Dzinthu: kufunika ndi ubwino

Tirigu ndi amakedzana ankapereka mbali yaikulu ya zakudya anthu. Mndandanda wa mbewu yaikulu mbewu monga rye, tirigu, Mapila, balere, buckwheat, manyuchi, mapira, mpunga ndi chimanga. Monga chimanga zomera wa gulu la monocotyledons. Iwo mapulaniwo - udzu, masamba ndi kufanana veining, fibrous mizu, zipatso - weevil. mitundu yonse anawagawa yozizira (iwo ofesedwa mwa chilimwe kapena kumayambiriro) ndi kasupe (April seeded).

dzinthu

Dzinthu (chithunzi m'lembali) - opanda kusinjirira, gulu chofunika kwambiri zomera nakulitsa. Mapira si chakudya kuti anthu ndi ziweto komanso amatumikira monga chuma yaiwisi kwa mafakitale ambiri.

Mu gawo lake la Tirigu tirigu muli:

• chakudya;
• mapuloteni;
• michere;
• PP mavitamini a gulu B (B _1, B _2, B _6), ovomereza-vitamini A.

tirigu

Pamene mawu oti "monga chimanga" mumaganiza tirigu. Izo wakula pa paliponse (kupatula Antarctica). Mu mbewu iye kuti ntchito pafupifupi 140 miliyoni mahekitala wa nthaka yachonde.

Modern kuswana amapereka mwayi kukhala zoposa 4,000 mitundu. Mu steppes angapezeke mitundu 20 zakutchire kukula tirigu. Culture ndi kunyumba kwa Asia kum'mwera: Palestine, Mesopotamia, Jordan, Syria.

Tirigu alipo mu zakudya pafupifupi theka padziko lonse. njere ntchito ufa, dzinthu ndi pasta. Lembetsani malonda onse kuti chingapangidwe kuchokera ku mbewu zobwezerezedwanso wa tirigu, ndi sangathe. zosiyanasiyana awo ndi kokwanira.

Pali mitundu zitatu:

• einkorn;
• dvuzernyanka (unali);
• alembedwa.

Iwo ali makolo onse lero kudziwika subspecies. Unali wa tirigu molimba zimachitika. Iwo ali bwino yosayenera kwa nyengo youma. Iwo mwakula mu United States, Australia, Canada. Olimba balere kuti apange pasta. Off-kalasi tirigu kudyetsedwa kwa ziweto. Seeding amatanthauza banja lalikulu la alembedwa. Izi ndi zinthu zofunika kwa kuswana mitundu yatsopano.

mapira

Mapira ngakhale zimagawidwa monga "Tirigu", koma si ntchito mkate kuphika. Mapira adza kwa barele, ndi ufa kuphika mikate ndi mkate. Malo monga chimanga ili ndi China ndi Mongolia. Skify nakulitsa mapira akadali zaka IV-V. Zafukulidwa mu Middle Dnieper amatsimikizira zimenezi. Mu China wakale, mapira anali m'gulu mndandanda wa zomera zisanu lopatulika.

The sieved mkulu mapuloteni okhutira (more okha tirigu). Mapira mbewu ang'ono ndi olimba mwa dzinthu lapansi. An chipolopolo kunja mu processing wa mbewu pakachitsulo amachotsedwa (si m'mimba m'mimba anthu). Kenako, croup mwangwiro yophika zofewa ndi bwino digested.

Ndi chinthu chofunikira ngati mbewu chakudya. Mapira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ulimi nyama, makamaka makampani nkhuku.

Pali pafupifupi 500 mitundu ya zakudya zachimanga izi. Mapira kumabweretsa chilala chachikulu monga dothi ndi mpweya. Wodzichepetsa ndi Hardy chomera yekha amafuna dothi lokhala ndi mpweya wokwanira - mizu ake pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya. zokolola ndi 18 quintals pa mahekitala. Mu mbewu wotanganidwa mahekala 12 miliyoni.

Mapira lagawidwa mitundu zotsatirazi mbewu monga chimanga:

• seeding;
• Siberia mapira;
• manyuchi.

manyuchi

Monga chimanga manyuchi, a ku Africa. kholo zake zam'tchire anataika m'nthawi zakale, kanthu amadziwika ena za iye. M'mayiko otentha, manyuchi - ndi mbewu zofunika tirigu. Chilala kulolerana (limatchedwa ngamila mu dziko chomera) ndi mkulu zokolola iye mu mpikisano kulima m'madera louma a dziko lapansi.

Mbali A chikhalidwe ndi pa tirigu zimayambira kukolola ndi masamba kukhala amadyera zokoma. Zimenezi zimathandiza ntchito manyuchi kudyetsa nyama mu mawonekedwe a silage kapena misa wobiriwira.

Modabwitsa, mitundu manyuchi hybrid kupereka 40% ya mbewu ndi wamkulu kuposa makolo angapo. Mundawu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kubala mbiri kukolola tirigu. Kuyambira kudakonzedweratu phala, zochokera mbewu zinazi. Ufa chowumbira njerwa, zikondamoyo ndi mbale wina yakeyi.

rye

Poyerekeza ndi tirigu rye mkate imatengedwa chikhalidwe zambiri achinyamata. Iye sanapezeke ku nyumba za makolo athu ku M'badwo Stone. Sichoncho, ndi m'manda.

Poyamba rye anachita minda chikhalidwe tirigu udzu ndi. Mu mavuto a kumpoto ndi lamapiri mtunda tirigu zidapatsa kukolola osauka nafa. Rye M'malo mwake, bwino analekerera mavuto. Pa nthawi, zinakafika mu zakudya zachimanga chikhalidwe.

