French Mfumu Francis II ndi Mary Stuart

Adzakhale Mfumu Francis II anabadwa mu banja la Henry II (1519-1559) ndipo Ekateriny Medichi (1519-1589). Izo zinachitika mu khumi chaka ukwati korona awiri, January 19, 1544. mwana unatchedwa agogo ake, Francis I. Chifukwa chakuti Catherine sanathe kubereka wolowa nyumba, inachotsedwa mfumu, amene anali ndi Diane amalikonda de A Poitiers.

ukhanda

Francis II anakulira Saint-Germain Palace. Icho chinali okhala mumzinda Parisian pa gombe la khoka. The mwana anabatizidwa February 10, 1544 mu Fontainebleau. Mfumu agogo pa yemweyo knighted iye. Godparents anakhala Papa Paulo III ndi azakhali Margarita Navarrskaya.

Mu 1546 khanda anakhala kazembe wa Languedoc, ndipo patatha chaka analandira udindo wa Dauphin, pambuyo pa imfa ya agogo ndi atate wake, Henry II anakhala mfumu. The mwana anali akuthandizeni ambiri, kuphatikizapo wasayansi Greek ku Naples. Wamng'ono wolowa kuphunzira kuvina ndi mpanda (icho chinali chizindikiro khalidwe labwino pa nthawi imeneyo).

bungwe ukwati

Zofunika linali funso la chinkhoswe ndi kupitiriza kwa mafumu a. Henry II anaganiza kuti mwana wake adzalandira mkazi wake Mary Stuart - Mfumukazi ya ku Scotland. Iye anabadwa pa December 8, 1542 ndipo kuyambira masiku oyamba kwambiri analandira udindo wake, chifukwa imfa ya bambo ake, James V. Ndipotu, chifukwa likulu lake wachibale wake wapafupi wa Dzheyms Gamilton (Earl wa Arran).

Ngakhale funso achipembedzo kwambiri. France ndi Scotland anali mayiko Katolika. England anapambana mpingo wawo Chiprotestanti. Choncho, boma la maiko atatuwa si zambiri mofulumira kunena mapangano. Pamene Scotland potsiriza anapambana "French" gulu olemekezeka anyerezera kuti apereke mfumukazi pang'ono Dauphin ku Paris. The Mlengi wa mgwirizano uwu anakhala Cardinal Devid Biton, amene anabalalitsa Hamilton.

Pa nthawi yomweyo dziko mwadzidzidzi nkhondo asilikali British. Katolika zinawonongedwa, ndipo wamba dziko inawonongeka. Zionetsero ankachitika mantha munthu ndi olemekezeka Scotland, amene sanafune asintha aneba kum'mwera. Pomaliza regents Maria anapempha thandizo ku France. Panali asilikali chosinthana ndi lonjezo la ukwati. Mu August 1548 Maria, amene ndinangowasiya zaka zisanu, nakhala pa ngalawa n'kupita kwa mwamuna m'tsogolo.

Ukwati wa Maria Stuart

Msungwana, mwa zina, anali mdzukulu wa Claude de A amati - anzawo a France ndi mmodzi wa akuluakulu otchuka mu dziko. Iye anatenga chisamaliro cha ndi chithandizo pa bwalo mpaka imfa yake, agwidwa ndi fuko lomveka wolemekezeka mu 1550. Mkwatibwi kaja wamtali kwa m'badwo wake, pamene François II M'malo mwake, yodziwika ndi kukula otsika. Ngakhale izi, tsogolo Henry II mpongozi ankakonda, ndipo iye anati ndi kukhuta, kuti ana azolowere mzake pa nthawi.

Ukwatiwo unachitika April 24, 1558. The banja latsopano ankatanthauza kuti tsogolo ana a banja adzatha kuphatikiza mipando ya Scotland ndi France pansi ndodo imodzi. Komanso, Mariya ndi lalikulu-mdzukulu wa Mfumu Henry VII. Zimenezi adzapereka ana ake chifukwa chomveka kukakamiza mpando wachifumu mu London. Mpaka imfa yake, Francis II anakhalabe mfumu mkazi wa Scotland. mutuwu sanapereke mphamvu yeniyeni, koma wotetezedwa udindo wa mkulu wa mkazi wa. Koma banjali sanakhalepo ana a ukwati wawo yochepa. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha wamng'ono wa Dauphin ndi matenda zotheka.

motsatizana ufumu

Sadzachitanso chaka ukwati (10 July 1559) Francis II wa Valois anakhala mfumu chifukwa cha imfa yosayembekezereka ya bambo ake. Henry II phwando la ukwati wa mwana wake wamkazi ndi kale anakonza joust. Mfumu anamenyana ndi mmodzi wa alendo - Gabriel de A Montgomery. Achiyesa mkondo anathyola pa chigoba cha Henry ndi umagawanika wake anali bwanamkubwa mu diso. bala anakhala amapha monga chifukwa kutupa. Mfumu anafa, ngakhale kuti thandizo anapereka madokotala abwino ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo Andreas Vezaly (anayambitsa kuphunzitsa kwamakono thunthu). Akukhulupirira kuti imfa ya Henry anali yotsutsana ndi Nostradamus, amene poyamba anali adakali moyo pa nthawi imeneyo.

