Chitsanzo pathological ndondomeko: tanthauzo, zizindikiro, zitsanzo

Chirichonse chimene chimachitika m'thupi la munthu umamvera malamulo ena. Amachita stereotypically mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe, choncho thupi akuyesera kudziteteza ku "oukira" mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala kapena katemera, nthawi zina kundipweteka yekha. Zachitikiranji zimenezi? Ndipo kodi tingatani kusonkhezera ndondomeko izi kutembenukira ku ntchito zawo? Kodi pali mfundo ambiri pathological ndondomeko, mitundu, kaphatikizidwe katundu? Pa nkhani zimenezi kwa mazana a zaka, madotolo ndi asayansi amanena. Iwo akuyesera kubweretsa malamulo a zochita za thupi, yosanthula ntchito yake.

tanthauzo

Chitsanzo pathological ndondomeko - ndi kugwa mosiyanasiyana yotsatana kunachitika thupi poyankha zinthu zina amakumana kusokoneza Inde yachibadwa njira yofunika kwambiri. ndondomeko iliyonse pathological ali ndi makhalidwe monga kusinthasintha, stereotypy, pole etiology, autochthonous, equifinality ndi osiyana mphamvu kakulidwe.

Chidziwitso cha makhalidwe amalola kuonetsetsa mmene pathological njira chochuluka zochita zonse zikuchitika mu thupi mphindi iliyonse.

Main makhalidwe a ndondomeko pathological

Pakuti njira lililonse pathological yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa makhalidwe sikisi enieni.

1. Molakwa. Kupezeka kwa zinthu ankaikira ndondomeko, mosasamala zimene zimayambitsa matendawo ndi kutanthauzira.
2. Zosiyanasiyana. Chitsanzo ndondomeko matenda mungakhale mabungwe osiyana matenda.
3. Polyetiology. Etiologic wothandizila matendawa ali chabe sitata ntchito ndipo si okhazikika.
4. Autochthonous. chuma cha ndondomeko kukhala paokha, ngakhale pamene causative Chinthu ndi chitatha.
5. Equifinality. njira zosiyanasiyana za kukhazikitsa ndondomeko pathological kuti kungathandize kuti apange chimodzimodzi ndi mapeto.
6. Kakulidwe mphamvu. Izi kusintha kwa njira ya malamulo ndi ndondomeko pathological.

Kudziwa makhalidwe amenewa, n'zotheka kudziwa iliyonse mmene njira pathological. Zitsanzo za zochitika ngati: kutupa, kutentha thupi, hypoxia, nkhawa, mantha. Komanso akhoza zimachitika njira izi, thrombosis chotupa, manja, ndi ena ambiri.

kutupa

Kutupa - chitsanzo pathological ndondomeko kuti umakhala ndi kusintha mu magazi, kuchuluka mtima permeability osakaniza ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo ndi ozungulira zimakhala dystrophy. Ndi cholinga chake pa Kupha nzothandiza tizilombo ndiponso ayambe zimakhala ndi ziwalo ntchito.

Kutupa zikuphatikizapo likufotokoza zinthu zisanu zofunika: kutentha, ululu, kutupa, redness, ndi kukanika. zizindikiro zimenezi zikusonyeza njira pathological angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa matenda ndi matenda zosiyanasiyana mabungwe. yotupa limagwirira Sizachilendo zamoyo zonse, kuphatikizapo mogwirizana, kaya zinthu choyambitsa ndi mbali structural za thupi.

kutupa aliyense ayenera kudutsa masiteji atatu, zomwe zingakhale zambiri kapena zochepa kutchulidwa. Gawo loyamba - zosinthidwa. Iwo amagwirizana ndi kuwonongeka kwa zimakhala ndi maselo. Kuwatsatira exudation umayamba pa mtima mu malo owonongeka akuyamba otaya madzimadzi. Ndipo gawo lomaliza - KUCHULUKA. Izi yogwira selo kuchulukana ndi minofu kusinthika (kusinthika).

malungo

Chitsanzo njira pathological mulinso anakweza kutentha ndi anoxia. Mukhoza kuyamba ndi malungo. Iwo amakhala ndi malungo kulimbikira chifukwa kusintha mu dongosolo thermoregulatory. Evolutionarily linachepa aumbike kuteteza thupi ku wothandizira opatsirana kuti anafa pansi pa zochita za kutentha.

A angapo zaka zapitazo, matenda onse mu njira ya chitukuko imene aukitsa kutentha, amatchedwa "Mungu." Mawu amenewa alipo lero m'dzina la ena mabungwe matenda, koma osati paliponse.

