Cholinga cha mafakitale la Soviet Union. Zaka mafakitale, patsogolo ake, zotsatira

Socialist mafakitale a dziko analowa mbiri monga ndondomeko ya kulenga mwa makampani ake zamakono ndi mapangidwe zida luso la anthu. Kupatulapo zaka nkhondo ndi nthawi pambuyo nkhondo kukhazikitsanso zachuma, iye chimakwirira nthawi kuchokera makumi mochedwa zaka zao za sikisite oyambirira, koma katundu waukulu anagwa pa chikonzero chake choyamba zaka zisanu.

kufunika wamakono wa makampani

Cholinga cha mafakitale chinali kuthetsa backlog chifukwa cha kulephera kwa NEP kupereka mlingo zofunika zida luso chuma cha dziko. Ngati m'madera monga makampani kuwala, malonda ndi ntchito, pali ena patsogolo, ndiye kukhala mu zaka makampani katundu pamaziko a likulu payekha sikunali kotheka. Zifukwa m'gulu la mafakitale ndi kufunika kwa asilikali mafakitale zovuta.

Konzani woyamba zisanu

Pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga motsogozedwa Stalin anayamba kupanga ndi ndondomeko zisanu kwambiri kutukula (1928-1932 gg.) Anavomera mu April 1929 pa msonkhano wa msonkhano wina phwando. Ntchito anatumizidwa ogwira ntchito mafakitale onse, ambiri a iwo kuposa mwayi weniweni wa asangalatsi ndi. Komabe, chikalata ichi ndi mphamvu kuyitanitsa kuperekedwa mu nthawi ya nkhondo, ndipo Sanayenera kuona zokambirana.

Monga mwa dongosolo loyamba zaka zisanu, izo zimayenera kuonjezera mafakitale ndi 185% ndipo mu makina katundu kukwaniritsa kukula kupanga ndi 225%. Kuonetsetsa zolozerazi inakonzedwa kukwaniritsa zokolola wamkulu ndi 115%. Kukhazikitsa bwino dongosolo, malinga ndi kutukula, ayenera kutsogoleredwa ndi kuwonjezeka malipiro ambiri gawo kupanga ndi 70%, pamene ndalama alimi chinawonjezeka ndi 68%. Kumbali zokwanira kupereka boma ndi chakudya, dongosolo acemeresa okhudzidwa mu minda ndi gulu ndi pafupifupi 20% ya alimi.

Industrial chisokonezeko kwaiye ntchito liwiro

Kale pa kuphedwa kwa madongosolo akhala kwambiri yafupika yomanga nthawi ambiri makampani akuluakulu mafakitale ndi buku katundu ulimi ndi kuchuluka. Ichi chidachitika popanda kulungamitsidwa aliyense luso. mawerengedwe zinali zochokera makamaka pa changu ambiri, kutenthetsa ndi zikuluzikulu propaganda kampeni. Chimodzi mwa mawu a zaka anauzidwa kuchita dongosolo zaka zisanu zaka zinayi.

Makamaka mafakitale wa zaka inkakhala amakakamizidwa yomanga mafakitale. Amadziwika kuti kuchepetsa nthawi mipherezero asanu kuwirikiza kawiri, ndi chiwerengero cha ulimi anafika 30%. Motero, anali chinawonjezeka ndi mapulani collectivization. Chotero udzu ntchito amatipeza kulenga chipwirikiti imene gawo limodzi analibe nthawi mu chitukuko cha nthawi zina zokhudzana ndi iwo. Izi kumatha mwawi munakonza chitukuko cha chuma.

The chifukwa cha njira zisanu

Pakuti nthawi ya chaka choyamba asanu cholinga cha mafakitale zonse sichinayambe anafika. M'mafakitale ambiri ziwerengero weniweni kwambiri osati ku mabuku anakonza. Izi makamaka anakhudzidwa kupanga mphamvu, ndi yopanga zitsulo ndi kuponyedwa chitsulo. Koma, koma, pakhala kwambiri patsogolo chilengedwe cha asilikali mafakitale zovuta zonse zomangamanga concomitant.