Ngakhale m'nthawi ya atumwi katswiri Pliny ku Rome anamupatsa khalidwe ufa lolemera ngati mdima mkate wa khalidwe osauka, longoyenera njala. Komabe, mankhwala zakudya zopangidwa ndi ufa wa rye ndi mkulu.

Pakali pano, chikhalidwe wakula makamaka kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Nakulitsa kwa mitundu 8 Asia, Europe ndi Africa. Pali kasupe ndi yozizira mitundu ya mbewu. Zokolola za tonnes mpaka 2 pa mahekitala. Komanso ndi monga chimanga, amene amapereka zokolola kwambiri wa rye ntchito ngati masoka wothandizila chotupitsa. Mizu ya zomera bwino nthambi ndi kudutsa kwambiri mu nthaka, kukula mwamphamvu ndi kumasula topsoil.

chikhalidwe wodzichepetsa akhoza kukula pa dothi osauka. Makamaka rye ndi mphamvu yake kukula bwino ikakhala mkulu. Mu Alps, rye kumachitika ngakhale pamalo okwera mamita 2000.

Ufa ichi monga chimanga akhoza anaphika, osati chakudya komanso mitanda zokoma, Chofunika, kuti ufa anali wabwino. Ndi wotsika mtengo ulimi, ndi chikhalidwe ntchito kudyetsa ziweto.

chimanga

Chimanga, kapena chimanga, - ndi monga chimanga pachaka. Malo mbewu yodabwitsa, South ndi America Central. Pa chikhalidwe European Africa anabwera atumwi khumi ndi mochedwa.

Chimanga chapadera ndi onse dzinthu kudziwika msinkhu wake chachikulu. Kalasi "kavalo dzino" akhoza kukula kwa mamita 5. The zokolola wamkulu ali mu dziko la chimanga. Zofewa ofunda nyengo ndi mvula wodzaza ndi yabwino yoti kulima ake.

Modern kuswana amapereka tirigu ndi chakudya mitundu. Pakali pano, pali magulu naini botanical:

• ni;
• zimaphulika;
• pakachitsulo;
• poluzubovidnaya (ambiri);
• kukhuthala;
• shuga;
• Kukhuthala-shuga;
• filmy (pafupifupi osati nakulitsa);
• waxy (madera aang'onoang'ono kulima).

mpunga

Mwina malo mpunga ndi India. Pamenepo nakulitsa kwa zaka. Ku Ulaya, iye amadziwika m'ma BC 8 ku Central Asia ndi 2-3 TH zaka BC, ndipo mu United States kuchokera TH 15-16. Asayansi amakonda ndikukhulupirira kuti izo zinali woyambirira mbewu mpunga, kudzipatula munthu.

monga chimanga uyu ali 20 mitundu, pali zambiri kuposa chikwi mitundu yake. Koma zosiyanasiyana onsewa agawidwa mu mawonekedwe a tirigu mu mitundu itatu:

• yaitali tirigu;
• kruglozernisty;
• sing'anga-grained.

Chaka chilichonse, obereketsa kawetedwe mitundu yatsopano ya zomera. Kufunika kwa mitundu mkulu-ololera ndi omvetsetsa ndi mkulu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti anthu oposa theka la anthu padziko lonse amakhulupirira mpunga chachikulu chakudya chakudya. Nzosadabwitsa ilo likutchedwa golide woyera ndi mkate chachiwiri (ngakhale mkate zophikidwa kuchokera si).

Nakulitsa mpunga m'mayiko ndi m'madera otentha. Zimenezi zimafuna luso lapadera. Chinthu chachikulu kwa chikhalidwe - wochuluka madzi okwanira ndi kutentha. Madzi imathandiza kwambiri - Ndipotu kulima kwambiri zikuchitika pa minda anasefukira.

balere

Pamodzi ndi tirigu, barele - monga chimanga chakale kwambiri pa dziko. Kutchulidwa kwa inapeza mu zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana za anthu a ku Ulaya, Central ndi West Asia, ku Egypt.

Monga tirigu, izo ukufanizidwa m'maiko onse. mmera amalimidwa m'madera otentha ndipo mu kumpoto. Balere amatchedwa kwambiri "kumpoto" monga chimanga. Iwo Tingaone 70 kumpoto (mu Norway). Chimakula mu mapiri:

• pamalo okwera 1900 mamita mu Alps;
• pamalo okwera 2700 mamita mu Caucasus;
• pamalo okwera 3050 mamita pa Hindukush;
• pamalo okwera mamita 4700 ku Tibet.

Balere udzafunidwa dothi. m'madera Acidic ndi mchenga sali oyenera kulima ake. m'madera konyowa kapena chinyontho kunyamula chiopsezo kuzizira chikhalidwe. Nthawi zambiri, khalidwe la mbewu zimadalira processing wa topsoil. Panopa, pali pafupifupi 30 mitundu ya zomera. Pali chisanu ndi masika mitundu.

Mapila

Akukhulupirira kuti koyamba Mapila anayamba kukhala mu Europe. Wild-kukula chikhalidwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ozizira, kotero asayansi amakhulupirira kuti angakhale makolo mwachindunji oat ano. Pali chiphunzitso malinga ndi zomwe dzinthu onse kuvala Atlantis - ndi olowa Africa.

Masiku ano, pali pafupifupi 25 mitundu ya Mapila. Ichi ndi chakudya kwambiri kuti thanzi la munthu. Small mafuta zili mbewu kumathandiza kuti kumaliseche a kagayidwe mafuta. Izi zipangitsa chitetezo cha mtima ndi mitsempha ya magazi, kuteteza atherosclerosis.

Mu ulimi, mbewu ntchito mu mawonekedwe woyera kwa kudyetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana nyama kapena ngati chigawo zosakaniza chakudya.