General Pedagogy - ndi chiyani ichi? Ntchito za pedagogy ambiri

Mwambo pa malamulo a maphunziro a munthu, amene akutukuka pophunzitsidwa ndi ndondomeko yophunzitsa sukulu ya mitundu yonse - ambiri pedagogy. Maphunziro amenewa amathandiza kuti chidziwitso cha sayansi zofunika anthu, zachilengedwe, wa munthu. Kudzera pedagogy monga chilango anapanga worldview ndi kukhala ndi luso chidziwitso, kumakhaladi dongosolo bwino mu ndondomeko ya dziko, luso anapeza kuti ntchito ndiponso maphunziro omwe ndi zofunika kwa aliyense. General pedagogy -, tidzayesetsa yaikulu kugula zosiyanasiyana luso othandiza. Ndi dongosolo ongolankhula wa sayansi pedagogical, yomwe ikufotokoza pedagogical chidziwitso, ntchito ndi njira, malinga ndi zochita. Komanso, malo omwe mwa sayansi ena chimakwirira pedagogy ambiri. Izi ndi zofunika kuti maphunziro ambiri amayamba ndi nkhaniyi. Choyamba, kutifotokozera ntchito, kufunika ndi mgwirizano ndi sayansi ena amafuna kusiyanitsa ongolankhula ndi ntchito pedagogy.

Ndime ndi milingo

Mutu wa pedagogy ambiri lagawidwa m'zigawo zinayi zikuluzikulu, omwe tsopano wodziimira nthambi ya nzeru.

1. zapansi General.
2. Kuphunzira chiphunzitso (didactics).
3. Chiphunzitso cha maphunziro.
4. Sukulu utsogoleli.

Chigawo chilichonse angaonedwe misinkhu awiri - ongolankhula ndi ntchito. General pedagogy - ndi koposa zonse, sayansi, ozikidwa pa systematization ndi gulu la mfundo zofunika ndiponso pa tanthauzo la asapita cholinga anakhazikitsa pakati pawo. Akuphunzira zinthu zatsopano mosavuta anapereka ntchito mfundo kale nzika analandira osati m'kalasi pedagogy, komanso zosiyanasiyana zinthu zina. General maziko pedagogy atchule wophunzirayo kuti maziko a sayansi, imene zothandiza kupeza maulalo ndi moyo, umene ndi chofunika kuti systematization mfundo zofuna bwino. N'zochititsa chidwi kuchuluka mlingo wa erudition, ngati munthu wapatuka cholowa malingaliro a dongosolo. Ndicho, izi nzeru ndi luso ndi pochitika chimango ambiri maphunziro.

Chilango ichi ndi chigawo ake ongolankhula - didactics, kuwulula chitsanzo cha kuloŵerera cha chuma, ndiko kuti, chiphunzitso cha pedagogy ambiri. Ndipo buku chimafotokozera, ndipo dongosolo lililonse Inde, akufotokozera ndi bwino njira gulu ndi njira lonse kuphunzira. Chiphunzitso cha maphunziro - wa pedagogy ambiri, kuphunzira njira za umunthu chitukuko, mapangidwe zikhulupiriro, kusanthula ndi Maganizo a maphunziro a lililonse asapita munthu ndi lotha. Chiphunzitso cha maphunziro lili ndi njira ntchito ndi anthu a maluso osiyanasiyana aluntha, mawonetseredwe volitional, makhalidwe, zolinga ndi zofuna. Education amabwera mu mbali zisanu ndi imodzi: thupi, ntchito, zokongoletsa, makhalidwe abwino, malamulo ndi ozindikira.

Age pedagogy

General ndi akatswiri pedagogy zimasiyana kwambiri wina ndi mnzake, mmene wamkulu, izo zimatengera malire zaka. Imafotokoza maphunziro akatswiri pa maphunziro akatswiri: uphunzitsi mafakitale ntchito, maphunziro ndi sekondale apadera sekondale ndi dzina chogwirizana ya nthambi iliyonse. Kenako, ndipo nthambi iliyonse ali ndi "masamba", ndiye chidziwitso pedagogical ogaŵikana zigawo zosiyana, potsata pa ntchito mafakitale. Choncho anabwera pedagogy asilikali, zomangamanga, mankhwala ndi zina zotero. Mokulira ndi ambiri ndipo ntchito pedagogy kuchita ntchito yomweyo. zaka chabe maphunziro maphunziro limatchula pakati pa gulu lapadera zaka, kuphimba mibadwo yonse kuyambira muli mwana zonse. The yamtunduwu wa sayansi zaka pedagogy, zipangizo, luso, dongosolo mu gulu la maphunziro ndi njira yophunzitsa mabungwe onse yophunzitsa - a mtundu uliwonse.

