Chikhalidwe cha Choonadi: Features

Kumapeto kwa XVII m'ma Choonadi, amene yokutidwa onse wotsatira XVIII atumwi. Mbali chifungulo cha nthawi ndi ufulu-rationality. Panali chikhalidwe cha Choonadi, amene anapereka dziko luso latsopano.

nzeru

Chikhalidwe chonse cha Choonadi inachokera pa malingaliro atsopano nthanthi anakonza mwa anzeru a nthawi. Waukulu anzeru pandale Dzhon Lokk, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Goethe, Kant ndi anthu ena. Iwo apeza mbali yauzimu ya atumwi XVIII (lomwe limatchedwanso M'badwo wa Chifukwa).

The adepts wa Choonadi ankakhulupirira kuti malingaliro angapo ofunika. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi chakuti anthu onse ndi chikhalidwe wofanana, aliyense ali ndi zofuna zawo zofuna. Kudzakumana nawo, muyenera kulenga kogona yabwino onse. Umunthu silipezeka pa kuunika - izo aumbike pa nthawi chifukwa chakuti anthu ndi mphamvu ndi wauzimu, ndi malingaliro. Kulingana ayenera kwenikweni kukhala Kuyanjana pakathi pa onse pamaso pa lamulo.

Chenicheni chikhalidwe - chikhalidwe mosavuta nzeru zonse. Tonga anzeru amaganiza kuti kudzera kufala kwa maphunziro, mukhoza kuthetsa chipwirikiti chikhalidwe. Izi rationalism - kuzindikira maganizo a zochokera khalidwe ndi cognition wa anthu.

Mu nthawi ya Choonadi anapitiriza kutsutsana za chipembedzo. Kudzilekanitsa kwa anthu unakula patsogolo ndi ndiwofatsa mpingo (makamaka Catholic). Asilamu ophunzira kufalitsa maganizo a za Mulungu, monga ena zimango mtheradi, amene anapanga kuti poyamba analipo mu dziko. Zikomo kutulukira zinthu zambiri sayansi kufalitsa maganizo kuti anthu angathe kuwulula zinsinsi zonse za chilengedwe ndi zinsinsi komanso zodabwitsa m'mbuyomu.

art malangizo

Komanso nzeru, izo zinakhala chikhalidwe luso wa choonadi. Pa nthawi kuti luso la World Old inkakhala malo ziwiri zazikulu. Woyamba anali Classicism. Iye anabwelenso mabuku, nyimbo, chabwino zaluso. Zotsatira anatanthauza kutsatira wakale mfundo Roma ndi Greek. art amenewa ndi osiyana chosokonekera, rationality, maganizo ndi okhwima kugwilizana mawonekedwe.

Chikhalidwe luso la Chenicheni chimango cha Romanticism anayankha mafunso ena: kutengeka, m'maganizo, kulenga improvisation wojambula. Nthawi zambiri pali kuti izi njira ziwiri osiyanasiyana amaphatikiza mankhwala amodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe akhoza zizigwirizana classicism ndi wokhutira - Romanticism.

Anawonekera masitaelo experimental. Yakhala yofunika chodabwitsa sentimentalism. Iye analibe mtundu stylistic, koma ntchito anasonyeza ndiye view ubwino anthu ndi chiyero, lopatsidwa kwa anthu mwachibadwa. Russian luso chikhalidwe cha Choonadi, komanso European, anali zidutswa yake yowala a otaya chimatsogoleredwa. Chinali nkhani Nikolaya Karamzina "Osauka Liza".

mwambo mwa chilengedwe

Iwo sentimentalists analenga khalidwe la Chenicheni mwambo mwa chilengedwe. Anzeru a m'zaka za zana XVIII izo anafunafuna nyemba zokongola ndi zabwino, zimene zimayenera kuyesetsa anthu. Chimake dziko yabwino mwachangu kuwonekera pa nthawi imeneyo ku Europe, m'mapaki ndi minda. Zinalengedwa monga malo angwiro anthu angwiro. Nyimbo zimenezi zimaphatikizapo tambirimbiri luso, malaibulale, zakale, akachisi ndi malo.

The Chenicheni ankakhulupirira kuti latsopano "zachilengedwe munthu" adzabwerera ku boma zachilengedwe - kuti ndi chikhalidwe. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi luso Russian ndi chikhalidwe mu Choonadi (kapena kani, zomangamanga) anapereka m'nthawi Peterhof. Pa ntchito yomanga wake mapulani wotchuka Leblon, Zemtsov, Usov, Quarenghi. Zikomo kuti khama lawo pa Gulf wa Finland ndi gulu loyimba wapadera, zimene zinaphatikizapo paki wapadera, nyumba zikuluzikulu zachifumu, akasupe.

kupenta

Mu kupenta, zojambulajambula chikhalidwe cha Europe wa Choonadi kusanduka kwa secularism wamkulu. Achipembedzo anayamba imani ngakhale m'mayiko amene kale ankaona chikhulupiriro zokwanira Austria, Italy ndi Germany. Malo kupenta m'malo mwa maganizo kwa malo ndi chithunzi wapamtima m'malo mwa zithunzi ofunda.