Akamanena za zodabwitsazi kwagona kuti thupi pambuyo kugundidwa ndi tizilomboto limapanga chapadera mankhwala - keke. Mankhwala awa bwanji pakati thermoregulatory ndi kuloza zonse setpoint kutentha ndi apamwamba kuposa masiku. Koma iwo thermoregulatory njira kusunga ntchito zawo. Yonena kusiyana malungo kuchokera hyperthermia, imene pali kulephereka kwa compensatory njira thermoregulation.

hypoxia

Hypoxia - lililonse pathological ndondomeko kuti kumachitika chifukwa cha kusowa oxygen mpweya kapena chifukwa kuyan'anila za yobereka awo ziwalo ndipo zimakhala.

kusiyanitsa:

- hypoxic hypoxia (mpweya kuthamanga dontho mu mlengalenga yozungulira);
- kupuma kapena kupuma (kulemala zoyendera mpweya mwa chotchinga gematoalveolyarny);
- hematic mwinamwake Blutwurst (kusagwira wa magazi okosijeni);
- magazi (yafupika mlingo makope);
- nsalu (kuchepetsa minofu mpweya maganizo);
- zimamuchulukira (nembanemba maselo limba zimagwirira ntchito lomwa);
- wosanganiza;
- zopangidwa (akufotokozera ngati thupi nthawi yaitali pamalo ndi chifunga mkulu).

tcheru kwambiri kusowa mpweya ndi minofu mantha, minofu mtima, chiwindi ndi maselo a impsyo. Pakuti kuwukonza hypoxia ntchito mankhwala kuwonjezera yobereka mpweya zimakhala kapena kuchepetsa kufunika thupi kwa mpweya izi.

ziwengo

Lingaliro la njira lililonse pathological sangachite popanda kutchulanso chifuwa. Izi ayankhe hypersensitive ya chitetezo cha m'thupi la thupi kuoneka antigens thupi. Pali mitundu anayi hypersensitivity:

1. Anaphylactic. Pa yoyamba thupi aumbike ndi Antigen kwambiri IgE, amene anaphatikiza mlongoti maselo amazungulira m'magazi. Mobwerezabwereza kukhudzana ndi Antigen ndi, maselo mlongoti adzaonongedwa, magazi ndi minofu kugwa yotupa owayimira amene amachititsa zochita zokhudza zonse.
2. Cytotoxic. Antigen ili pa khungu nembanemba, makalasi analanda immunoglobulin M ndi G. Kenako maselo anawonongedwa ndi phagocytosis, kapena mutamwa mapuloteni, kapena maselo zachilengedwe wakupha.
3. Immunocomplex. Chitetezo ndi kalekale olumikizidwa kwa antigens ndi adzadziphatika Mitsempha. Mtima maselo za indofeliyamu anawonongedwa ndi michere anamasulidwa.
4. Anachedwa mtundu hypersensitivity (DTH). The Antigen alowa m'thupi, interacts ndi macrophages ndi maselo ndi zolimbikitsa chitetezo chokwanira.

kupanikizika

Kupanikizika - lingaliro gulu kuphatikizapo njira si yeniyeni anatengera za thupi zimene aphatikizidwa mchikakamizo cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana kunja ndi mkati. Kuonetsetsa zabwino nkhawa - eustress ndi zoipa - masautso. Ndi mtundu kukhudzana kusiyanitsa neuropsychic, kutentha, kuwala, etc. Golodova. Zosautsa.

nkhawa zokhudza thupi amatchedwanso mkulu anatengera syndrome (OSA). Physiologist Hans Salle anapeza kuti, kuwonjezera malipiro a boma la nkhawa komanso pali ena kuwonongeka kwa zinthu thupi: kuchepetsa wa thymus England, kuwonjezera kotekisi adrenal, zilonda za m'mimba thirakiti.

Katswiri yemweyu kupeza magawo atatu a CCA:

- Alamu (yolimbikitsa ya nkhokwe thupi);
- kulimbikira;
- wakuta.

Patatha zaka zisanu kufalitsa maganizo akewo, mu 1938, iye anaganiza chiphunzitso Salie akuti anatengera.

thrombosis

Chitsanzo pathological njira kugwirizana ndi matenda a magazi - ndi hypoxia ndi thrombosis. Last ndi mapangidwe kuundana mkati mitsempha ya moyo wa munthu. Zotsatirazi choipa wolumikizira, mtsempha, capillary chotengera kapena udzu wina uliwonse kwa malo a chotupa cha othandiza magazi kuundana amene kukakamirana pamodzi ndi kupanga choyambirira Ulimbo aumirira. Watseka chilema ndi kusiya imfa ya magazi kuchokera bedi mtima.

