Cheza mayunitsi. ozama cheza muyeso wagawo

Kuyambira pakati pa zaka zana otsiriza, sayansi wabwera mawu atsopano - cheza. anapeza zasinthiratu maganizo a sayansi padziko lonse ndipo analola kuti achotse ena ziphunzitso Newtonian ndi kupanga mfundo molimba mtima za loukitsa, chilengedwe chake ndi malo athu izo. Koma zonsezi - kwa akatswiri. The townsfolk komanso yekha akuusa moyo ndi kuyesera chidutswa pamodzi ndidziwe anthuwo nkhaniyi. Complicating ndondomeko ndi chakuti unit cheza pali ndithu kwambiri ndipo iwo onse ali oyenera.

terminology

The Mauwa, amene ayenera kukumana - Ndipotu, cheza. Chotero anaitana ndondomeko umuna chinthu chilichonse cha particles miniti, monga ma elekitironi, mapulotoni, neutrons, helium maatomu, ndi ena. Malinga mtundu wa tinthu katundu cheza amasiyana Chrixitu. Umuna unkachitika kaya oipa mu zinthu chosavuta, kaya kaphatikizidwe awo.

Cheza muyeso wagawo - ndi maganizo ochiritsira omwe akusonyeza particles angati pulayimale anamasulidwa nkhaniyo. Pa nthawi, sayansi ukugwira mayunitsi asanu osiyana ndi ma zace. Izi zimathandiza kufotokoza njira zosiyanasiyana zimene zidzachitike nkhaniyi.

Nyukiliya kuwola - kusintha owonjezera a dongosolo la mtima wosakhazikika maatomu ntchito kumasulidwa microparticles.

Kuwola zonse - ndi mfundo zowerengera, akuneneratu Mwina kulephera kwa maatomu kwa nyengo zina za nthawi.

Hafu ya moyo - nthawi imeneyi imene linawola theka la mlingo wa mankhwala. Ena zinthu za izo anayesedwa mu mphindi, pamene ena - kwa zaka ndi zambiri.

anayeza cheza Kodi

Mayunitsi wa muyeso cheza - osati okhawo amene ntchito amayang'anitsitsa katundu zipangizo nyukiliya. Komanso ntchito mfundozi monga:
- Ntchito cheza gwero;
- kamwazi kachulukidwe (nambala ya ionizing particles pa malo wagawo).

Komanso, pali kusiyana mu kufotokoza zotsatira cheza pa amoyo ndi zopanda moyo zinthu. Choncho, ngati chikhazikitso zopanda moyo, zimene zimagwira ntchito kwa izo mfundo:

- mlingo odzipereka;
- kukhudzana mlingo.

Ngati cheza amasintha minofu moyo, mawu otsatirawa ntchito:

- ofanana mlingo;
- ogwira ofanana mlingo;
- mlingo mlingo.

mayunitsi cheza ali, monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, ochiritsira M'ndandanda mfundo anatengedwa ndi asayansi kuti magawowa anapezazo ndi kumanga malingaliro ndi ziphunzitso. Mwina ndiye chifukwa chake palibe umodzi wamba unit wa muyeso.

Curie

Mmodzi wa mayunitsi ndi cheza ndi curie. Zilibe ntchito dongosolo wanu (sikuli kwa dongosolo SI). Mu Russia, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu sayansi ya nyukiliya ndi mankhwala. Yogwira mankhwala adzakhala ofanana curie limodzi pa mphindi ngati kudzachitika 3,7 milliardov nyukiliya limawola n'kusanduka. Ndiko kunena kuti curie limodzi ndi wofanana becquerels biliyoni atatu miliyoni mazana asanu ndi awiri.

chiwerengero Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti Mariya Kyuri (amene anadzetsa sayansi akuti) imachitika zatsopano awo pa Analandira ndipo anatenga monga maziko mlingo wake wa chibvundi. Koma pa nthawi, asayansi anaganiza kuti phindu n'zosangalatsa kumva za wagawo izi bwino kutsatira zina - becquerel. N'zotheka kupewa zina zolakwika mu masamu.

Kuwonjezera CI, mukhoza zambiri multiples kapena submultiples, monga:
- megacuries (wofanana 3,7 kuti 10 16 becquerels digiri);
- kilocurie (3.7 biliyoni zikwi becquerels);
- MC (miliyoni 37 becquerels);
- microcuries (37,000 becquerels).

