Woyamba munthu spacewalk tsiku, chidwi mfundo

Mu March cha 1965 adatenga ndege "Voskhod-2" spacecraft. Pamaso pa gulu la chombo PA Belyaev ndi AA Leonov anali ndi zovuta zofunika kwambiri ntchito - kuchita woyamba danga kuyenda munthu.

Kukhazikitsa mwachindunji kuyesera anagwera Alekseya Leonova, ndipo pa March 18, iye athana ndi izo. Cosmonaut analowa malo, kuchokera m`chombo pa mamita 5 ndipo unachitikira kupitirira okwana Mphindi 12 masekondi 9.

Flight a "Voskhod" anali wopanda mavuto kwambiri komanso milandu chidwi. Ndi zovuta kufotokoza mmene maganizo ndi mphamvu anali kucheza ndi anthu amene anakonza chachikulu kuyesera - munthu spacewalk. Chidwi mfundo ndi pang'ono odziwika tsatanetsatane wa ndege ndipo anakhala maziko yokonza nkhani imeneyi.

lingaliro

Ganizo lakuti spacewalk munthu n'kotheka, anaonekera pa Mfumukazi mu 1963. Mlengi ankaganiza kuti zinachitikira Posakhalitsa si zofunika zokha, koma kofunika kutero. Iye anali kulondola. M'zaka wotsatira, astronautics kutukuka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kukhalabe ntchito wabwinobwino wa ISS konse sizikanatheka kukanakhala opanda msonkhano ndipo anakonza mpandawo zakunja zimene kamodzinso zimatsimikizira n'kofunika anali woyamba munthu spacewalk. 1964 chinali chiyambi cha maphunziro oyamba boma chifukwa kuyesera.

Koma ndiye, mu 1964, kuzindikira ngati ntchito kufika, kunali kofunika kulingalira kamangidwe ka mchombo. Chifukwa, maziko anatengedwa bwino anatsimikizira "Voskhod-1". Mmodzi wa portholes ake m'malo mlungu pachipata, komanso chepetse chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito m'sitima zitatu awiri. Anali kufufuma airlock ndipo inali kunja sitimayo. Nditamaliza zimenezo, pamaso ndegeyo, zinali zosiyana kwambiri m'thupi. Choncho panali m'mlengalenga "Voskhod-2".

Panali wina, vuto lalikulu kwambiri. Mofanana oopsa kuyesera kunali koyenera kuti ntchito poyamba nyama. Komabe, kupereka izo, poganizira kuti chitukuko cha suti wapadera kwa nyama - nalonso zovuta mtengo. Komanso, iye sakanakhoza kupereka yankho kwa funso waukulu: zimene anthu zinthu m'mlengalenga? Anaganiza kuchita zinthu zatsopano pa anthu mwakamodzi.

Lero, chombo amatha kusiya chombo kwa maola angapo ndipo perekani danga lotseguka ndi mwai yovuta kwambiri. Koma mu zaka 60 zinkaoneka ngati nkhambakamwa wangwiro, kapena ngakhale kudzipha.

adalira

Poyamba, gulu la chombo kukonzekera ndege inkakhala Leonov, Gorbatko ndi Khrunov. Belyaev anali pa anangotsala pang'ono Kuchotsedwa kwa cosmonaut Corps chifukwa chodwala, ndipo kokha pa kuumirira kwa Gagarin linaphatikizidwa gulu maphunziro kuwuluka.

Chifukwa, awiri a anthu ogwira ntchito inakhazikitsidwa: chachikulu - Belyayev, Leonov - ndi kubwerera - Gorbatko, Khrunov. The gulu la ulendo uno anali kuperekedwa amafuna wapadera. Gulu ankayenera kugwira ntchito ngati amodzi, ndi chombo - yogwirizana ndi mzake mawu a kuwerenga maganizo.

zotsatira anasonyeza kuti Belyaev ali kudziletsa kwambiri ndi modekha, wokhoza kuti asataye mutu wanu nthawi zonse, ndipo Leonov M'malo mwake, kupupuluma mwaphuma, koma zodabwitsa wolimba ndi wolimba mtima. amuna awiri awa, kotero osiyana chikhalidwe, kodi mwangwiro wophatikizidwa, lomwe ndi choyambilira kuti litsatira choyamba munthu spacewalk.

maphunziro

Woyamba miyezi itatu chombo anali kufufuza kapangidwe ka sitima yatsopano ndi zida, kenako maphunziro yaitali zinthu ndiwachabe. Mwambowu kuuluka ndege ndi katswiri amene bwinobwino kuchita aerobatics. Paola ndege ndege anatha yesezera weightlessness okwana pafupifupi 2 Mphindi. Inali nthawi imeneyi chombo kuti nthawi ntchito zonse za pulogalamu uchitike.