Gawo lachiwiri la linatukuka

Mu 1934, dongosolo Analeredwa ndi Plan Chachiwiri asanu Chaka. Cholinga cha mafakitale wa dziko mu nthawi iyi anali kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito amakampani zinamangidwa m'mbuyomo zaka zisanu, komanso kuwonongedwa ambiri a chipwirikiti cha zotsatira zomwe anatuluka mu makampani chifukwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mwaukadaulo popanda ziwawa za chitukuko.

Mu kukafola dongosolo makamaka n'komwe zolakwa za m'mbuyomu. Buku lalikulu la ndalama yoperekedwa kwa kupanga, ndipo analandira chithandizo ndithu kuti mavuto kugwirizana ndi maphunziro luso zasekondale ndi apamwamba. chisankho chawo chinali pofuna chuma cha dziko okwanira akatswiri aluso.

Kulera zothandiza kuti mu zolinga zisanu

Kale mu zaka izi, mafakitale m'dzikoli, zotsatira zake sizikhala yaitali kubwera. M'mizinda, mwina nawonso kumidzi ali zinasintha. Mbali yaikulu izo ikukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu pa katundu ogula. The lonse bwino ichi makamaka yapitirira la msonkhano dziko zikuluzikulu propaganda kuperekedwa pa ngongole zonse yekha Party Communist ndi mtsogoleri wake Stalin.

Ngakhale m'zaka za mafakitale zinachitikadi ambiri oyamba zipangizo zatsopano m'madera ambiri a ulimi kulamuliridwa ndi ntchito yamanja, ndi kumene kukwaniritsa kukula zokolola ndi luso sanathe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito njira zofalitsira nkhani. Chitsanzo ndi kufalitsidwa pa zaka zimenezo, wotchuka Stakhanovite kuyenda. The mpikisano wokalandira linanena bungwe mbiri anatsogolera chakuti ena drummers, amene zochita zonse kukonzekera kampani analandira mphoto ndi mphatso, ndi zina kumawonjezera yekha mlingo mbali iyi wofanana ogwira ntchito yabwino.

Zotsatira za oyamba asanu

Mu 1937, Stalin analengeza kuti cholinga cha mafakitale kwakukulukulu akwaniritsa ndi sosholisimu wamangidwa. Ndipo zolephera zambiri pa ulimi ndi chifukwa kukayankha machenjerero a adani a anthu, amene unakhazikitsidwa mantha aakulu. Pamene chaka chotsatira atamaliza chachiwiri dongosolo zaka zisanu, ndiye monga zotsatira zake zofunika kwambiri ndi umboni wa kukula kwa ulimi wa chitsulo nkhumba mu nthawi ziwiri ndi theka, zitsulo - katatu, ndi galimoto - pa eyiti.

Ngati makumi linali dziko mwangwiro agrarian, wasanduka mafakitale-agrarian kumapeto kwa wachiwiri dongosolo zaka zisanu. Pakati pa magawo awiri awa zaka za moona Titanic ntchito za anthu onse. Mu nthawi unawonongedwa Soviet Union anakhala mafakitale mtundu wamphamvu. Akukhulupirira kuti mafakitale zokomera unakwaniritsidwa ndi chiyambi cha zaka zao za sikisite lapansi. Panthawi imeneyi anthu onse amene ankakhala m'mizinda, ndipo ankachita nawo mafakitale.

M'zaka za mafakitale, mafakitale watsopano monga galimoto, Azamlengalenga, mankhwala ndi mafakitale magetsi. Koma chofunika kwambiri chinali chakuti boma waphunzira kudziletsa kubala chinthu chofunika zosowa zawo. Ngati zida choyamba kwa kupanga mankhwala kunja kwa kunja, tsopano pafunika chifukwa chinaperekedwa ndi makampani payekha.