• Nazale pedagogy.
• General sukulu pedagogy.
• Pedagogy ya sekondale.
• Pedagogy za maphunziro apamwamba.
• Androgogics (akuluakulu).
• Pedagogy wa Age Chachitatu (okalamba).

Za sukulu mavuto pedagogy ufunika angapo, chifukwa iwo anathana ntchito njira zoyenera pa ntchito pophunzitsa anthu a mibadwo yonse. Apa tikuphunzira zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana maphunziro - otukuka, limati, formations, kusonyeza maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe njira chimodzi. Tikambirana mavuto kasamalidwe maphunziro m'gulu la ndondomeko maphunziro, kusanthula ntchito ya sukulu munthu, tikunena njira ndi kasamalidwe zili malonda sukulu ndi makonzedwe a - kuchokera pansi mmwamba, kwa mkulu wa bungwe la ku Unduna wa Maphunziro. Ntchito za pedagogy ambiri kubwera makamaka zofunikira za mlingo wokweretsa ya utsogoleri.

akatswiri

Yopanga pedagogy umalimbana maphunziro anthu amene akugwira ntchito, Orients iwo chitukuko akatswiri oyamba umisiri watsopano, kuphunzitsa akatswiri. Izi zotsatira zenizeni zomwe zili nkhani yophunzitsa ndi wokhutira. The Tinganenenso chimodzimodzi za maphunziro a usilikali. Ichi ndi ambiri maphunziro apadera, kuphunzira mbali ya maphunziro m'munda usilikali. Apa, zosiyanasiyana ndi maziko ongolankhula, njira ndi njira mu maphunziro ndi maphunziro a asilikali a udindo uliwonse. Zomwezo ndipo amafuna yeniyeni ndi akukhudzidwira pedagogic chikhalidwe. Iwo amaphunzira njira Pawokha lomenyera limatchula za mmene zinthu zinalili pa maganizo ake lolunjika pa zolakwika mwakale ndipo zifukwa asayembekezere, ndipo anayamba njira resocialization wa deviants. pedagogy Social lagawidwa m'magawo atatu: banja, njira ndi chilango (kachiwiri olakwa). Kuchokera pamenepa, ife tikuona kuti chinthu chonse pedagogic akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri, malinga enieni chidziwitso ntchito.

Defectology - ndende pedagogy kuti amaphunzira pa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu za chitukuko cha anthu olumala kapena kuvutika maganizo. Pali malo angapo osiyana mu dera lino, chomwe chimayimira pedagogy ambiri. History of Pedagogy ndi Education akuitana woyamba wa nthambi iliyonse malo, milingo maphunziro ndi ntchito moyo. Kenako defectology anali pachibwenzi osati ophunzira ndi kumva, kuona, ndi nzeru, koma anapezeka ndi matenda kulankhula, maganizo kupepera, ndi matenda kayendedwe ndipo satha kulankhula bwinobwino. Kuwonjezera nthambi izi mwangwiro yeniyeni ndi ongolankhula ndi - ndi pedagogy poyerekeza, pamene chinthu pedagogy ambiri amawerenga zochita zosiyanasiyana mchitidwewu ndi chiphunzitso mu zigawo zosiyana ndi maiko, limatchula mitundu, chiŵerengero cha mumaganiza, kufunafuna njira ndi njira patsogolo tonse kachitidwe maphunziro ndi ntchito zinachitikira yachilendo.