Izi HIV mbali ndondomeko. Komabe, zinthu zina (magazi chachikulu imfa, kulephera kwa asilikali anatengera, okwera lipids magazi), magazi amaundana, kupanga ndi popanda kuwononga m'magazi. Kuundana zimafala kudzera m'magazi ndi akhoza kuononga yaing'ono (kapena yaikulu) ziwiya, kuchititsa ischemia ndi chiwalo necrosis.

Pali zinthu zitatu zimene zimalimbikitsa thrombosis, m. N. Virchow ndi wa ku:

- hypercoagulation kapena thrombophilia (a chikhalidwe chifukwa cha nthenda ya kumtundu kapena kuchuluka kufunitsitsa a chitetezo chokwanira);
- mucosal kuwonongeka mtima maselo (zoopsa opaleshoni, matenda);
- kuphwanya otaya magazi kwa malo a choipa (stasis magazi chifukwa matenda a mtima).

chotupa

sayansi Medical mukhoza kutengedwa ngati chotupa chitsanzo ndondomeko pathological. Tanthauzo la lingaliro ili ndi izi: ndi minofu kuti anapanga chifukwa cha kusintha mu zida za majini a khungu. kusintha zinachititsa kuti kusokonezeka kwa kukula ndi zosiyanasiyana.

zotupa onse m'magulu awiri: chosaopsa ndi zilonda. Pali zinthu zisanu zomwe zimachitikira zotupa zonse:

- atypia (minofu kapena foni);
- dongosolo organoid;
- Chitukuko;
- kudziyimira pawokha;
- kukula malire.

Pakuti chosaopsa wosakwiya kukula. Iwo alibe kupanga metastases ndipo alibe kuchita zoipa lake lonse. Koma pa confluence a zinthu zopanda mungathe zilonda chotupa.

kukhwinyata

Chitsanzo njira pathological monga manja ndi alibe. Manja - kuchepetsa kukula kwa ziwalo ndipo zimakhala chifukwa matenda ovutika kudya. Pa manja anati kuchepa kwa makulidwe ulusi minofu, kuchepetsa akitini ndi myosin, pulasitiki zinthu. Mu myocardium kuoneka m'madera necrosis, ndi pa akalowa m'mimba - chilonda. Manja akufotokozera mu nthawi pamene munthu wotopa ndi matenda yaitali kapena kukakamizidwa kuchita mogwirizana ndi bedi zina okhwima, monga pambuyo wovulala kapena vuto la mtima.

Zotsatira za manja zosavuta kukonza, ngati yake kubwezeretsa galimoto ntchito. Choncho anaganiza kulera opaleshoni ya mtima mu nthawi postoperative mu odwala mwakayakaya - kuchita physiotherapy ndi kupuma kokoka.

Mu mawu omwe siali a chipatala, mawu ntchito, pamene iwo akufuna kuchita pa imfa nzeru kapena luso.

dystrophy

Dystrophy - lililonse pathological ndondomeko, matenda kagayidwe kachakudya yodziwika pa mlingo minofu, imbaenda kusintha awo structural. Pa mtima za ndondomekoyi ndi kuphwanya maselo mphamvu. Zimagwirira minofu trophic ndi ziwalo anawagawa okhudza maselo ambiri ndi extracellular.

zimagwirira okhudza maselo ambiri monga:

- zoyendera katundu kagayidwe kachakudya mwa mwazi ndi lymph;
- intercellular mesenchyme;
- neuroendocrine lamulo.

Kulakwila lililonse kugwirizana payekha, kapena onse pamodzi ndi mtundu wa zakudya m'thupi. Secrete mapuloteni, mafuta, zimam'patsa ndi mchere dystrophy, komanso aakulu.

atherosclerosis

Kulakwila kagayidwe zamadzimadzi ndi mu njira lililonse pathological. The pathophysiology a chikhalidwe ichi ndi ofanana kwa kagayidwe kunyama ndi mafunsidwe awo malinga chotengera. Lipids ndi otsika ndi kwambiri otsika kachulukidwe impregnated maselo za indofeliyamu kupanga mipukutuyi atheromatous. Mu siteji yotsatira malo awo limakula connective minofu kuti imbibiruetsya kashiamu ayoni. makoma chotengera ndi opunduka, yopapatiza ndipo kotheratu yatsekera. Zimenezi zimabweretsa ischemia ndi chiwalo kukanika.