Mu zoyambirira za XVIII m'ma French chikhalidwe cha Choonadi wafunsira kalembedwe Rococo. art amenewa inachokera pa asymmetry, izo chipongwe, ankasewera ndi pretentious. Favorite zilembo za malangizo amenewa chithunzicho ndi Bacchante, nymphs, Venus, Diana, ndi mafanizo ena nthano chakale, ndi nkhani yaikulu - chikondi.

A chitsanzo chapadera cha French Rococo - zilandiridwenso Fransua Bushe, wotchedwanso "wa zojambula woyamba wa mfumu." Iye anajambula waika zisudzo, mafanizo mabuku chithunzi cha nyumba olemera ndi nyumba za mafumu. Yotchuka kwambiri zojambula wake: "Chimbudzi cha Venus", "kupambana kwa Venus" ndi zina zotero ..

Antuan Vatto M'malo mwake makamaka kutembenukira kwa moyo wamakono. Muulamuliro wake, kalembedwe zachitika yaikulu English chithunzi zojambulajambula Thomas Gainsborough. Kumasiyana wauzimu, kuyengedwa mwauzimu komanso ndakatulo.

Waukulu ku Italy wa zojambulajambula a m'ma XVIII anali Dzhovanni Tepolo. Izi zipsera mbuye ndi murals ndinu otsutsa ankaona otsiriza woimira wamkulu wa kusukulu Venetian. Mu kugula likulu yotchuka Republic komanso adanyamuka Veduta - tsiku ndi tsiku malo m'tawuni. Ambiri titchuke ndiAmene mu mtundu wanyimbo anayamba Francesco Guardi ndi Antonio Kanaletto. Chikhalidwe Chenicheni anasiya nambala yaikulu zojambula chidwi.

zisudzo

XVIII m'ma - lagolide zaka bwalo lamasewera. Pa Choonadi, izi luso wafika chimake cha kutchuka kwake ndi kuchuluka. Mu England, yaikulu anali Wolemba wina Richard Sheridan. Yotchuka kwambiri ya ntchito zake, "Ulendo kuti Scarborough," "Sukulu kumuyalutsa" ndi "adani" kunyoza chiwerewere wa bourgeoisie lapansi.

Mphamvu lonse zisudzo chikhalidwe Europe wa Choonadi yapangidwa Venice komwe anakagwira ntchito owonetsera 7 chabe. Traditional pachaka mzinda zikondwerero anakopeka alendo ochokera konsekonse World Old. Mu Venice, anachita woyambitsa wotchuka "Traktirschiny" Karlo Goldoni. Wolemba wina, yemwe analemba okwana ntchito 267, kulemekezedwa ndi amalemekezedwa Voltaire.

Wotchuka sewero lanthabwala za m'ma XVIII anali "Ukwati wa Figaro," lolembedwa ndi lalikulu ku France Beaumarchais. Mu sewero ili, zili ndi maganizo a anthu ali ndi maganizo ofooketsa kwa ufumu wachilengedwe Bourbons lapansi. Patapita zaka zingapo buku la chuma choyamba ndi comedies ku France panali kusintha kuti nagubuduza boma lakale.

European chikhalidwe cha Choonadi sanali yunifolomu. M'mayiko ena paluso adanyamuka mbali dziko. Mwachitsanzo, German sewero (Schiller, Goethe, Lessing), ntchito zake kwambiri olembedwa mu mtundu wanyimbo tsoka. Mu amalowa wa Choonadi mu Germany anaonekera zaka makumi angapo kuposa mu France kapena England.

Iogann Gete sanali yekha wanzeru wolemba ndakatulo Wolemba wina. Osati kanthu umatchedwa "konsekonse namatetule" - ndi connoisseur ndi luso theorist katswiri, novelist ndi katswiri m'madera ena ambiri. mankhwala chake chachikulu - tsoka "Faust" ndi kusewera "Egmont." Wina wodziwika kwambiri wa German Choonadi, Friedrich Schiller, osati analemba "chidwi ndi Chikondi" ndi "The Tinfunika" komanso anasiya ntchito ndi sayansi ndi mbiri yakale.

zopeka

Waukulu zolembalemba polemba chinenero cha m'ma XVIII anali buku. Ndi chifukwa cha mabuku atsopano kubwera chipambane chikhalidwe bourgeois, zomwe m'malo wakale ang'onoang'ono akale mfundo. Mwakhama lofalitsidwa zosemasema osati olemba, komanso akatswiri, nzeru ena ndi chuma.

