Bukhara Emirate: chithunzi, zizindikiro za boma, zinthu zokhudza, dera ulimi, zokongoletsa, ndalama. Kulumikizana ndi Emirate kwa Russia

Bukhara Emirate - ndi utsogoleri chilli zinalili pa 18 mochedwa m'ma 20 oyambirira mu Asia. m'gawo lake ndi wotanganidwa Uzbekistan ano ndi gawo la Turkmenistan. Pa nkhondo Russian motsutsa Emirate otsiriza anavomereza m'manja a ufumuwo, ndipo analandira udindo wa protectorate a. Taonani kusiyana anali wotchuka am'derali.

Mbiri ya Emirate

Anayambitsa Education utsogoleri ndi Mohammed Rahimby. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, mphamvu ankadutsa amalume ake Daniyalbiyu. Koma iye anali wolamulira ofooka, chimene chinapangitsa kusakhutira kwa nzika zonse. Mu 1784 kugalukira anayamba. Chifukwa, mphamvu zapita mwana wake Daniyalbiya Shakhmuradov. Bwanamkubwa anayamba ndi kuwonongedwa kwa nduna ziwiri wamphamvu ndi woipa - Nizamuddin-kazikalona ndi Davlat-kushbegi. Iwo anaphedwa kutsogolo kwa bwalo. Kenako Shahmurad anapatsa nzika ya hayala imene iwo sayeneranso ena misonkho. M'malo mwake, zosonkhanitsira unakhazikitsidwa kukhala asilikali nkhani ya nkhondo. Mu 1785 chiyambi cha kusintha ndalama, kuphimba Emirate lonse la Bukhara. Makobidi anali a mitundu iwiri: mkulu amasankha siliva ndi yunifolomu golide. Shahmurad anakhala payekha mutu dipatimenti malamulo. Mu ulamuliro wake, iye anabwerera ku lamanzere gombe la Amu Darya ndi Merv ndi Balkh. The 1786th Shahmurad kuletsedwa chisangalalo mu Kermine District, anapanga kampeni bwino Khujand ndi Shahrisabz. Komanso bwino kunali nkhondo ndi Timur Shah (Afghanstan wolamulira). Shakhmuradov anatha kusunga mbali ya kum'mwera ya Turkestan, kumene Tajiks moyo.

nkhondo ang'onoang'ono

Atalandira wachifumu wa Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu Haidar (mwana Shakhmuradov) anayamba kugalukira ndi ndewu misa. Mu 1800, zipolowe anayamba pakati pa Turkmens wa Merv. Atangobadwa nkhondo ndi Kokand, imene Haidar anatha kusunga Uratyube. Dongosolo la ndale za dziko ulamuliro wake unayamba mu mawonekedwe a centralized ufumu akuyandikira absolutism. Haidar bureaucracy inkakhala 4 zikwi. Anthu. chiwerengero cha asilikali chawonjezeka zayamba. Iwo amagwiritsa ntchito 12 chikwi. Anthu.

Board Nasrallah

Mwana Haidar anabwera zopangira pafupifupi Kupanda kusamala - anaphedwa Mir Umar ndi Mir Hussein, azichimwene ake. Mothandizidwa ndi atsogoleri ndi asilikali, Nasrallah anayamba nkhondo lolimba kwa Kugawikana kuyesera zithetsedwe mukudziwa. Pa miyezi anakhala pa mpando wachifumu, iye anapha anthu 50-100. tsiku. Wolamulira watsopano anafuna kugwirizanitsa m'madera omwe lokha nakhala Bukhara Emirate. Pa kayendetsedwe ka viloyats anthu rootless anali kupatsidwa, amene anali kwathunthu mangawa. A kungasokoneze ndale zoweta ndi moyo wa anthu kulanda Kokand Khanate Emirate wa Bukhara, Khiva Khanate. Nkhondo peridium Nasrallah ulamuliro zinali pafupifupi mosalekeza. Khanate wa Khiva ndi Bukhara Emirate anamenyera zingapo malire.

