatha upambana chilemba cha anthu 100 sauzande. Izo achotsa kuloŵa usilikali. Ambiri koma kumizidwa Zombo Zankhondo anatitumiza mayiko wopambana. Komanso, Germany sakanakhalanso ndi magalimoto amakono oti muli nazo zida ndi kuphana ndege.

Reparations ku Germany nkhondo World Ine anakwana biliyoni 269 zizindikiro, zimene liri pafupifupi 100 zikwi matani golide. Kotero iye anali kulipira kumawononga anavutika ndi mayiko anagwirizana chifukwa cha kampeni zaka zinayi. A ntchito yapadera unakhazikitsidwa kudziwa kuchuluka chofunika.

Chuma German nkhondo padziko lonse akuvutika kwambiri reparations. Malipiro zatha imawonongeka dziko. Iye analibe anathandiza chifukwa chakuti mu 1922 , Union Russia amasiya reparations, kusinthana iwo litsatidwe nationalization katundu German mu Union utangoyamba Soviet. Kwa linakhalapo, ndi Republic Weimar ndipo salipidwa kuchuluka anavomera. Pamene Hitler anayamba kulamulira, anachita ndipo anasiya kutumiza ndalama. Chobwezera cha reparations dzikoli mu 1953 kenako kachiwiri - mu 1990, pambuyo kugwirizana kwa dziko. Pomaliza reparations ku Germany nkhondo World Ine linaperekedwa yekha mu 2010.

mikangano mkati

No bata pambuyo pa nkhondo mu Germany sanabwere. anthu anali anamukwiyitsa mavuto awo, izo zonse anasiya ndi ufulu mphamvu kwakukulu, amene anali kufunafuna oukira ndi culprits a mavutowo. The German chuma nkhondo World sanathe kubwezeretsedwa chifukwa cha kunyanyala zonse antchito.

Mu March 1920, panali Kapp putsch. The kulanda boma anayesa anali pafupifupi zinachititsa kuti Kupha onse a Republic Weimar m'chaka chachiwiri linakhalapo. Part malinga Pangano la Versailles inasokonekera asilikali anaukira ndi anagwira nyumba boma Berlin. Society kugawanika. mphamvu yovomerezeka anasamutsidwa ku Stuttgart, kumene anaitana anthu kuti zithandize kulanda boma ndi bungwe kunyanyala. Chifukwa, achiwembuwo anagonjetsedwa, koma zachuma ndi zogwiritsidwa nchito chitukuko cha Germany nkhondo World Ine kachiwiri analandira nkhonya kwambiri.

Pa nthawi yomweyo m'dera Ruhr, kumene kunali migodi ambiri panali kupanduka antchito. The demilitarized asilikali m'dera kuyamba, mosiyana ndi chigamulo cha Pangano la Versailles. Popeza kuphwanya pangano limene asilikali French adalowa Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Hanau, Homburg, Duisburg ndi ena mizinda ina kumadzulo.

asilikali achilendo kachiwiri kumanzere Germany m'chilimwe 1920. Komabe, mavuto kugona ndi maiko wopambanayo analimbikira. Kwachititsa mfundo ndalama Germany pambuyo First World nkhondo. boma lilibe ndalama zokwanira reparations. Poyankha kuchedwa mu malipiro kwa France ndi Belgium wotanganidwa malo Ruhr. makamu awo analipo mu 1923-1926 gg.

mavuto azachuma

German mfundo yachilendo pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse lolunjika pa ntchito kupeza zina mgwirizano opindulitsa. Itsogolela tiganizira zimenezi, mu 1922 ku Republic Weimar anasaina mgwirizano ndi Soviet Russia Pangano la Rapallo. Nkhani anaitana chiyambi cha kulankhula zamtendere pakati pa mayiko akutali wopanda khalidwe. Mgwirizano wa Germany ndi Russian Federation (ndipo kenako Soviet Union) chifukwa kusakhutira pakati pa mayiko a ku Ulaya capitalist, ananyalanyaza Bolsheviks, ndipo makamaka mu France. Mu 1922, zigawenga anapha Walter Rathenau - nduna yoona zakunja, bungwe kusaina mgwirizano mu Rapallo.

mavuto kunja Germany nkhondo World lopuwala pamaso pa mkati. Chifukwa cha zipolowe zida kunyanyala ndi reparations kuti chuma dziko zina adagulung'undisa kuphompho. boma anayesetsa vutoli kukula amasulidwe ndalama.