Poyamba anaulukira MiG Sparky, koma m'chiuno ndi chombo anali kuyenda. Anaganiza kutenga kwambiri lalikulu Lachiwiri-104LL. Mkati kamangidwe ndege ya spacecraft ndi anakhazikitsidwa ndi loko chipinda, mu pulogalamu yoyeseza izi zinawonongeka ndipo anadutsa maphunziro.

masuti omangika

Lero, mu malo zakale, mukhoza kuona suti lomwelo, limene Leonov anazindikira munthu spacewalk. Photo wa akumwetulira chisoti wokayenda pamwezi a lolembedwa ndi "USSR" anayenda mozungulira mapepala onse a dziko, koma palibe amene munaganizapo mmene khama anali ofunika kumwetulira.

Makamaka "Voskhod-2" danga masuti apadera anayamba amene akuopsa dzina la "Berkut". Iwo anapitiriza losindikizidwa envelopu ndi kuikidwa kumbuyo wokayenda pamwezi chikwama dongosolo moyo thandizo. Pakuti kusinkhasinkha bwino kuwala ngakhale anasintha mtundu wa masuti m'malo lalanje chikhalidwe ntchito White. Total kulemera "Golden Eagle" chinali 100 makilogalamu.

maphunziro onse anali kale mu spacesuits, chitetezo masamba kwambiri wolakalakika. Yobweretsa mpweya anapangidwa ofooka kwambiri, zimene zikutanthauza kuti pa pang'ono kayendedwe cosmonaut yomweyo yokutidwa ndi thukuta mavuto.

Komanso, masuti anali wovuta kwambiri. Iwo anali wandiweyani kuti nkhonya, ndi ankafunika kuyesetsa pafupifupi 25 makilogalamu. Kuti athe kuchita zovala ngati gulu lililonse, izo zinkayenera kuti zonse ophunzitsidwa. Inali ntchito kuvala, koma chombo anali amakana kuti cholinga chake - kupanga zotheka munthu spacewalk. Leonov, ndi njira, ankaona amphamvu kwambiri ndi kupirira mu gulu, amene makamaka anakonzeratu ntchito yake yaikulu mu zimenezo.

ntchito fanizo

Mkati mwa maphunziro Moscow anadza bwenzi lalikulu la USSR Charles de Gaulle ndi Khrushchev anaganiza moonetsera pamaso pake kupambana kwa malo kufufuza Soviet. Iye anaganiza kuti asonyeze French, ngati chombo ntchito munthu spacewalk. Nthawi yomweyo zinaonekeratu kuti ndege weniweniyo wotumidwa chabe adalira, amene adzatenge nawo mbali mu "chifaniziro". Mwa dongosolo la Gagarin mu mphindi yovuta imeneyi Khrunova m'malo Belyaev. Malinga ndi Maulendo Khrunova, sanamvetse zolinga za kusintha kwa nthawi yaitali anali chakukhosi Gagarin kuti achite izi zosamvetsetseka.

Gagarin ananena Khrunov udindo wake, iye ankakhulupirira kuti kunali koyenera kupereka Belyaev mwayi wotsiriza kuuluka mu mlengalenga. Young Khrunov akanakhoza kuchita izo ndiye kangapo yemweyo Belyaev bwino yosayenera Leonov ku mfundo maganizo view.