The Red Army

Chifukwa cha ntchito ya usilikali ophatikizidwa ndi Emirate kwa Russia. 1868 m'pamene panasinthira mu kukhalapo kwa gawo. Pa nthawi imeneyo, kazembe Muzaffar. Mu March, analengeza nkhondo pa Russia. Komabe, asilikali ake anagonjetsedwa May 2 detachment ya General Kaufman. Kenako asilikali Russian analowa Samarkand. Koma sinali inalowa boma cha Emirate kwa Russia. Chaka 1873 zinali zodzaza ndi awarding wa Red Army udindo ankalamulira dera protectorate. Kudalira chawonjezeka zayamba nthawi ya ulamuliro Abdulahad. Otsiriza, amene anali ndi mphamvu, anakhala Mohammed Alim Khan. Iye anali bwanamkubwa mpaka kufika kwa Bolsheviks mu 1920, monga kale ophatikizidwa ndi Emirate kwa Russia chifukwa cha ntchito ya Red Army.

zida zaboma

Monga mutu wa boma Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu analankhula. Anali ndi mphamvu pafupifupi zopanda malire. Iye anali kuyang'anira kusonkhanitsa misonkho kushbegi. Iye anali vizier akulu ndi anakwanitsa zochitika za dziko, anatsogolera kucheza ndi ambuye m'derali ndipo anachititsanso zida ntchitoyi. Daily kushbegi panokha inati kwa bwanamkubwa nanga bwanji mu dziko. Chief vizier yoikidwiratu akalonga onse kupatula Mwambamwamba.

Social dongosolo Emirate

kalasi Chigamulo unagawidwa boma atsogoleri anthu - ulama ndi udindo yakale - amaldarov. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo asayansi - maloya, azamulungu, aphunzitsi ndi madrassas ena. maphwando yakale udindo anapereka Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu, ndipo akuluakulu a kalasi zauzimu zinamangidwa pa ena ulemu kapena udindo. Choyamba chinali 15, wachiwiri - 4. BECAM Kumvetsela divanbeki, kurbashi, yasaulbashi ndi rais. Koma ambiri anali kuimiriridwa ndi chuma zedi. Iye ankatchedwa fuqara. The kalasi akulamulira dziko ndi anthu otchuka ang'onoang'ono. Iye ankatchedwa sarkarda kapena navkar ndi olamulira m'deralo. Pa maufumu ake Bukhara otchedwa amaldar kapena Sipahi. Kuwonjezera pa magulu awiri aakulu, ndi lachitatu akhalipo. Anadziŵa kuti anthu amene sankapita ntchito ndi misonkho. stratum Izi paphwando mokwanira lalikulu. Amaphatikiza imams, mullahs, Mirza, mudarris ndi ena. Mu Panj anthu chapamwamba unagawidwa zigawo ziwiri: kalasi akulamulira ndi msonkho. M'munsi woyamba gulu anali navkar (Chakar). Iwo anasankhidwa kapena amaikidwa ndi shah kapena dziko la anthu amene anali ndi luso nkhondo kapena ogwira ntchito. Wolamulira analamulira dziko malinga ndi malamulo a Sharia ndi lamulo la zakakhalidwe. Naye akuluakulu angapo kuyang'anira omwe ali makampani yeniyeni kasamalidwe.

Misonkho ndi mitengo

Beki chaka chinathandiza mosungiramo ndalama zina ndipo anatumiza akonzedwa kuchuluka kwa mphatso. Mwa iwo anali makalapeti, mikanjo akavalo. Pambuyo pake, wina Bey linalandira ufulu wolamulira mu chigawo chake. Pa rung wotsikitsitsa mu makonzedwe anali akulu. Iwo ntchito apolisi. Becky sanalandire ndalama iliyonse kuchokera Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu ndipo anali kusunga makonzedwe ake ndi ndalama sanaphedwe ndi misonkho ya anthu pambuyo chobwezera cha ndalama mosungiramo. Pakuti m'deralo anakhazikitsa mndandanda wa misonkho. Makamaka, analipira mu mtundu heradzh, 1/10 yokolola ndalama TANAP ndi minda ndi minda ya zipatso, komanso zyaket amapanga 2.5% ya mtengo wa katundu. The wongosamukasamuka ankaloledwa kupereka mtundu masika. msonkho kwa kukula ndi 1/40 ziweto (kupatula ng'ombe ndi mahatchi).

Administrative magawano

Bukhara Emirate, amene likulu ukufanizidwa ndi chithunzi m'nkhani, ogaŵikana bekstva. Iwo anali atsogoleri a maboma kapena achibale ya mtsogoleri wa dziko, kapena munthu amene anasangalala ndi chikhulupiriro chake chapadera. Bekstva anagawidwa amlyakdarstva, etc. tumens. Bukhara emirate m'nthawi ya 19 ndi inkakhala maufumu yoyenda yokha awiri. Zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, ankachitira Darwaz, Karategin kuti anali palokha ndipo analamulira olamulira m'deralo. Pa Zap. Pamir kumeneko 4 pakati pa maufumu awiri. Aliyense wa iwo unagawidwa m'madera utsogoleri - munda kapena Panja. Pa mutu wa aliyense wa iwo anali mkulu. Mu Arbab (mkulu) anali ngati udindo m'munsi utsogoleri. Monga ulamuliro, iye anali mmodzi wa m'mudzi.