Malamulo ndi regularities

sayansi iliyonse imakhala ndi dongosolo la malamulo ndi malamulo awo. Kodi chilamulo, ngati mulibe kulankhula ndi conditionality likunena mobwerezabwereza ndi yokulirapo. Chidziwitso cha malamulo kumathandiza awulule osati asapita zonse ndi aya, ndi okhawo amene mokwanira kusonyeza chodabwitsa yokha. Malamulo ndi cholinga, kuchokera yekha zenizeni ali iwo. Mmodzi wa subsystems chikhalidwe - chiphunzitso, ndi zigawo zake mu njira yomweyo chikugwirizana ubwenzi.

Choncho, pali kuphunzitsa malamulo monga gulu kapena lingaliro. General pedagogy amachitira izo monga gulu kutanthauza cholinga, chofunika kwambiri, kofunikira, ofanana ndi khola kumatchula chodabwitsa akamaziwononga pedagogical, komanso ubale wa zigawo zikuluzikulu za dongosolo lonse, amene amasonyeza njira wodzilamulira kuzindikira, kudzikonda chitukuko ndi kugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo la maphunziro mu uthunthu wake. Chomwecho chitsanzo - ndi yosonyezera chilamulo, pali mbali zina za mfundo "kuphunzitsa chilamulo", chifukwa ntchito mu kuphunzira zinthu payekha dongosolo ndi zipani zina za ntchito yophunzitsa.

mfundo

Mfundo za pedagogy poganizira chabe pa maziko a malamulo ndi regularities kuwalitsa chodabwitsa kotero, zomwe ziyenera Choncho kukhala ndi kupereka chomera momwe izo m'pofunika kuchita kuti akonze zogwirizana zolinga pedagogical. mfundo amatumikira monga zofunikira zolimbana ndi muyezo ndi kusintha Mwachangu njira zothandiza. iwo akhoza kukhala malo chachikulu ndi dongosolo kupanga chinthu chifukwa chitukuko cha pedagogy ongolankhula.

Mfundo pophunzitsa sayansi amatanthauza kuika: prirodosoobraznost ndi kulturosoobraznogo, mwadongosolo ndi zogwirizana, vuto ndi optimality, kupezeka kwa maphunziro ndi ena ambiri. Pedagogical gulu, kusonyeza waukulu mosavomerezeka riziki, zochokera dongosolo chiphunzitso ndi yodziwika ndi njira wamba kuthetsa mavuto maphunziro (mavuto) - uyu ndi mfundo pedagogical. Aliyense wa iwo akuyendera malingana ndi malamulo.

malamulo

amafuna zolimbana, malamulo ndi malangizo yofunsira kukhazikitsa mfundo za maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa - malamulo pedagogical. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo ya chodya ndi kugula kuphunzira lifunika zagwiridwa ndi thandizo la malamulo amenewa: kuwerengera ndi mlingo leni ankakonzekera mu chitukuko cha ophunzira ntchito chuma pophunzitsa, monga aone, kukhazikitsa mfundo ataphunzira kale watsopano miyeso kugwilizana zovuta zakuthupi ndi zina zotero.

Mfundo chimatanthauza njira ya yophunzitsa, ndipo malamulo - machenjerero ake, kuti, kunyamula zothandiza ntchito tanthauzo, monga anakhazikitsa kuti athetse mavuto enieni ndi kuonetsa ubale munthu causal, osati wonse chitsanzo maphunziro. Choncho, zinthu zochitika zeni ntchito ayenera potengera dongosolo lonse la malamulo ndi mfundo okhulupirika ake onse ndi Mgwirizano wa zinthu payekha. Kuti njira kumafuna lonse malamulo ake pedagogy ambiri. Education ayenera kukhala zothandiza - ndi mfundo yaikulu, yomwe ikuchokera pa pamwamba pa dongosolo coherent malamulo maphunziro ndi malangizo.

terminology

Akuti kunena za sayansi awiri osiyana, zikumveka ngati "zamaganizo yophunzitsa", pamene mau oyamba - m'munsi sayansi, koma ndi nthambi zazikulu za kuwerenga maganizo, cholinga kuphunzira regularities mu ndondomeko ya maphunziro ndi maphunziro. General Psychology ndi Pedagogy - yaitali kwambiri ndi dzina penapake anthuwo chilango ichi. A zamaganizo pedagogical amakhala ndi umakula ndi sayansi ntchito kusintha kuchita zimene pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe nthambi zonse za kuwerenga maganizo.

