Wachinayi Pulezidenti James Madison mbiri, maganizo andale

Mu mbiri US, panali atsogoleri ambiri amene anali kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha dziko m'zaka lotsatira. Chitsanzo chabwino - Dzheyms Medison. Iye anali kulamulira chachinayi cha United States.

Kuweta mbiri mudziwe

Anabadwa mu 1751, iye anamwalira mu 1836. pulezidenti chachinayi akadali otchuka mu United States chifukwa anali mmodzi wa amene adayambitsa ya malamulo a boma. Amakhulupirira kuti kuwala anaonekera m'tauni ya Port mzinda umenewu (Virginia). Izo zinachitika pa March 16 1751. Education Dzheyms Medison poyamba mseri (monga zambiri mu nthawi yake). Mu 1769, iye mosavuta adza kwa University Princeton.

Pa nthawi sukuluyi ankatchedwa College of New Jersey. College maphunziro - 1771. Pa nthawi yomweyo amakhala membala wa Whig Zokambirana Club, amene predetermines ntchito yake mtsogolo ndale ndi zikhulupiriro. Ndi mbiri yake ya United States pafupifupi kuyambira zikande, kuyambira Madison wachita kwambiri kulenga zonse zochitika ndi chipangizo mphamvu dongosolo.

Chiyambi cha ntchito zake zandale

Kwa nthawi yoyamba tsogolo pulezidenti US chidwi cha boma mu 1775. Anaikidwa wapampando wa komiti Chiwukirano wa Safety ku Orange County. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Madison lidakhalambo bwino kudziwika monga woyambitsa wa zosiyanasiyana timabuku ndi malankhulidwe, limene limaletseratu boma la Britain.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti 1776 anaikidwa wapampando wa komiti Chiwukirano ya Virginia. Zinali iye amene Kulemba kusodza kusamvana pa ufulu, komanso kuchita zambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka ndodo bungwe. Mwa njira kulankhula Dzheyms Medison ali bwino kudziwika mu mabwalo mpingo pamene munthu uyu anaumirira kulekana wamphumphu wa mpingo ndi boma ulamuliro poyamba, ndiyeno - boma.

Komanso analenga boma loyamba Virginia ndipo anali wotchuka kwambiri pa msonkhano woyamba. Komabe, mawu chachiwiri iye sanali osankhidwa, koma 1777 pulezidenti m'tsogolo gawo la Council ya bwanamkubwa. The Dzheyms zambiri lodziwika Medison? Democracy mu nkhope yake yotengedwa chithunzi ndale, amene anachitira zambiri mapangidwe dongosolo umoyo ndale alipo mu mawonekedwe kuti ife masiku ano.

chokhala Congress

zaka zitatu patangopita osankhidwa Woimilirako Yosatha ya boma kunyumba ya Ngelezi Congress. Mu nthawi ya zaka kuyambira 1780 mpaka 1783 membala wokangalika, wachita zambiri lonse la gulu. Zinali Dzheyms Medison iye ndi mlembi kusinthidwa ambiri, amene anapereka Congress mphamvu kusonkhanitsa misonkho ku madera onse, komanso kufalitsidwa chidwi pa ngongole dziko pa iwo, malinga ndi chiwerengero cha anthu. Komanso, James kwambiri kulimbikitsa ufulu wonse wa navigation pa Mississippi Mtsinje.

zikayenda ena andale

Chifukwa cha kuphunzira izi anasankhidwa wapampando wa Komiti ya akuluakulu mu Virginia. Mu 1786 iye analandira malamulo ufulu wonse wa chipembedzo, ndipo ufulu wodzilamulira zonse za mpingo ndi boma. Yotsirizira Sichinatsitsidwe anawonjezera Madison mafani koma kwambiri kufooketsa chikoka British mu boma wamng'ono.

Mu chaka chomwecho iye akukhala "anayambitsa" la Constitutional Congress mu Philadelphia, ndipo ndinapita kumeneko monga nthumwi ya chikhalidwe chawo. Makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito ya Madison analengedwa ndi linalowa nawo m'Pangano la US Constitution mu 1787, ku America kumbukirani chaka chilichonse.

ntchito za lamulo lalikhulu ladziko

Popeza Madison anali odekha ndiponso chikhulupiriro munthu, iye anatha mofulumira n'kulandira ulemu ndi kum'khulupirira aphungu ambiri. Iye anachita ntchito ya mkhalapakati wa osafuna kusintha ndi mbali ya boma latsopano boma, lomwe akanakhoza kupanga dziko wamphamvu. The Komiti ya akuluakulu anagwirizana tikuyivomereza mu Virginia James confederal yamalamulo, koma chifukwa mu zaka 1787-88 iye anagwira ku New York. Iye analemba mndandanda wa mapepala, omwe amatchedwa kwa chilengedwe cha malamulo atsopano.

