Boma thupi la mchere. Salt, Chemistry

Opitirira mamiliyoni 10 organic ndi oposa 500,000 mankhwala zochita kupanga kudziwika kwa akatswiri lero. M'gululi muli kumva mu kapangidwe ndi katundu, amene ntchito okha zolinga mankhwala kapena mankhwala. Ndipo pali anthu amene si zovuta kupeza ndi sizachilendo kwambiri pamoyo wawo. Koma n'kofunika ndi chidwi. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zina anafotokoza mchere. Mu kunyumba limatchedwanso chakudya ndi mankhwala makampani otchedwa sodium mankhwala enaake kapena sodium kolorayidi. Makampani ndondomeko umatchedwa mchere kuti ndipamene m'chilengedwe - halite ndi thanthwe mchere olimba kapena thanthwe mchere. Tiyeni tione boma la loitanirana a mchere, kapangidwe, katundu, kupanga ntchito ndi mbiri makonzedwe mowa misa.

Mu ena limati pali mchere?

Kodi boma thupi la nkhani ndi momwe izo zimachitika? Izo zimatengera mtundu wa mankhwala mu funso. Wophunzira aliyense wamkulu kuposa kalasi 7 angakhoze kumutcha boma la loitanirana a mchere, chifukwa ndi chinthu chimene chili nyumba iliyonse. Lero, popanda zovuta kwa munthu wamakono kuganizira za moyo wake. Komanso, boma akaphatikiza mchere bwino ndi apoyera - finely kapena coarsely kumwazikana mawonekedwe zonse timibulu kiyubiki. Komabe, Kutha mchere mu madzi, ife tizipeza izo mu chikhalidwe chosiyana pa loitanirana - madzi. Chinthu chomwecho tikukhala, ngati ife kusungunula makhiristo pa kutentha. Chokha chimene sichiri lililonse kwa mchere - ndi gaseous. Koma akamaziwononga mukhoza kupeza izo bwinobwino.

Zinthu kusintha mkhalidwe wa loitanirana

1. Kuti tipeze mchere m'chigawo madzi ndi kusungunuka timibulu olimba chiyambi zachilengedwe, m'pofunika kuti ntchito kutentha kwa 800 ° ^C.
2. Kutembenuza mchere mu mkhalidwe gaseous anasungunuka timibulu ayenera kuti zo (za 1400 ^C) ndi chithupsa mpaka kusintha kotheratu kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu kandalama ayoni (Na ⁺ ndipo CL ^-).
3. Olimba boma la loitanirana mchere - ndi maonekedwe ake chibadwidwe zinthu zachilengedwe.

Chifukwa amenewo osiyanasiyana kutentha pogwiritsa makhiristo? Zimenezi zalongosoledwa ndi kapangidwe galasi latisi.

latisi Krustalo

Akuimira zolondola nkhope zokha kiyubiki timibulu mandala. Aliyense ngodya ya kyubu (mfundo latisi) ali alternately ndithu mlandu Na ⁺ ayoni ndi ayoni zoipa mlandu CL ^-. Chifukwa zikuchepa zosiyana electronegativities maatomu pakati pa iwo pali amphamvu electrostatic kukopa kuti kuwononga zikhalidwe zake okhwima ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito (mkulu kutentha, mawotchi amadza). Izi mtundu wa latisi amadziwika amaayoni, ndipo khalidwe la soda, zamchere lapansi ndi kusintha zitsulo onse.

Choncho wamba mchere kutentha (onse limatsogolera ndi otentha) patali. Komabe n'zotheka osati kupeza timibulu mawonekedwe kiyubiki, koma pyramidal (eight-, twelve- ndi icosahedral). Kuchita izi, inu ayenera kungokhala kusintha mchere njira evaporation kutentha m'njira inayake. Mulimonsemo, M'mimbamo mkati ladzala ndi timibulu madzi, ngati yankho la mchere mu madzi.

Mankhwala opangidwa ndi sodium kolorayidi yosavuta elemental zikuchokera anasonyeza NaCL.