chuma

The anali ng'ombe kuswana ndi ulimi monga ntchito yaikulu ya anthu. Koma ambiri munali anthu amangokhala. A iwo anapanga ndi dera ulimi. Mu Bukhara Emirate nazo zochuluka za magulu woyendayendawu ndi theka-woyendayendawu. Iwo ankachita ziwembu pafupi m'misasa yawo yozizira. M'madera ambiri dothilo linali lachonde. Pali analipo loamy nkhalango ndi loess dongo. Ndi ulimi wabwino wa nthaka amapereka kututa kwambiri. Dzinja pafupifupi dera lonse la dziko ndi otentha ndi youma. Pa nkhani imeneyi, panali kukonza dongosolo yokumba kuthirira. Zimenezi tiyenera kuika nyumba zazikulu ndi zovuta. Ngati chinyezi chokwanira m'dera ulimi mu Emirate wa Bukhara akhoza kukhala oyenera lonse za gawolo. Ndipotu kukonzedwa osachepera 10%. Pa nthawi yomweyo, monga ulamuliro, malo amenewa inali pafupi madzi. madzi onse akuthamanga koma penyani, Surkhan, ndi Amu Darya ndi Kafirnigan, ntchito ulimi wothirira mu zonse. Pa mitsinje izi zimafunikira unsembe maofesi a ulimi wothirira kuti sanali kupezeka ndi anthu, ndipo ngakhale mudzi wonse. Choncho, madzi ulimi ankagwiritsa ntchito pang'ono.

chikhalidwe

M'minda yothiriridwa nakulitsa:

• Lucerne.
• Thonje.
• Fodya.
• Mkuyu.
• Tirigu.
• Nyemba.
• Mapira.
• Balere.
• Len.
• Zitsamba.
• Chinanso chotulutsa.
• Mak.
• Hemp ndi zina zotero.

The thonje zinthu ngati imodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri ulimi. kupanga ake anafika mapaundi oposa 1.5 miliyoni. Cha ndalamazo, oposa theka omwe zimagulitsidwa ku Russia. Popeza ena mbewu zipse msanga chifukwa cha kutentha m'chaka ndi yotentha nyengo, minda ndi zina kukonzanso seeded nyemba ndi zomera zina. Rice anali atakulitsa yekha m'madera amene ali olemera mu chinyezi.

Gardens ndi minda

Amenewa anali thandizo lalikulu kwa anthu akuderalo. Masamba minda ndi minda nakulitsa mphesa za mitundu yosiyanasiyana, quince, mtedza, apurikoti, vembe, nthuza mavwende, maapulo ndi mapeyala zina. Nakulitsa ndi mkuyu ndi mtengo wa mabulosi. Yotsirizira amapezeka m'madera phiri wotchipa, ndi zina chakudya chapadera mu mawonekedwe a pansi ndi zipatso zouma. Komanso, minda wamkulu kabichi, kaloti, anyezi, nkhaka, tsabola, Palestina ankalima, Beets ndi zina zamasamba.

kuswana ng'ombe

Iwo anali amamudziwa akupangidwa koma mosiyana ndi malo osiyanasiyana. M'zigwa ndi oases, kumene kuli anthu ambiri amangokhala, ng'ombe wamba. Nyama wakula makamaka Uzbeks, Turkmens, Chikigizi - anthu woyendayendawu. Anakakhala pa steppes kumadzulo. Apa ife ayipanga karakul nkhosa ndi ngamila. Ndi bwino anayamba ng'ombe m'madera kum'mawa phiri. Makamaka, msipu anali mchigwa cha Hissar ndi Alay Mitandadza mu Darwaz ndi m'madera ena. Chiwerengero pano wakula nkhosa, mahatchi, mbuzi ndi ziweto zina. Ndi m'madera amenewa Bukhara Emirate amaperekedwa ndi paketi ndi nyama. Monga msika waukulu mzinda wa Karshi ndi Guzar. amalondawa akhamukira ku madera kumveka. Kale amadziwika Bukhara emirate akavalo thoroughbred ndi wokongola (karabairami, tirigu, etc ..).