Ndi wagawo izi tingasonyezere buku, pamwamba, kapena zochitika zenizeni za thunthu.

Becquerel

Unit Mlingo wa poizoni Becquerel ndi zokhudza zonse ndipo ali m'gulu mayunitsi (SI) dongosolo International. Ndi yosavuta, chifukwa cha kutentha ntchito becquerel kumatanthauza kuti thunthu pali m'modzi yekha nyukiliya kuwola pa mphindi.

Iwo nalo dzina lake polemekeza Antuana Anri Becquerel, French sayansi. Dzinali ndipo anavomereza kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma otsiriza ndipo ntchito mpaka pano lero. Popeza ndi gulu mwachilungamo laling'ono, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena ntchito ya prefixes decimal: kilo, milli, yaying'ono, ndi ena.

Posachedwapa, pamodzi ndi Becquerel ankagwiritsa ntchito mayunitsi Common monga CI ndi Rd. Rutherford liri becquerels miliyoni. Pofotokoza zambiri kapena padziko ntchito angapezeke mayina Becquerel pa kilogalamu Becquerel pa mita (lalikulu kapena kiyubiki) ndi ena ofanana zosiyanasiyana zace.

X-ray

Unit muyeso X-ray poizoni kwambiri, si dongosolo, ngakhale ankagwiritsa ntchito pofotokoza kukhudzana mlingo analandira Popanga madzi a gamma cheza. Mmodzi X-ray ndi cheza mlingo umodzi amene centimeter kiyubiki mpweya pa kuthamanga muyezo mumlengalenga ndi ziro kutentha umabala mtengo wa 3.3 * (10 -10). Izi ndi wofanana awiriawiri miliyoni ayoni.

Ngakhale kuti malinga ndi malamulo Russian, ambiri mayunitsi sanali SI ndikoletsedwa ntchito X-ray ntchito mu kulemba kwa dosimeters. Koma posachedwapa Kusiya ntchito, monga zinali bwino kuti mbiri ndi kuwerengera onse imvi sievert.

wokondwa

rad Unit cheza ndi kunja dongosolo SI ndi wofanana chiwerengero cheza zimenezi, amene galamu imodzi ya thunthu imafalikira joules miliyoni mphamvu. Kuti munthu amasangalala - ndi 0.01 joule pa kilogalamu wa nkhaniyi.

zakuthupi A zimene zimatenga mphamvu ikhoza kukhala minofu moyo, ndi zina organic ndi zochita kupanga mankhwala ndi mankhwala: nthaka, madzi, mpweya. Monga wodziimira wagawo rad unayamba mu 1953 ndipo Russia ali ndi ufulu ntchito mu sayansi ndi mankhwala.

Gray

Izi wina unit wa muyeso wa msinkhu dzuwa, zomwe anazindikira mwa System Mayiko mayunitsi. Izo zimanyezimiritsa mlingo odzipereka cheza. Akukhulupirira kuti chinthu walandira mlingo wa imvi, ngati ndi mphamvu imafalikira ndi cheza, ndi wofanana joule wina pa kilogalamu.

Limeneli liyenera walandira dzina lake polemekeza English wasayansi Lewis Gray, ndipo chinapatsidwa mphamvu yokhala anayambitsa sayansi mu 1975. Malinga ndi malamulo, dzina wodzala wagawo walembedwa ndi kalata lowercase, koma chidule chake - munthu wamkulu. imvi imodzi ndi wofanana zana Radama. Kuwonjezera mayunitsi yosavuta, Science ntchito ngakhale multiples ndi boma multiples wa zofanana zawo monga kilogalamu, megagrey, detsigrey, santigrey, ndi microg ena.

Sievert

Unit sievert cheza ntchito potanthauza Mlingo ofanana ndi ogwira cheza ndipo m'gulu la SI monga imvi Bq. Agwiritsidwa ntchito sayansi kuyambira mu 1978. Mmodzi sv chofanana ndi mphamvu amene odzipereka kilogalamu minofu kwanyengo pambuyo padzuwa la Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira. Dzina la wagawo wake unatchedwa Rolf Sievert, wasayansi ku Sweden.