Choncho, US malamulo inakhazikitsa mu 1787 ndi nkhani mwachindunji kwa anzeru ndi amphamvu munthu amene amadziwa kukambirana ndi "kukhomerera" maganizo ake ngakhale m'mabanja kuti iwo anavomera.

maganizo pa dongosolo la boma

zinthuzi onse, yolembedwa ndi pseudonym "Popliyo," zinasindikizidwa mu buku lotchedwa "The Federalist" lofalitsidwa kusanachitike ndondomeko ya ratification ya malamulo. Lero, magazini ino chikudziwika ngati "Dzheyms Medison, zolemba Federalist." Ndi mu ntchito imeneyi Madison kwa nthawi yoyamba zopanga za postulates kuti tsopano ankaona kuti maziko a zipani ano.

Komanso, pulezidenti tsogolo kulimbikitsa Republican boma, kukangana kuti mphamvu ndi Kulenga boma lalikulu ndi pompopompo osauka. Tikhoza kunena kuti munthu uyu ndi US anayamba nkhani yomwe lero kusukulu American. Ngati zinali ndi Madison, kani, osati boma palokha, ndi gulu la boma, ntchito anakakamizika kuwerengera ndi achinyamata dziko osewera ena m'bwalo lonse (kuphatikizapo UK).

Njira pulezidenti

Mu 1788, Madison anasankhidwa Komiti ya ratification ndi Virginia. gulu lake amvetse kuti dziko panopa akufunikira munthu woteroyo: womwe ndi khama pulezidenti tsogolo la Zinkafunikiradi kulemba malamulo. Mbali yofunika ya Madison akanatha kukambirana. Iye anali wokhoza kutsimikizira ngakhale otsutsa ambiri odzipereka a boma malamulo a dziko lino kuti lakwaniritsa kulolerana mu chikalata mfundo khumi, lomwe pano ndi Bill cha ufulu.

Pamodzi ndi Jefferson, Analenga woyamba Republican Party, kukwaniritsa udindo wa bloc kutsutsidwa. Jefferson, amene posachedwa amakhala pulezidenti, musaiwale za udindo wa Madison. Kumene mnzake wa Mlembi boma, malo amene anakhala mu nthawi kuchokera 1801 mpaka 1809. Azambiriyakale usati ukaikire kuti James ndipo pa nthawi iyi ndi amadza ndithu pa chitukuko cha dziko, kuyambira Jefferson nthawi zonse anafunsira naye.

Choncho, Dzheyms Medison kumbuyo lingaliro la chilengedwe cha mawonekedwe US wa boma wotchedwa mabwalo a lamulo lalikhulu ladziko.

Iye anakhala pulezidenti?

Iye anasankhidwa pulezidenti US mu 1808. Izi zisanachitike, mu Republican Party unachitikira ngati "mpikisano", ithandiza patsogolo phungu kwambiri zingamuthandize. N'zochititsa Madison sanapangepo kulankhula chisanadze chisankho, ndi kufalitsa yake mbali mu chipani. Monga nthawi zambiri James anatha kukambirana ndi ena otsutsa nomination ake, wotsatila mutsogoleli 60 wazaka George Clinton.

Ichi chidachitika okha monga msonkho, chifukwa kukwaniritsa udindo wawo mwachindunji munthu ndi thupi sakanakhoza. Kale mu 1812, izo zatha Elbridge Gerry, amene anadzionetsa ngati wotsatila mutsogoleli wadziko monga katswiri wodziwa ntchito.

Mtengo waukulu wa pulezidenti watsopano

Mu 1808, Achimereka anali mutu wina wa zokambirana - Nkhani kuwonongeka kuti izo zimayambitsa malonda embargo kwa 1807, chojambulidwa United Ufumu ndi makina ake. Anagwa zikuchepa zogulitsa kunja katundu ambiri mobisa chifukwa mtengo wawo kwambiri yafupika. Shipowners zifunika mwachangu kuyambiranso mayendedwe, chifukwa mukatero dongosolo lonse zoyendera akanati lopuwala m'kupita kwa okha angapo zaka. Dzheyms Medison (malamulo a mkati mwa osiyana zolemeletsedwa ake) wachita kwambiri kuchepetsa kuwonongeka ndi osauka malonda zoweta pang'onopang'ono kukhala ndi embargo.

Mu njira zambiri, pulogalamu boma la Madison anadalira otchedwa "Boma chuma". Makamaka, iye ankakhulupirira kuti pa nkhani ya nkhondo zotheka lankhondo la malamulo sayenera kusokoneza ntchito osadalira pa boma, koma pokhapokha ntchito zawo musawononge chapakati limadziwika ndi boma. chidwi kwambiri chinali mtima wa Madison amwenye amene chifundo ndipo anapereka yolimbikitsira, kuphatikizapo malipiro ndalama! Pakuti nthawi kuti analidi yojambula, koma pabvomelezo la chipani ambiri, mfundo imeneyi si analandira.

Kutsindika pa ulimi ndi mafakitale

Madison Jefferson nawo bwinobwino zikhulupiriro za mtengo wapatali kwambiri wa zaulimi, komanso anavomereza kuti patsogolo ndi mtima wa United States sadzakhala zotheka popanda wamphamvu mafakitale maziko. Ndicho chitukuko cha ulimi ndi mafakitale kupanga amakhala ndi pafupifupi nthawi zonse wake pa udindo.