Chifukwa chilengedwe cha lamuloli linali kufufuma ndi impoverishment Unyinji wa anthu. Mtengo wa ndalama national (chizindikiro pepala) yosayima zimachepa. Kufufuma unakula hyperinflation. akuluakulu malipiro zazing'ono ndi aphunzitsi analipira makilogalamu ndalama pepala, koma kugula mamilioni awa panali kanthu. Ndalama ankalimbikitsa kukhulupirira zopita ku ng'anjo. Umphawi zinachititsa kuti kuwawa. Akatswiri ambiri akhala pambuyo anasonyeza kuti anali zosokonezeka chikhalidwe amaloledwa kubwera kwa akuluakulu ntchito populist mawu nationalists.

Mu 1923, a Comintern anayesera kuti atenge ntchito ya mavuto ndi bungwe amafuna kusintha latsopano. Iye analephera. Center chitsutso achikomyunizimu ndipo boma anayamba Hamburg. asilikali analowa mumzindawo. Kuopseza akubwera osati kuchokera kumanzere. Pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti ya Bavarian Soviet Republic of Munich anakhala malo achitetezo a nationalists ndi osafuna kusintha. Mu November 1923 mu mzinda panali chiwembu bungwe ndi wandale wamng'ono Adolf Hitler. Poyankha kupanduka pulezidenti wina Ebert Ulamuliro wa Nazi woyikidwa ulamuliro mwadzidzidzi. Mowa Hall Putsch idagonjetsedwa ndi initiators ake anayesedwa. Hitler anali m'ndende miyezi 9 okha. Tikaonanso ufulu, iye anayamba ndi kuphulika kwa chitunda mphamvu.

"Golden makumi"

Hyperinflation pomng'amba achinyamata Weimar Republic, alephereke ndi kumayambiriro kwa yatsopanoyi - zopangidwa yobwereka. Ndalama kusintha ndi kufika kwa ndalama zakunja pang'onopang'ono kunapangitsa kuti dziko la m'lingaliro, ngakhale kuchuluka nkhondo mkati.

Makamaka amadza ndalama opindulitsa anabwera kuchokera kunja mawonekedwe a ngongole American pansi dongosolo la Charles Dawes. Patangopita zaka zochepa chitukuko chuma Germany nkhondo World Ndinkakumana ndi olimba yaitali pa zimenezi. wachibale chitukuko mu nthawi 1924-1929 gg. Ndinaitana "Golden makumi".

Lamulo kunja Germany nkhondo padziko lonse mu zaka analinso bwino. Mu 1926, iye limodzi ndi League of Nations ndi membala zonse kwa anthu padziko lonse, analenga pambuyo ratification wa Pangano la Versailles. Tikhalabe ubwenzi ndi USSR. Mu 1926, Soviet ndi oimira German kuti zinasaina latsopano Berlin pangano chosalowerera ndale ndipo sanali mokwiya.

zofunika zamtendere mgwirizano wina anakhala Briand ke - Kellogg. mgwirizano umenewu, analemba mu 1926 ndi mphamvu kiyi dziko (kuphatikizapo Germany), analengezeratu renunciation a nkhondo ngati chida ndale. Choncho anayamba ndondomeko kupanga dongosolo la chitetezo gulu European.

Mu 1925 chisankho inachitika latsopano Ulamuliro wa Nazi Pulezidenti. Mutu wa boma anali General Paulo Von Hindenburg, amene ankavala Mulingo wa Field kulamulira. Iye anali mmodzi wa atsogoleri kiyi wa asilikali Kaiser m'zaka za First World nkhondo, kuphatikizapo zochita amalandira kutsogolo ku East Prussia, kumene kumenyana ndi asilikali a Tsarist Russia anali. Apamwamba Hindenburg anali ndinasintha osiyana apamwamba a kuloŵedwa m'malo ake, Ebert. asilikali Old mwakhama ntchito ndi mawu populist cha khalidwe odana ndi zokomera ndi mtundu. Zotsatira wosanganiza anatsogolera seveni chaka chitukuko andale a Germany pambuyo First World nkhondo. Panali ena a zizindikiro za kusakhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, mu nyumba yamalamulo sipanatenge kutsogolera asilikali a chipani ndipo chinakhazikitsa mgwirizano kukondera zonse akuikidwa pa pang'ono kutha. Ziwanga pafupifupi nthawi yonse ankamenyana ndi boma.