September 21, 1559 Francis II wa Valois anavekedwa pa Reims. Dzoma la atagona korona akuyang'anira Cardinal Charles de amati. koronayu anali lolemera kwambiri moti khoti kuti amuthandiza. Charles anali mmodzi wa regents pa ndime ndi amalume a Mary a mtundu amati. Ndi chikoka chachikulu pa mayi ndi mwana yoperekedwa, Ekaterina Medichi. Mfumu achinyamata nthawi yake yonse yopuma pa TV: kusaka, thupi bungwe ndipo anapita zoseketsa m'nyumba zawo.

kusafuna wake wofufuza zochitika za boma kwambiri ankakolezera udani pakati pa mabanja bwalo osiyana, ankalakalaka kuwonekera kwa mphamvu yakuuka. Giza, amene anakhala malamulo a dziko akukumana ndi mavuto mkati kunyanja, omwe ndi superimposed pa ena.

Mavuto ndi Zachuma

Woyamba anali ndi vuto la zachuma. Francis II ndi Mary Stuart ali kumpando wachifumu pambuyo nkhondo angapo okwera mtengo ndi banja lolamulira la Habsburg, anayamba Valois m'mbuyomu. boma anakongola ndalama ku mabanki, zomwe zinachititsa ngongole franc miliyoni 48, pamene chuma ufumu chaka analandira 12 miliyoni okha ndalama.

Chifukwa cha ichi, Giza anayamba kuchita malamulo a ndalama chuma, m'modzi mwa zifukwa unpopularity awo mmadera. Komanso, abale amapatula malipiro asilikali. asilikali zambiri yafupika, ndi asilikali ambiri anachotsedwa ntchito ndipo kenako zimalowa achifwamba kapena nawo nkhondo zachipembedzo, amapeza ndalama za kukumana kwa onse ndi zonse. Sindinkasangalala ndi bwalo, pakutayika mwanaalirenji awo.

mfundo yachilendo

Mu mfundo yachilendo, Francis II ndi aphungu ake anayesa kupitiriza kuyesetsa kulimbikitsa ndi kusunga mtendere anatsata mapeto a ku Italy Nkhondo. Zinali mndandanda wa nkhondo motsatizana mu imeneyi kuchokera 1494 mpaka 1559. Henry II asanamwalire anamaliza Kato Kambreziysky dziko. pangano munali mapepala awiri.

Pangano loyamba yosainidwa ndi Mfumukazi ya England Elizabeth I. Malinga ndi iye, chifukwa France unali wolunjika analanda Calais mwanyanja, koma kuwombola, Paris amayenera kulipira 500,000 akorona. Komabe, Giza, anakumana ndi gulu la ngongole mu dziko, anasankha kupereka ndalama kwa mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Zasonyezanso kuti 500 000 ECU akhalabe yekha pa pepala, pamene ndowe anasonyeza kuti chuma cha France. Palibe akutsutsidwa, kuphatikizapo Francis II. Wambiri ya mfumu wamng'ono amalankhula akusonyeza zimene iye sanali ayambitse m'manja mwawo.

analoleza Kupititsa

Pangano chachiwiri, yolembedwa mu Cateau-Cambrésis, yanjanitsidwani France ndi Spain. Iye anali mochuluka chopweteka. France wataya m'madera ambiri. Iye anapereka banja lolamulira la Habsburg Thionville, Marienburg, Luxembourg, komanso madera ena mu Charolais ndi Artois. Duke wa Savoy (Spain angakuthandizeni) adalandira kwa Paris, Savoy, Piedmont. Republic of Genoa anapita ku Corsica.

Francis sakanachitira mwina koma kutsatira Akumakambirananso mgwirizano, wasenza ndi atate wake, chifukwa cha zimene Spain potsiriza anatenga udindo waukulu ku World Old, pamene France wotanganidwa ndi ndewu mkati, sanathe kuchita chilichonse kuti asiye izi.

Mfundo ina chidwi pangano anali Emanuele Philibert (wolamulira wa Savoy) anakwatira Aunt Francis, Margaret. banja kale chakwaniritsidwa mu ulamuliro wa mfumu wamng'ono. ukwati wina zinachitika pakati Philip wa Spain ndi mlongo wa Francis - Elizabeth.

Komanso nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Francis anapitiriza zokambirana yaitali ndi Spanish korona pa repatriation wa Anagwiranso mbali zonse za malire. Ena mwa iwo anali m'ndende kwa zaka zambiri.

Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Scotland kugalukira anayamba Ambuye Achiprotestanti ndi regents ndi French. Chipembedzo linasinthidwa, ndiye Ngopambana onse Parisian mopupuluma anasiya dziko.

nkhondo achipembedzo

Abale Giza aja an'kanthunthumira Akatolika. Iwo anakhazikitsa yoweyula watsopano kupondereza ndi zionetsero, amene ankakhala mu France. Izi muyeso analola mfumu François II, anapereka anakafuna patsogolo pa ufulu wa amalume kanthu kwa mkazi wake. Huguenot anathamangitsa mpaka misa Kuphedwa. malo awo pa msonkhano ndi kuyanjana inawonongedwa, ngati mliri m'chipindacho.

Akatolika anatsutsa zochita za Chiprotestanti chipani, amenenso anali atsogoleri awo m'nyumba yachifumu. Iwo anali achibale a wolamulira Antuana De Bourbon (Mfumu ya Navarre, ndi phiri laling'ono) ndi Lyudovika Konde. Iwo akutchedwanso "Magazi Prince" (ie iwo anali Akhristu a Capetian mafumu, zomwe zikuphatikizapo analamulira Valois).

chiwembu Ambauzsky

Mu March 1560 ndi Huguenots poyankha zimene Akatolika ankachitika Ambauzsky chiwembu. Zinali kufuna kulanda Francis mkaidi ndi kukakamiza iye ubwenzi yekha kwa abale amati. Komabe, pasadakhale madongosolo zinadziwika kwa yachifumu ndipo anabisala mu Ambauze - Mudzi pa Loire, womwe unali ndi mtima wa France. Komabe, achiwembuwo anaganiza mwayi. atalephera, Aisiraeli aphedwa m'ndende.

Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti chizunzo cha Achiprotestanti. Iwo anaphedwa pafupifupi popanda mlandu. Antuan De Bourbon ndi Lyudovik Konde anamangidwa ndi mlandu chiwembu. Iwo anali opulumutsidwa okha chifukwa chakuti iwo anaima kwa mayi a mfumu Ekaterina Medichi. Iye, monga olemekezeka ambiri kumbuyo kwake, zocheperapo pankhani za chipembedzo, ndi kuyesera kulalikira kwa kukondera pakati pa Akatolika ndi Huguenots. Izo zinali mu December 1560.

chiyanjanitso Policy

Pambuyo zilakolako ngati malamulo achipembedzo anayamba lililonse limatisokoneza, lomwe linalowa nawo m'Pangano Francis 2. ulamuliro wake unali chifukwa chakuti akaidi onse anamasulidwa ndi chipembedzo. Kuyambira nthawi ya Henry II zinali thandizo loyamba. Mu May 1560 iye anatulutsa lamulo, amene anasaina Francis II. Duke la Brittany (wa maudindo ake ambiri) kwa nthawi yoyamba analankhula za ufulu wa chikumbumtima.

Mu April, Mfumukazi Mayi wa France analengeza Chancellor Michel de A l'Hôpital. Iye anali mtumiki wotchuka boma, ndakatulo ndi nyengo zaumunthu. Wolemba lofalitsidwa ndakatulo ku Latin, amene anatsanzira Horace wakale. bambo wake ankagwira pamaso Charles de Bourbon. Mumalemekeza Michelle anayamba kuchita malamulo a kulolerana. Pakuti kukambirana pakati pa kuvomereza chikumenyana anali msonkhano wa States General (nthawi yoyamba mu zaka 67). Atangopereka lamuloli linali zapita, amene anapanga de A L'Hôpital. Iye anathetsa chilango cha imfa chifukwa cha mlandu ndi chipembedzo. Ena zochita za malamulo anatsalira bolodi, amene nkhope anali Francis II. Ana pa mpando wachifumu adayamba bwino wina ndi mnzake wosangalatsa coquette kusintha magolovesi.

Francis ndi tsoka la imfa ya Mary

Francis II - Mfumu ya France - sanathe mungawononge zimenezi. Khutu Mwadzidzidzi anapanga fistula ndi imene inachititsa chilonda amapha. December 5, 1560 16 wazaka mfumu zapita mu Orleans. Anakwera wachifumu zotsatirazi mwana wa Henry II - Charles X.

mkazi Francis Mary Stuart anabwerera m'mayiko awo kunyumba, ndi nthawi Achiprotestanti anapambana. kagulu kamene awo adamfunsa kusweka achinyamata mfumukazi ndi Mpingo wa Chiroma. Mtsikanayo anakwanitsa akamagwiritsa pakati pamagulu awiri nkhondo mpaka anali mosatsata mpando wachifumu mu 1567, ndiye anathawira ku England. Apo iye ali m'ndende pa Elizabeth Tudor. Yosakanikira mitundu wakhala anaona m'makalata osasamalira ndi wothandizila Catholic amene iye mgwirizano wa chiwembucho Mfumukazi England. Motero, Mariya anaphedwa 1587 pa msinkhu wa zaka 44.