Mawu amenewa anaonekera maonekedwe sakhala pomwepo. Border chilango pakati pa kuwerenga kwa maganizo ndi pedagogy mwakhala mawu ndipo anamutcha pedology, ndi pedagogy experimental, ndi kokha wachitatu woyamba zaka mazana makumi awiri, mfundo zimenezi akhala streamlined ndi kusiyanitsidwa. Experimental pedagogy, ndi njira, alipo ngati munda wa kafukufuku pedagogical zenizeni komanso sayansi maphunziro wakhala munda wa Chidziwitso ndi maziko maganizo maphunziro othandiza ndi ongolankhula.

Omumvera ndi zinthu

Popeza kuwerenga maganizo maphunziro amaphunzira malamulo chitukuko maphunziro ndi maphunziro a munthu, izo zogwirizana kwambiri ndi khalidwe ena: a masiyanidwe ndi mwana maganizo, psychophysiology ndipo, ndithudi, ndi pedagogy - ongolankhula ndi othandiza. Akuyendera kuti pachimake pa chilangocho, m'pofunika kukumbukira kuti nthambi iliyonse ya sayansi zikuphatikizapo mfundo za chinthu ndi mutu. Yotsirizira amatanthauza umodzi wina makamaka kudera la zenizeni zimene wasankha kuphunzira sayansi. Nthawi zambiri, chinthu anawerengedwa m'dzina. ndi chinthu pedagogy ambiri chiyani? General Pedagogy, kumene.

Koma phunziro la sayansi - mbali umodzi kapena mbali zosiyanasiyana za chinthu akuphunziridwa, ndi munthu kapena anthu dzanja, kuti phunziro la sayansi zonse. Mu nkhani pedagogy ambiri chiyani? Ambiri a iwo. Chabwino, mwachitsanzo, dokotala wodziwa za vutoli. Kapena pedagogy ya sekondale. phunziro sangosonyeza mbali zonse za chinthu, koma monga chakuti ambiri chinthu palibe. Ndipo chifukwa chitukuko cha sayansi aliyense ikukhudza chitukuko cha nkhani yake. chinthu aliyense akhoza kukhala phunziro la zosiyanasiyana za sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, munthu. Iwo anaphunzira pafupifupi onse Chaanthu, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, Anthropology, zamoyo, ndi mndandanda akupitiriza. Koma malo izi sayansi nkhani - chakuti iye kuphunzira chinthu anapatsidwa.

Science Pedagogy

Mosiyana ndi ena ayi sayansi akufotokozera, chinthu chomwecho chimachitika ndi nthambi yophunzitsa nzeru za anthu. History of Education limanena kuti pedagogical choyambirira ankaganiza mwatsatanetsatane ambiri anzeru. Mfundo yoyamba za analeredwa ndi maphunziro akhala zimaonekera mbalume achipembedzo, mabuku ndi malamulo ulozheniju zapitazi. sayansi kukodzedwa, zinachitika pa sayansi zosiyanasiyana, pedagogy, nayenso, kupangidwa ngati nthambi zosiyana. Pomwepo adadza nthawi disengagement intrascientific, kupanga kuchuluka kwa nthambi za dongosolo mu sayansi pedagogical. Pambuyo pake, malinga ndi sayansi ya sayansi, nyengo ya kaphatikizidwe wa sayansi. Koma tanthawuzo akanali yemweyo: kuphunzira regularities mu kufala kwa m'badwo akulu a zinachitikira zokhudza achinyamata ndiponso yogwira ndondomeko ya chimbudzi.

chabe ambiri pedagogy amaona zochitika zenizeni zimathandiza kuti chitukuko ndi mapangidwe munthu mu njira watanthauzo wa bizinesi wophunzitsa ndi anthu. Pansi chodabwitsa cha chowonadi nkhulongera Mwachitsanzo, maphunziro momwe maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa zofuna za munthu komanso chikhalidwe ndi boma. The phunziro la pedagogy amaona chilichonse chimodzimodzi mwadala ndi bwino bungwe pedagogical ndondomeko. Pedagogy sayansi ikufotokoza osati chikhalidwe komanso dongosolo la, zinthu, malingaliro ndi mfundo chitukuko cha ndondomeko za maphunziro, izo zikugwira chitukuko cha chiphunzitso ndi zipangizo zamakono, kusintha kwa zili, chilengedwe cha latsopano mitundu gulu, njira ndi luso la ntchito pedagogical. Chotero tanthauzo la nkhani ndi chinthu amasonyeza tanthauzo la pedagogy kuti - sayansi kulangiza ndi kuphunzitsa anthu. zolinga zake ndi chizindikiritso cha dongosolo ndi kufunafuna njira mulingo woyenera mapangidwe, kulangiza ndi kuphunzitsa munthu.