The maganizo Great

Mu 1929 mu US panali msika katundu ngozi pa Wall Street. Chifukwa cha ichi, anasiya akukongoza Germany yachilendo. The mavuto azachuma, posakhalitsa amatchedwa Great Depression bwanji dziko lonse, koma anali Republic Weimar anadwala izo amphamvu kuposa ena. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, popeza dziko akwaniritsa wachibale, koma kukhazikika osati yaitali. The Great Depression msanga zinachititsa kuti kugwa kwa chuma German, kuphwanya katundu, misa ulova komanso mavuto ena ambiri.

A latsopano demokalase Germany pambuyo First World nkhondo Mwachidule, linasesedwa ndi zinthu kusintha kuti analephera. Dziko ndi kwambiri amadalira US ndi mavuto US akhoza chilongosoko nkhonya amapha. Komabe, anatsanulira mafuta pa moto, ndi andale m'deralo. Boma, Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi mtsogoleri wa boma kukangana ndipo sanathe kukhazikitsa mogwirizana zofunika kwambiri.

Chifukwa zachilengedwe wosakhutira ndi mmene zinthu ziliri pa anthu akhala kukula kwakukulu. Kutsogoleredwa ndi chaka amphamvu Hitler NSDAP (National Socialist German Party) chaka analandira pa chisankho osiyana mavoti kwambiri. anthu anaculuka mfundo otchuka za kubaya mmbuyo, kusakhulupirika ndi chiwembu Ayuda. Makamaka pachimake kudana ndi mdani zosadziwika anakumana achinyamata amene anakulira pambuyo nkhondo ndi sanamuzindikire mantha ake.

Kodi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Nazi

Kutchuka kwa Nazi Party anatsogolera mtsogoleri wake Adolf Hitler ndale. Government ndi phungu anayamba kuganizira mtundu wofuna kukhala membala wa osakaniza mkati mphamvu. maphwando Democratic ndiribe anapanga gulu limodzi ndi Nazi onse akukonda kwambiri. centrists ambiri adafuna mu angakuthandizeni Hitler. Ena ankaganiza wake sakhalitsa chuma. Ndipotu, Hitler, ndithudi, sanachitepo manageable chithunzi, ndipo deftly ntchito mpata uliwonse kuonjezera kutchuka kwake, kaya ndi mavuto azachuma kapena Kutsutsa chikominisi.

Mu March 1932, panali chisankho chotsatira Ulamuliro wa Nazi Pulezidenti. Hitler zochita nawo ndawala pa chisankho. Chotchinga iye anali mwini Austria nzika. Madzulo a masankho, Minister Mkati Brunswick m'chigawo yoikidwiratu kapitawo ndondomeko m'boma Berlin. mwambo Zimenezi zinkathandiza Hitler kuti nzika German. Mu chisankho mu wozungulira loyamba ndi lachiwiri, anatenga malo chachiwiri, kutaya okha Hindenburg.

pulezidenti Ulamuliro wa Nazi a mtsogoleri wa NSDAP mosamala. Komabe, mutu maso okalamba a boma anali ligonekedwa alangizi ake ambiri, amakhulupirira kuti Hitler ayenera Usaope. January 30, 1930 wotchuka mtundu anasankhidwa Chancellor - mtsogoleri wa boma. Zoyerekeza Hindenburg ankaganiza kuti iwo akanakhoza kulamulira minion chuma, koma iwo anali kulakwitsa.

Ndipotu, January 30, 1933 chinali mapeto a demokalase Weimar Republic. Posakhalitsa, malamulo "Pa Emergency Mphamvu" ndipo "Pa Chitetezo cha Anthu ndi State", limene anakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wa Hitler unatengedwa. Mu August 1934, pambuyo pa imfa ya Hindenburg okalamba, Hitler anakhala Mtsogoleri (mtsogoleri) la Germany. NSDAP anatsimikizidwa yekha chipani malamulo. Osati kutenga nkhani phunziro mbiri posachedwapa, Germany nkhondo padziko lonse kachiwiri anayamba panjira ya nkhondo. Mbali yofunika kwambiri pa malingaliro a boma latsopano anakhala revanchism. Wogonjetsedwa mu nkhondo otsiriza Germany anayamba kukonzekera ndi mwazi ngakhale kwambiri.