Buku, monga mtundu wanyimbo ndi anakula kuchokera utolankhani kulimbikitsa. Atatero, anthu anzeru a m'zaka za zana XVIII apeza njira yatsopano kufotokoza maganizo awo chikhalidwe ndi nzeru za anthu. Analemba "Gulliver a Maulendo" Dzhonatan Svift kuyika mu ntchito yake allusions zambiri zoipa za anthu amene anakhalako. Ankawalemberawo a "The nthano za butterfly." Mu kapepala ichi, Swift satirized dongosolo ndi ndewu ndiye achipembedzo.

Chitukuko cha chikhalidwe mu Choonadi inachokera ku zikamera wa Mitundu latsopano zolembalemba. Panthawi imeneyi, panali buku epistolary (a buku m'makalata). Izi zinali Mwachitsanzo, ntchito chimatsogoleredwa Ioganna Gete "Zingwe za Young Werther," imene protagonist wachita kudzipha, komanso "Persian Letters" wa Montesquieu. Panali zopelekedwa mabuku mu mtundu wanyimbo kulemba kuyenda ndi mafotokozedwe kuyenda ( "Maulendo ku France ndi Italy," Tobias Smollett).

Mu mabuku, chikhalidwe cha Choonadi mu Russia, anatsatira malangizo a classicism. Mu ndakatulo XVIII m'ma Alexander Sumarokov ntchito Vasily Trediakovskii, Antiochus Cantemir. Panali zikumera woyamba Sentimentalism (kale amatchedwa Karamzin "Osauka Lisa" ndi "Natalie, boyar mwana wamkazi"). Chikhalidwe cha Choonadi mu Russia walenga prerequisites onse kuti akhale pa chiyambi cha XIX atumwi, mabuku zoweta, kutsogozedwa ndi Pushkin, Lermontov ndi Gogol, anakumana zaka zake zagolide.

nyimbo

Mu M'badwo wa Choonadi, ndi chinenero chamakono nyimbo. tate wake imatengedwa Iogann dzipulumutse. Wolemba chachikulu ichi analemba mabuku ku Mitundu yonse (kupatulapo anali za zisudzo). Bach ndipo lero anthu amati ndi zosafanana mwini polyphony. Wina Wolemba German George Handel analemba masewero a oposa 40 ndipo sonatas ambiri ndi zipinda zazikulu zokhala. Kudzoza iye, ngati Bach, anasolola mu nkhani ya m'Baibulo (yodziwika ndi maudindo: "Isiraeli mu Iguputo", "Saulo", "Mesiya").

Zina zofunika nyimbo mwambo nthawi - Viennese School. Ntchito za ziwalo zake kupitiriza kuthamanga oimba maphunziro lero, kuti anthu masiku ano kukhudza cholowa kuti wasiya chikhalidwe cha Choonadi. M'ma 18 amagwirizana ndi mayina a geniuses monga Wolfgang Mozart, Yozef Gaydn, Ludwig galimoto Beethoven. Ndi izi analemba Viennese kupendanso mitundu akale nyimbo ndi Mitundu.

Haydn imatengedwa bambo a nthetemya chakale (nawalemba oposa zana). Ntchito amenewa zochokera kuvina wowerengeka ndi nyimbo. Pachimake pa zilandiridwenso wa Haydn wa London nthetemya mkombero linalembedwa ndi iye Pamaulendo kwa England. Chikhalidwe cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano nyengo, nyengo ya Choonadi ndi nthawi ina iliyonse m'mbiri ya anthu ali osowa zimaswana kotero wakhama ojambula zithunzi. Kuwonjezera nthetemya, anai Haydn membala 83, misa 13, 20 ndi 52 masewero a clavier sonatas.

Mozart osati nyimbo. Iye Maka ankaimba harpsichord ndi zeze mbuye Zida ana aang'ono. masewero a wake ndi zoimbaimba amasiyana maganizo osiyana kwambiri (kwa ndakatulo mawu kuti zosangalatsa). Waukulu ntchito za Mozart ankaona nthetemya ake atatu, zinalembedwa yemweyo mu 1788 (nambala 39, 40, 41).

China chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga Beethoven ankakonda nkhani amunamuna kuti zimakhudza kum'sangalatsa "Egmont," "Coriolanus" ndi "Fidelio," ndi opera. Monga yoimba, iye anagunda m'nthawi yake akuimba limba. Pakuti chida ichi Beethoven 32 Sonata zinalembedwa. Ambiri wake ntchito wolemba analengedwa Vienna. Ndiponso mwini sonatas 10 zeze ndi piano (wotchuka kwambiri ndi "Kreutzer" Sonata).

