Chosema - ndichiyani? wotchuka chosema

Kufuna kukongola, m'kukoma luso - mwina chinthu chokha chimene chimasiyanitsa munthu ku nyama. Kuyambira kale, anthu ena anayesa kulenga chinachake wokongola, pakati pa kusaka ndi kupulumuka deducing dongosolo pa makoma a kuphanga wake. Ndi chitukuko cha anthu ndipo anayamba luso lomwe watenga koposa mitundu yatsopano. Chimodzi mwa mitundu ikuluikulu luso zabwino chosema. chosema Kodi ndi magulu ake kulibe - izo adzatiuza m'nkhani ino.

The chinthu chachikulu cha chosema ndi - munthu, ngakhale zikhoza akamachita nyama, kapena zinthu zina. Malinga ndi zimene nkhani ntchito, amasankhidwa ndi njira kake mankhwala. Iyi ndi akamaumba, kulipira, mitundu kapena akuponya.

Pamaso kukambirana mfundo iliyonse, muyenera kupereka tanthauzo yeniyeni. chosema Kodi nanga tingachidziwe bwanji? vuto kwagona kuti Yankho losavuta la funso ili si mophweka. Komabe, timayesa kumvetsa izo.

Tanthauzo: "chosema ndi chiyani?" The zosiyanasiyana options

mfundo iliyonse kapena chodabwitsa zinthu zofanana. Chifukwa cha ichi lililonse wotsutsa akuyang'ana vuto ku njira ina. Motero aliyense akufotokozera tanthauzo la "chosema". chosema ndi chiyani, angapezeke m'madikishonale zosiyanasiyana.

Malinga ndi mawu ofotokozera dictionary la Efuraimu, zosemasema ndi luso - kulenga buku (embossed) zithunzi ntchito akamaumba, kudula kapena akamaumba.

Mu ofotokozera Dictionary Ushakov, mungapeze tanthauzo otsatirawa: "Chithunzi luso - kupanga zambiri kapena otukukira kunja zithunzi - Ziboliboli, etc.".

Komabe, tisaiwale kuti zinthu zonse zimagwirizana kuti chosema ndi - wapadera luso. Ndipo kukayikira izo ndithudi Sikuti.

Chosema. chosema ndi chiyani?

Liwu likubwera kuchokera mawu Latin "Sculptura", limene kwenikweni anamasuliridwa kuti "chosema" kapena "wokhawokha." Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, mawu akuti "chosema" amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena za mawu "chosema".

bwino anafotokoza kuti Sergei Sobolev, ndi luso wamng'ono wojambula, "ndi malo a maganizo nawo mawonekedwe." Maziko a chosema aliyense kukhala chimodzimodzi mawonekedwe, chakale kuti ofikika ndi bwino kwa aliyense.

History of chosema

Mizu ya fomu iyi luso amabwerera Kale, za m'nthawi Paleolithic, pamene panali loyamba la ntchito zake. Chosema mu mawonekedwe a zithunzi za akazi ndi nyama zosiyana opezeka pa zochitika za malo ambiri paleolithic ku Ulaya - chitsimikiziro bwino. Mu Neolithic zosiyanasiyana zipilala sculptural kukodzedwa kwambiri.

Inde, ambiri otukuka anali mtundu uwu wa luso m'nyengo ya Greece wakale. chosema kuti wakhala umodzi wa mitundu zikuluzikulu za mawu a nzeru wakale Greek, maziko amene anali umunthu wa munthu - ndi zogwirizana anayamba mwauzimu ndiponso mwakuthupi. Ziboliboli ambiri milungu, ngwazi nthano ndi asilikali anaphedwa ndi ambuye wa Greece wakale, amene anali chosema wa zochitika moyo. chosema kumvetsetsa ambuye wakale Greek ndi chiyani? Ndi pamwamba pa zonse kusinthasintha ndi plasticity mitundu organic, zochokera yeniyeni anatomical mwatsatanetsatane. Mwa ambuye izi zazikulu za chosema wakale Greek tingaone ndi Phidias, Myron, Lysippus, Praxiteles ndi zina.

A wozungulira atsopano chitukuko walandira chosema mu zaka XV-XVI, pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, yomwe inachokera pa miyambo yakale. Kubadwa Kwatsopano chosema lakhala phata la Italy, mwa Osema zazikulu za nthawi - Michelangelo, Donatello, Verrocchio ndi ndiAmene ena.

chidwi amadziwikanso operekedwa chosema ndi Soviet mfundo. Yakhala chida champhamvu kulimbikitsa mfundo lamadyerero Soviet. Mbali yaikulu ya chosema Soviet tinganene kuti monumentality ake. Pamwalawo Wamkulu, zipilala yaikulu zikwi zipilala za atsogoleri chikominisi anasiya ife mbiri ya chosema Soviet.

The chosema zamakono Pachithunzipa osati fano (chinthu), ndi kusankha mitundu, mawonekedwe ndi zipangizo. mtundu limeneli pafupifupi chida chachikulu cha akuti luso mu chosema ano.