Vuto pamaso pa chiyambi

Masana panali vuto lalikulu kuyamba. Chifukwa chosasamala kwa msilikali anaika mwa galimoto kufufuza zikayamba la pachipata kufufuma modzidzimutsa anagwa ndipo anathyola. Yopuma sanali, choncho anaganiza ntchito kwambiri, pamene chombo ophunzitsidwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Zimenezi kukanaphetsa, koma mwamwayi, palibe chinachitika, mobwerezabwereza ntchito pachipata anathandizira, ndipo woyamba munthu spacewalk bwinobwino anagwira.

zokolola danga

Za makhalidwe a anthu alipo mu mlengalenga kwambiri mfundo. Otsutsa amanena kuti wokayenda pamwezi kuyenda kunja m'mlengalenga, ndiye welded kuti zidzakhala kuyenda kapena kuchita kupita misala. N'zovuta kwambiri kuganizira zimene wina munthu kuwasandutsa spacewalk a. 1965 mosavuta chaka cha kulephera wamkulu wa pulogalamu Soviet danga. Komabe, kutsimikiza kapena kutsutsa chiphunzitso sizikuyenda bwino akanangokhoza amachita.

Komanso, pa nthawi anali asanakhale anayamba machitidwe aliyense kupulumutsidwa. Chinthu chokha chimene wachita akatswiri - ndi chikalata zimene zinachitikira, chabe kutsegula chitseko ndipo anatambasula dzanja lake.

Pamene chombo analowa kanjira preset, Leonov anayamba kukonzekera kuchoka pa. Chirichonse chinapita malinga ndi dongosolo, pofika ola la X, ndi wokayenda pamwezi mokoma anakankhira kutali ndi chinayandama ku airlock mu mlengalenga.

Maulosi zoipitsitsa okaikira kuti sizichitika, ndi wokayenda pamwezi anali kumverera bwino ndithu bwino. Iye anakwaniritsa pulogalamu zonse zotchulidwa, ndipo ndi nthawi yoti tibwerere kwa sitimayo. Ndi panali mavuto ena. Kutupa mu ziro yokoka danga suti anapereka Leonov kulowa pachipata. Kenako popanda kufunsa aliyense, paokha adatchithisira kuthamanga mu spacesuit ndi kulizika kuphedi mu loko, osati mosemphanitsa, monga anali anakonza. Woyamba munthu spacewalk inatha, ndipo Alexei Leonov muyaya lolembedwa dzina lake mu mbiri ya kufufuza malo.

Pe kutsikatsika

"Voskhod-2" anali kwambiri zofooka, ndipo pambuyo bwinobwino pulogalamu ndege mwadzidzidzi. Pamene kuwombera wa pachipata linanena bungwe kwa pafupi ndi dzuwa-Nyenyezi masensa lathu. Pamene chombo kupanga mpita wake 16. padziko Lapansi, ku MCC analandira malangizo kutha. Koma chombo anapitiriza kuwuluka, monga ngati kanthu zinachitika. Atapita ku wozungulira 17, zinaonekeratu kuti basi dongosolo lathu sizinayende, ndipo adalira anali kusinthana kwa ulamuliro Buku. Flight, ntchito yaikulu imene anali spacewalk anthu akhoza zoopsa.

Pa mtengo wa khama lingamutsatire Belyaev ndi Leonov anapezanso kulamulira m'chombo, koma mochedwa ndi injini kutali ndi pafupifupi mphindi. Chifukwa cha munakonza ankafika malo ndi kuthatha ndi choyambitsa gawo anafika nkhalango yowirira wa Perm.

Afunkha opareshoni

The chombo anali mu nkhalango yozizira yaitali masiku awiri. Komabe, ndege imodzi alesera kuwaponya zovala ofunda, koma anamuphonya, yomweyi chinatayika mu chisanu chosuntha.

The ndege sanathe lidzaponyedwe chisanu kwambiri pakati pa mitengo, ndi chombo analibe zida zina zofunika kapena kudula mitengo kapena kuthira madzi pa chisanu ndi ayezi kupanga zinawonongeka ankafika PAD. Potsilizira pake yopulumutsa anafika phazi la chombo achisanu ndi akhoza ndiwatulutse m'nkhalango nkhalango.

Ngakhale mavuto onse pokonzekera chochitika zosasangalatsa pa ndege, Belyayev ndi Leonov kupirira ntchito yake yaikulu - kuchita spacewalk anthu. Tsiku la mwambo umenewu wakhala mmodzi wa zikuluzikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya pulogalamu Soviet danga.