Nchito ndi ntchito

Nchito ali awiri pedagogic ambiri: ongolankhula ndi luso, ndipo aliyense wa iwo akhoza akuyendera pa mbali zitatu. Choyamba - ikulongosola kapena kufotokozera, matenda ndi madokotala ananena zawo, wachiwiri - pa ziyerekezo kusintha reflex. Ntchito za ambiri pedagogy ambiri yaikulu - anayi.

• Kupeza dongosolo mu ndondomeko maphunziro, maphunziro, kuphunzira, kasamalidwe ka machitidwe maphunziro.
• Kuphunzira ndi chifupikitso cha kumapeto ndi zinachitikira kuphunzitsa.
• Pedagogical futurology (Mapa).
• Kukhazikitsa zotsatira za kafukufuku ntchito.

Kuphunzitsa sayansi, ngati wina aliyense, wayika yokha mafunso ena okhudza zochitika zake. Pali zambiri, koma zikuluzikulu - atatu. Cholinga reader - kodi ndi zimene kuphunzitsa ndi kuphunzitsa? Okhutira kulangiza ndi kuphunzitsa - zoyenera kuphunzitsa, kuphunzitsa m'njira yotani? Njira ndi luso - mmene kuphunzitsa ndiponso mmene angalerere? Awa ndi zambiri zina za sayansi pedagogical ndi kuthetsedwa tsiku lililonse.

Zikhulupiriro Basic (Magawo)

Analeredwa - n'cholinga ndiponso chokhalitsa amadza kuti kudziunjikira zofunika mwana zinachitikira chikhalidwe mapangidwe dongosolo lake la makhalidwe analandira anthu.

Education - makamaka bungwe ndipo anakwanitsa purposefully migwirizano ndondomeko ya mphunzitsi ndi wophunzira, zomwe cholinga chake ndicho kuphunzira, luso, luso ndi njira yodziwira, ndi chitukuko cha luso ndi chidwi kuphunzira.

Education - zotsatira za mchitidwe wa lophunzira dongosolo la chidziwitso, luso, luso, kupanga maziko a maganizo ameneŵa umunthu khalidwe ndi kukhala ndi luso la kulenga.

Ndimapanga - kufooketsedwa ndi zifukwa zambiri - maganizo, ekonoomicheskih, chikhalidwe, maganizo ndi zina zotero - mapangidwe munthu mmadera. Apa tisaiwale kuti maphunziro - sali chinthu chokha chimene makhalidwe a aumbike.

Development - kukhazikitsa katundu anthu, internally chibadidwe m'menemo, achibadwidwe ndi luso.

Socialization - kudziona kuzindikira pa moyo ndi kuloŵerera zonse ndi kubalana chikhalidwe chikhalidwe.

Maphunziro ntchito - ntchito katswiri wa aphunzitsi, amene amagwiritsa ntchito zimakhudza Trust ndi mogwirizana ndi iwo kuthetsa mavuto maphunziro, kulangiza ndi kuphunzitsa.

Mphunzitsi mogwirizana - sukulu dala kukhudzana ndi mwana kusintha khalidwe lake, ntchito kapena paubwenzi.

Mu masayansi, kugwirizana ndi mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha munthu, maphunziro akuti ndi ofunika kwambiri, chifukwa zonsezi ndi kovuta sanaphunzire ndi maphunziro - mnjira dala kumene mphunzitsi ndi anzake ophunzira za kulanda ndi kuloŵerera zinachitikira chikhalidwe. Pedagogy zachokera kukwaniritsa pafupifupi onse sayansi ya anthu, kotero mofulumira akupangidwa akupeza njira ndi luso kupeza njira zabwino za mapangidwe mwana wa umunthu, maphunziro ndi maphunziro.