Amene nkhondo ndi Britain?

Chilakolako si nthawizonse kugwirizana pophunzitsa wa pulezidenti. Choncho, kupanga boma latsopano anali kwakukulukulu womangidwa ndi udindo wake contractual, choncho, mu thupi ili kwakukulukulu analowa Ngopambana mediocre. Kupatulapo mwina kuti Albert Gallatin, yotsala ya dongosolo lakale la boma. Dipatimenti State anacititsa ngakhale Robert Smith la Maryland, umene 1811 ndi Zinkafunikiradi m'malo James Monroe chifukwa wolephera, ndipo mwina maganizo.

Koma Dzheyms Medison (maganizo andale zosiyana kumpoto) zasonyeza kuti ndithu amphamvu Malingana ndi wolamulira. Iye ndiye anali mu 1810 analengeza patsogolo Florida West, amene kale anali a Spanish korona. Posakhalitsa, opandukawo anagwira unceremoniously Spanish m'gawo ndipo analengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Republic. Kale mu 1811 pulezidenti analengeza kuti United States ali amati East Florida. Pomaliza, anatha kukambirana ndi Spain ... koma osati ndi ku Britain amene m'zonse kutisokoneza izi. Chifukwa cha kuuma awo nkhondo inayamba.

Koma nthawi yomweyo pulezidenti kwambiri otsutsa chitukuko chotero. Dzheyms Medison, amene anagwira mawu tsiku ili kusukulu American, pa chochitika ichi anati otsatirawa: "Mwa adani onse a ufulu anthu, ayenera kukhala mantha kwambiri a nkhondo, chifukwa lili nyongolosi ndi maluwa onse." Komabe, adakali ndi kumenya nkhondo.

Inayamba nkhondo

Mu zaka za m'ma 1812 kupeza uthenga wa British nduna ya Policy okhonda mu United States kuti dziko lake sinditi unilaterally kuletsa malonda embargo. Mu mfundo yomweyi anali palibe, ndi Napoleon, koma chifukwa America anauza nkhondo mphamvu awiri European. Koma nzeru akadali anapambana.

Chiwopsezo British anabwera bwino, ndi nkhondo ziŵiri, boma achinyamata bwino kukopedwa. M'chilimwe oyambirira, Dzheyms Medison (amene yonena ife mwachidule anawona) akuti yamalamulo, izo ndi kulengeza nkhondo pa Britain, zomwe ... likuoneka mgwirizano ndi kukhalapo kwambiri a mtundu American. Iwo anali anazindikira kuti kulanda ziwiya American, kupha ndi kuba nzika US, komanso incitement wa amwenye ndi milandu nkhani ku chiweruzo konsekonse. Ngakhale kukhazikitsidwa kwa chilengezo cha nkhondo chisankho anapatsidwa si kophweka.

Congress zokambirana unachitikira mobisa, atolankhani ndi atolankhani sankaloledwa, monga taonera nkhani linali lalikulu kwambiri. Anthu a nyumba ya malamulo ndi boma anali ndi adani ambiri a nkhondo amene anali kulankhula za "kusowa ndalama, asilikali akatswiri misonkho nkhondo." Ngakhale izi, pa mapeto a June 1812 Pulezidenti wa Madison mwalamulo akulengeza chiyambi cha nkhondoyi ndi Great Britain.

ndi osayanjanitsika analephera

Oddly zokwanira posachedwapa British analengeza kuyimitsidwa malonda a anatseka misewu, ndipo kenako boma US wakhala akufuna kuti atchule ndi osayanjanitsika. Madison yekha adamfunsa mosayang'anira zithe Nkhondo pa nyanja, amalinyero tiyeni kuti agwidwa ndi kuletsa kuba a mizinda mwa nyanja. Koma kumapeto kwa 1812 UK wakana zinthu zonse izi, ndiye nkhondo anapitiriza.

limati chapakati anali osakhutira kwambiri ndi kumenyana mosalekeza. Ndipo chifukwa m'nyengo yozizira wa Commission ndi kukonzanso chisankho Madison analengedwa chaka chomwecho. Koma n'zosatheka, ngakhale a mayiko chapakati pulezidenti wa sanapatsidwe voti umodzi. Mu 1814, patapita zaka ziwiri nkhondo, malo a ku America ali litamkiramkira, monga ku Ulaya, Napoleon anagonja. The British anatha kusamutsa magulu anamasulidwa, ndiye Capitol ndi White House anawatentha ndi moto mpaka pansi, ndi Madison ndi boma mopupuluma anathawa.

malo Komabe, posakhalitsa anakwanitsa kulungamitsa ndi pangano mtendere Mukalowa mu 1815. Posachedwa pulezidenti wasiya, koma amatenga nawo mbali pomanga dziko wamng'ono. Kodi wina amadziwika Dzheyms Medison? Ndale kuti nthawi zakale mumamuona monga chithunzi anthu, limene linakhazikitsa lamulo pa ufulu kukhalanso wa Negro ndi lamanja la kubwerera kwa anthu onse amene afuna kuti Africa. Kuti ndi khalidwe: panali mayunitsi amenewa.