The mitundu ikuluikulu ya ziboliboli

The mitundu ikuluikulu ya chosema ndi:

• wozungulira chosema (kwenikweni, ziboliboli ndi busts);
• chosema mpumulo (Antiokeya ndi mpumulo mkulu);
• M'nyumba chosema;
• yaikulu chosema.

Komanso anatsindika ena a mitundu yeniyeni luso: a kakang'ono chosema, kayendedwe, ayezi, m'mapaki ndi ena. Ndi chosema mtundu wanyimbo ndi chithunzi, kunyumba, mbiri wophiphiritsa.

Kupanga ndondomeko ya ziboliboli

Kupanga ziboliboli - ntchito yovuta, zofuna luso zina ntchitoyo. Mukakhala ndi chithunzithunzi cha ntchito ziboliboli, iye akuyamba ndi kupanga chimake ake yafupika kukula Kamangidwe. Only pamene kamangidwe ndi wokonzeka kwathunthu, mukhoza muchokera kwa chosema kwambiri.

Pakuti sculpting ziboliboli muyenera maziko ndi chimango zitsulo. Kenako wojambula akuyamba kuphimba chimango ndi dongo mpaka mpaka amalandira chosema kuti ali pafupi ndi mawonekedwe ake maonekedwe. Mu nkhani iyi, ntchito zida wapadera mawerengeredwe - stacks, komanso manja awo. Nkofunika kuonetsetsa zonse hydration pamoyo pamene kuumba kuti anayamba osokoneza.

Pamene akamaumba amaliza, ndi ziboliboli wopanga kuganiza zolondola wa chilengedwe cha zinthu ndi kovuta kuposa dongo. Ndiye, zochokera kuganiza, ndi chosema zathu- la chuma chilichonse - thanthwe, zitsulo kapena mkuwa. Dziwani kuti palibe ntchito yaikulu sculptural si popanda chisanadze akamaumba ndi kupanga osewera a. Ngakhale mbiri ya ziboliboli anali amisiri amene ankagwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi nkhaniyo gwero. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali mlengi ndi Michelangelo kwambiri.

Chosema monga m'mapaki yokongoletsera

Mtundu umodzi wa chosema ndi paki chosema, amene miyambo ndi mbiri yaitali. N'zovuta kulingalira okongola kapena munda pagulu popanda chokongoletsera sculptural. Mwambo wa minda ndi ziboliboli linakhazikitsidwa ndi Agiriki akale zokongoletsa. N'zovuta kulingalira ndi minda ya Roma popanda ziboliboli sculpted wa milungu, kapena asilikali ankhondo olimba mtima.

M'zaka za m'ma XVII phata yopanga ziboliboli kwa m'mapaki ndi minda kukhala Venice. magulu lonse anagula chosema kwa m'mapaki m'maganizo olemekezeka ku Austria, Poland ndi Russia. Park chosema panthawi imeneyo inali chinthu chofunika cha ulemerero wa St. Petersburg, amene anali mwachangu ikumangidwa. The olemekezeka ambuye Venetian angatchedwe Pietro Baratta, amene analenga angathe ndinawona mu Chilimwe Garden ku St. Petersburg kapena Reserve Tsarskoye Selo.

Makamaka otchuka m'mapaki ano amapeza otchedwa topiary chosema - ndiko Kulenga kwa katswiri izi moyo zomera - mitengo kapena zitsamba.

Dziko odziwika bwino kwambiri a chosema

ziboliboli otchuka m'dzikoli zinatchuka chifukwa makhalidwe ake. Timabweletsa inu ziboliboli wotchuka pamwamba asanu dziko.

1. yotchuka kwambiri ziboliboli wakale - fano la mulungu wamkazi Aphrodite, imatchedwanso Venera Milosskaya. Kulambira fano la nsangalabwi anapangidwa m'zaka za m'ma BC wachiwiri ndipo anapulumuka lero. Masiku ano, chosema ziwiri mita Tingaone mu zikutipatsa wapadera wa Louvre.

2. chosema apamwamba - fano la Buddha Vairocana ku China (Province Henan). Kutalika okwana chipilala - mamita 158, ntchito yake yomanga inatha mu 2002. The chosema ndi zopangidwa ndi mkuwa pulasitala, ndipo mtengo okwana ntchito analipo pafupifupi $ miliyoni 55.

3. The kwambiri chachinsinsi chosema - ndi zifaniziro Moai pa Isitala Island. Asayansi amanena kuti fano - nchito ya ambuye wa Polynesia wakale ndi sawona bwinobwino pachibwenzi kwa woyamba Zakachikwi BC.

4. kwambiri kukonda dziko lako chosema - otchuka padziko lonse fano la Liberty - mtundu wa chizindikiro cha anthu American. Ndi ya chiwiri kwa yaikulu mu dziko.

5. kwambiri golide chosema - fano la Buddha ili Thailand, Wat TRIME. The chosema atatu-mita wapadera kuti kwathunthu wagolidi olimba.