Malinga ndi tanthawuzo, Sievert ndi Grays ali, kuti ndi ofanana ndi odzipereka mlingo ndi yofanana. Koma kusiyana pakati pa iwo ukadali kumeneko. Kudziwa mlingo wofanana zofunika musangoganizira kuchuluka komanso katundu kapena cheza, monga timaganiza, matalikidwe, ndi zomwe tinthu kuimira izo. Choncho, phindu n'zosangalatsa kumva za mlingo odzipereka cheza ndi kuchulukitsa ndi chinthu khalidwe.

Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zina zonse wofanana, zotsatira za mayamwidwe particles Alpha adzakhala nthawi makumi awiri woposa mlingo chomwecho cheza Popanga madzi a gamma. Komanso, minofu chinthu ayenera kuwaganizira, lomwe limasonyeza mmene matupi kuyankha cheza. Choncho, mlingo ofanana ntchito radiobiology komanso zothandiza - mu umoyo pantchito (kuti matenda ndi cheza kukhudzana).

zonse dzuwa

Pali chiphunzitso kuti moyo padziko lathuli taonera monga cheza cha dzuwa. Mayunitsi wa muyeso wa kutentha kwa nyenyezi - zopatsa mphamvu ndi Watts rms pa nthawi unit. Choncho anaganiza, chifukwa ukulu cheza ku dzuwa zimadaliranso kutentha amene amapangidwa ndi zinthu, ndi mphamvu ndi umene umaperekedwa. Iwo akubwera ku dziko chabe miliyoni theka kuchuluka okwana mphamvu panamveka.

Kutentha kwa nyenyezi ndi anagawira mu danga pa liwiro la kuwala mlengalenga mwathu afika mu mawonekedwe a kunyezimira. The sipekitiramu kuwala kwa mtundu umenewu ndi lalikulu - kuchokera "phokoso woyera", mwachitsanzo mafunde wailesi X-ray. Tinthu amene amagwa pamodzi ndi cheza - ndi mapulotoni, koma nthawi zina ma elekitironi kungakhale (ngati amasulidwe mphamvu anali wamkulu).

cheza ochokera ku dzuwa, ndi mphamvu zako zonse zamoyo padziko lapansili galimoto. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu timalandira zimadalira nthawi ya chaka, ku chakudya cha nyenyezi zakumwamba ndi chilungamo cha m'mlengalenga.

amadza cheza zamoyo

Ngati zofanana mu makhalidwe awo minofu irradiated ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana cheza (pa mlingo yomweyo ndi mphamvu) wamoyo, ndiye zotsatira adzakhala osiyana. Choncho, kudziwa zotsatira za yekha pang'ono odzipereka kapena padzuwa mlingo, onse pa nkhani ya zinthu zopanda moyo. Kuwonekera powonekera unit wa ionizing dzuwa, monga Grays ndi Sieverts rems, yomwe imanena za mlingo wofanana wa poizoni.

Otchedwa ofanana mlingo chosakanikirana ndi minofu wamoyo, nachuluka ndi makonzedwe (tabular) chiŵerengero amene amaganizira mmene oopsa mtundu wa poizoni. Nthawi zambiri ntchito kuyeza izo sievert. sievert limodzi ndi wofanana beram zana. Ikuluikulu chiŵerengero, motero, woopsa cheza. Choncho, chifukwa photons ndi - unit, ndi neutrons ndi tinthu Alpha - makumi awiri.

Popeza Chernobyl ngozi mu Russia ndi mayiko ena CIS kulipira mwapadera kwa mlingo wa poizoni kukhudzana munthu. Chofanana mlingo ku zinthu zachilengedwe cheza sayenera upambana millisieverts zisanu pa chaka.

Action wa radionuclides pa zinthu si moyo

particles nyukiliya kunyamula mtengo wa mphamvu kuti auze mankhwala akakumana ndi izo. Ndipo zambiri ndi tinthu chikunena za njira zawo ndi kuchuluka kwa thunthu, m'pamenenso adzapeza mphamvu. Kuchuluka kwa zake imawunikidwa pa mlingo.

1. Odzipereka mlingo - ndi kuchuluka cheza kuti walandiridwa adzadziwire mankhwala. Amayezedwa grays. Khalidwe limeneli si chifukwa choona kuti zotsatira za mitundu yosiyanasiyana cheza pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana.
2. Ndinakumana mlingo - ndi mlingo odzipereka, koma ndi mlingo wa ionization zinthu zosiyana mwangozi particles nyukiliya. Amayezedwa coulombs pa kilogalamu, kapena X-ray.