makampani

Bukhara Emirate - dziko agrarian. Panalibe mafakitale chachikulu. Zonsezi amapangidwa mu makina losavuta kapena dzanja. Malo oyamba mu makampani anatenga makampani thonje. thonje Local anali kukonzedwa mu nsalu, kuonera kapena nkhani ina. Iwo pafupifupi madiresi onse, kuphatikiza oimira anthu osankhika. Popular zipangizo anali silika ndi theka-silika nsalu. Ubweya ntchito makamaka wongosamukasamuka. Ena otukuka mafakitale opanga makampani monga saddles zikopa, nsapato, ceramic kapena zitsulo muli, kuikira ndi chitsulo mankhwala, oyang'anira, masamba mafuta ndi ankaudaya.

malonda

Bukhara Emirate zimatenga yabwino malo m'mayiko ambiri. Izi kuli ndi ubwino pa malonda yachilendo. Pa mbali Loona za malonda Russian zimagwiritsidwa mbali pa zaka apaulendo njira kudzera Orenburg ndi Kazalinsk. Njira yaikulu ya kulankhulana imagwiridwa kudzera njanji Astrakhan ndi Uzun Ada. Mu Russia zimagulitsidwa katundu wokwanira miliyoni 12 tsa, ndipo anawabweretsa -. 10. mlandu zyaket (2.5% ya mtengo) katundu kunja. Ndi katundu wolowa ndi kutuluka m'dziko linalipiridwa 5%, ngati malonda - Bukhara nzika za dziko, ndi 2.5% ngati Russian.

mbendera

Iwo ankafotokozedwa zizindikiro boma la Emirate wa Bukhara. Mbendera anali amakona anayi nsalu yowala wobiriwira. Pamodzi makalata ake kutsinde agolidi Arabic script amasonyeza dzina la Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu, ndipo pa ufulu m'mphepete - ndi shahadah (umboni anthu a Allah). Pakati pa zolemba izi anaika kachigawo ndi nyenyezi (zisanu mfundo). Iwo anali pa "dzanja la Fatima" - ndi amulet zozitetezera. Khaimah mbendera lalanje zokongoletsera wakuda. Kutsinde ndi utoto wobiriwira, analipo pa pamwamba pa kachigawo golide.

kanali

Kwa nthawi yoyamba dongosolo la Emirate kuyamba pambuyo polandirira msonkho udindo protectorate. chochitika kwambiri ali chikwiyire kusintha kwambiri pa moyo mkati mwa dziko. Makamaka, dongosolo la mphoto kwa ntchito polima. Kusiyana woyamba anali "Order ya Noble Bukhara". Icho chinakhazikitsidwa ndi Muzaffar al-Din mu 1881. Ndi 1882 TH Order anali ndi akapitawo a asilikali dziko. Ndi 1893 TH iwo unagawidwa mu madigiri 8. Mu chaka chomwecho izo zakhala zatsopano. Malinga ndi tepi kuti umafunika ndi chizindikiro kuyamba. Pamaso umodzi wa maulendo athu Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu anapangidwa malo malamulo. Paulendo wake, anapatsa nyenyezi zoposa 150. Pa nthawi yomweyo, monga zatsimikiziridwa mwa njira, eni angakhale osiyana kwambiri munthu - kuchokera atolankhani a m'banja lachifumu kwa atolankhani. Patapita nthawi, kazembe anayamba kugawa Order a m'mayiko mwini. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 20, zinali zovuta kupeza boma Bai, mkulu mu Bukhara, amene adzakhala kutali ndi nyenyezi kuvala chowala. Komanso, mphoto kawirikawiri anapatsidwa Russian. Order analandira ndi amalonda malonda ndi Bukhara. Zinali zokwanira kupanga nsembe yaing'ono ndi boma makamaka. Akuti iye konse otchedwa Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu wa Order la nyenyeziyo. Ngakhale tanthauzo limeneli anali kudziwika kwa iye. The mphoto yachiwiri unakhazikitsidwa Abdalahadom kumapeto kwa 1890. Iye adaoneka ninga nyenyezi, anali riboni ndi chizindikiro. Iye ankatchedwa "Chizindikiro cha boma Korona Bukhara." Mu chaka cha 1898 izo linakhazikitsidwa wina mphoto - msonkho kwa Alexander III. Iwo ankatchedwa "Iskander Salis" ( "The Sun Alexander"). kuti uyu anali kupereka kwa akuluakulu lolemekezeka yekha Russian. Iwo unali wagolidi mu mawonekedwe a nyenyezi ndi kunyezimira eyiti ndi zokongoletsera. Pakati anali bwalo, mkati mwa limene lili 4 diamondi ili mawonekedwe kansalu, amene ankatanthauza kalata "A". Bwalo kakang'ono pansi zinali chithunzi III. Komanso wazunguliridwa ndi diamondi. Dongosolo la Bukhara Emirate pachibwenzi Hijri (kalendala Chisilamu). Yopanga zinachitikadi pa zidindo wapadera. Kuthamangitsa chinkhoswe timbewu.