Beethoven anakumana ndi lalikulu zovuta kulenga chifukwa cha imfa ya m'makutu mwawo. Wolemba inakonda kudzipha mosimidwa analemba lodziwika bwino "madzulo" Sonata. Komabe, ngakhale matendawo zoopsa sanali kuswa chifuniro cha chithunzicho. Popeza kugonjetsa ulesi yake, Beethoven analembanso ntchito zambiri symphonic.

English Chenicheni

England anali malo amene Chenicheni European. Mu dziko lino, pamaso pa anthu, mu m'ma XVII, panali bourgeois zisinthe, lomwe linapereka kwa chikhalidwe. England anakhala chitsanzo chabwino patsogolo chikhalidwe. Wafilosofi Dzhon Lokk anali mmodzi wa oyamba ndi theorists yaikulu ya lingaliro owolowa manja. Mothandizidwa m'mabuku ake ofunika kwambiri chikalata ndale za Choonadi linalembedwa - Chikalata American wa wodzilamulira. Locke ankakhulupirira kuti nzeru za anthu anatsimikiza ndi kuzindikira kwenikweni ndi zambiri kuposa kale anatsutsa nzeru otchuka a Descartes.

China chofunika British woganiza za m'ma XVIII anali Devid Yum. Izi nzeru zapamwamba, zachuma, mbiri, nthumwi ndi publicist kusinthidwa ndi sayansi ya makhalidwe abwino. Adam yofanana Smith anakhala woyambitsa wa chiphunzitso ano zachuma. Chikhalidwe cha Choonadi Mwachidule, anenedwa mfundo zambiri zamakono ndi malingaliro. ntchito Smith chinali chotero. Iye anali oyamba opotoka kufunika msika kufunika boma.

anzeru French

French nzeru ena a m'nthawi XVIII ntchito mu zikhalidwe za otsutsa ndiye alipo kuti ndale komanso. Rousseau, Diderot, Montesquieu - onse a iwo zionetsero malamulo zoweta. Mtsutso akhoza m'njira zosiyanasiyana: kulibe Mulungu, ndi idealization zakale (zotama mwambo Republican wa masiku amakedzana), etc ...

A chodabwitsa wapadera chikhalidwe Chenicheni anali 35 buku "Encyclopedia". Iwo munamutcha anzeru chachikulu "M'badwo wa Kuganiza". Inspirer ndi mkonzi wamkulu wa buku lino chosaiwalika anali Denis Diderot. Zimathandiza kuti mabuku ndi osiyana ndi Pol Golbah, La Mettrie, Julien, Klod Gelvetsy ndi ena anzeru wotchuka wa m'zaka XVIII.

Montesquieu zikuchepa anadzudzula mwankhanza ndi despotism wa akuluakulu. Masiku ano, iye zapamwamba tate wa liberalism bourgeois. Voltaire anakhala chitsanzo chapadera cha nzeru ndi luso. Iye anali mlembi wa ndakatulo satirical, mabuku nzeru zaumunthu, timapepala ndale. -Kawiri woganiza anaponyedwa m'ndende, nthawi yochuluka kuti kubisa amathawathawa. Zinali Voltaire analenga mafashoni maganizo ufulu ndi wosakhazikika.

German Chenicheni

German chikhalidwe cha m'ma XVIII analiko zinthu kugawikana ndale za dziko. MwaukadauloZida maganizo kulimbikitsa kusiyidwa kwa survivals ang'onoang'ono ndi mugwilizano wadziko. Mosiyana ndi afilosofi French wa anthu anzeru German Chenjerani nkhani zokhudza mpingo.

Monga chikhalidwe Russian wa Choonadi, chikhalidwe Prussian chinapangidwa ndi nawo mwachindunji kwa mfumu autocratic (mu Russia, zinali Catherine II, mu Prussia - Fridrih Veliky). Mutu wa State kwambiri amathandiza zolinga zapamwamba yake, pamene osati kupereka mphamvu zake zopanda malire. Chotero dongosolo amatchedwa "ŵakusanga absolutism".

Waukulu chounikira Germany XVIII atumwi anali Immanuel Kant. Mu 1781 anafalitsa lofunika ntchito 'wunika wa Koyera Kulingalira. " Wafilosofi anayamba chiphunzitso chatsopano cha chidziwitso, anaphunzira kuthekera nzeru za anthu. Iwo anali wolungama njira kulimbana ndi malamulo kusintha mawonekedwe dongosolo ndale komanso, kupatulapo chiwawa yosakongola. Kant anapanga zopereka kwambiri ku chiphunzitso cha lamulo.