Posts njira

Mu Bukhara Emirate gudumu misewu sanali sizachilendo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, anthu amene makamaka ili kumpoto-kumadzulo ndi kumpoto mbali ya dziko. Matayala uthenga ikuchitika padziko ngolo. Iwo anali ngolo 2 mawilo mkulu ndi lonse pachimake. Ariba anali mwangwiro ndinazolowera misewu zoipa. Kayendedwe ndi zoyendera wa katundu adatengedwa ndi njirazo apaulendo mothandizidwa ndi ngamila. Mwa kuyenda lamapiri akavalo mtunda ntchito paketi ndi abulu. Khanate lidagawikana Hissar Mountains. Kumpoto-kumadzulo ndi kumpoto kwa izo, mayendedwe ndi kulankhulana kunachitika makamaka pa ngolo ndipo mwina pa paketi wake, ndi kumwera - yekha kumunyamula njira. Yotsirizira chifukwa makamaka otsika chikhalidwe chitukuko m'dera mbali imodzi ndi misewu zoipa - pa ena. Pafupifupi njira zonse zazikulu akuyamba ku Bukhara. Iwo anatumikira osati kulankhulana mkati, komanso kulankhulana ndi maiko oyandikana. Njira yayifupi kwa Amu Darya udzadutsa Kelif Kupanikizana. Uthenga ikuchitika padziko ngolo. Near Kelif ndi kuwoloka. Pano, njira ya Amu Darya yopapatiza. Komabe, pa nthawiyi kwambiri mwakuya ndi liwiro otaya lapansi. Uthenga anagwiritsanso pa ulendo mu Shire ndi Chushka-Guzar. njira zimenezi zimachititsa Kabul, Mazar-i-Sharif ndi Balkh. Komanso, kuwoloka mtsinje pa bwato akhoza flotilla. Mpheroyi zombo ziwiri ndi yofanana mabwato chitsulo. Recent anamuukitsa kwa mapaundi 10,000 katundu. Communication pakati Kerki Chardzhui ndi Petro-Alexander Komabe, kunali koperewera. Izo zimayambitsa kusodza zombo kwambiri, zimasintha fairway wa Amu-Darya, mafunde ake kudya ndi zinthu zina. Ntchito zoyendera ndi bwato laling'onolo liyenera. Izi maboti mbadwa kukwezedwa mapaundi 300-1000. Pansi pa magalimoto mtsinjewo unali nkhafi, ndipo pamwamba - twayini. Mu tsiku anali za 20 mtunda. Samarkand dziko a Trans-Caspian / sitima pafupi kwathunthu ili mu Bukhara Emirate, amene akutsutsana amakhudza ake asapita malonda ndi Perisiya ndi Russia.

asilikali

Army emirate m'gulu msilikali wamba ndi ankhondo. kuyitana kotsiriza kwa kufunika. Pamene kulengeza gazavat (nkhondo yopatulika) kuti utumiki nawo Muslims onse amene angathe kunyamula mfuti. The oyenda analipo 2 makampani Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu Alonda ndi 13 battalions. Okwana panali 14 chikwi. Anthu. oyenda anali atakonzekera ndi yosalala-inabala ndi mfuti rifled akapsa ndi bayonets. Komanso, panali anthu ambiri mwala ndi chingwe zida. Masiku ano apakavalo regiments galabatyrey 20 ndipo 8 hasabardarov regiments. Iwo anali atakonzekera ndi falconets wina awiri ndi zinthu ngati anthu oponya mivi kavalo. Panali okwana ndi 14 zikwi. Anthu. Pakali pano mfuti 20 zida zankhondo. Pambuyo pa kubwera kwa mphamvu Soviet ku Bukhara komwe onga ndi Cannon-kuponyera mbewu anapanga bungwe. Asilikali anakonza gawo ndalama pang'ono, mwina mwa mtundu mwa mawonekedwe a muyezo winawake wa tirigu.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Amtundu wa Bukhara Khanate anayambitsa zingapo midzi yomwe ili m'malire a Omsk dera ano. Zitatero, iwo anapanga zambiri za anthu a m'deralo. Mwachitsanzo, ana a mafumu a, alaliki a Islam ku Central Asia ku Siberia, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa Kazatovo.