The thupi katundu wa halite

thupi katundu wa sodium kolorayidi tinganene kuti ndi mfundo zingapo:

• timibulu olimba a oyera, pinki, nsaru wofiira. Ochekenera zimadalira pamaso zosafunika mu m'zigawo ndi. Choyera Krustalo woyera mankhwala.
• Sungunuka m'madzi mu chiŵerengero pafupifupi 100/30 (100 ga madzi 30 ga mchere). solubility zabwino chifukwa kukhalapo kwa dipoles madzi imakhudzana padziko yokha soda ndi chlorine ayoni, unkawononga wa kukopa electrostatic pakati pawo, chotero, chiwonongeko cha kophimba krustalo.
• Chimasungunula ndi zithupsa pa kutentha (800-1400 ° ^C).
• Iwo ali kukomoka zosangalatsa fungo.
• Mchere kulawa.

The katundu mankhwala sodium kolorayidi

Pamene aliyense mchere pafupifupi sungunuka, sodium mankhwala enaake akhoza kulowa mogwirizana ndi:

• salt ena chifukwa cha zochita kuwombola (chofunika: anachita mpweya kupatukana, mpweya kapena mapangidwe malodissotsiiruemogo chinthu): NaCL + AgNO ₃ = nano ₃ + AgCL (woyera curdy precipitate). Izi zimachitika Mkhalidwe pa CL ion ^-.
• Ndi zitsulo, tsedwa mwa EHRNM ndi sodium: K + NaCL = KCL + Na.
• Dissociates mu amadzimadzi njira kumasula ayoni hydrated dipoles madzi: NaCL _{(amadzimadzi tsa-p)} = Na ^{+ +} CL ^-. Chifukwa ndi mchere njira zomwe ndi electrolyte amphamvu.
• Si pansi hydrolysis, monga mchere anapanga ndi asidi amphamvu ndi olimba m'munsi.
• Mu electrolysis (ya magetsi) linawola kupanga mankhwala ufulu ndi hydroxide ndi sodium (caustic koloko): NaCL = Na + CL ₂ + NaOH.

Kodi m'chilengedwe lili sodium kolorayidi?

Panopa wamba mchere - mankhwala ambiri amene chikhalidwe. Ngakhale wakhala, koma akale Zapakati izo ankaona mankhwala okwera mtengo kwambiri. Zonsezi chakuti iwo ankadziwa palibe njira mchere m'zigawo ku zinthu zachilengedwe. Ndipo zinthu zimenezi mu nkhokwe dziko ambiri - halite ankaona mbwee zachilengedwe. Kodi mchere zopezeka zachilengedwe?

1. Pacific ndi nyanja ya madzi amchere.
2. Salt nyanja.
3. Salt akasupe.
4. Pansi.
5. Madzi mitsinje.

m'zigawo za halite

Yopezera ndi processing wa mchere ndi luso lawo monga chinthu ncho zambiri osayenera kudya chifukwa okhutira mkulu zosafunika. Ncho thanthwe mchere m'njira zosiyanasiyana Mwachitsanzo:

• ndi migodi mobisa;
• zigawo za pansi mayiwe mchere;
• ndi evaporation kapena amaundana za mchere nyanja kapena nyanja madzi;
• evaporation a pansi.

Kapena njira limachititsa kupeza timibulu halite. Komabe, anthu mowa, iwo ali nawo mtundu umodzi chabe mwa mankhwala - akupera. Ndipotu, nkomwe aliyense ndi ntchito m'nyumba kuphika lalikulu galasi mchere. Nthawi zambiri, anthu mu kutsukidwa zosafunika, wosweka pafupifupi mu mawonekedwe a ufa. Palinso maganizo a mchere iodized, fluoridated ndi zina zotero, osati chakudya komanso zolinga luso.

ntchito mchere

Mapulogalamu ndi ntchito ya sodium kolorayidi zinthu zambiri. Waukulu pamodzi ndi zitsanzo ndi zotsatira amaoneka mu Table.

Nkhani ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku

Sol anaonekera pa magome mu nyumba iliyonse sakhala pomwepo. Poyamba anali ofunika ake kulemera golidi, ndi m'lingaliro loona. M'zaka za m'ma XVIII, ena Narody Afriki anasinthanitsa ochepa mchere ochepa mchenga golide. Kenako mu Ethiopia mchere wedges anali ndalama muyezo. Ku Roma wakale, magulu a asilikali ankhondo ngakhale malipilo mwezi anapatsidwa mankhwala kuti m'kupita zinachititsa kuti anangotchula wa asilikali awo. Ana a anthu osauka African chabe nanyambita minyala miwiri tebulo mchere ngati chakudya chokoma ndi. Mu Netherlands ankaperekerako zolanga zigaŵenga kwa wozunzikirapo. Wolakwa sanapereke mchere ndi munthu afa mu nthawi yochepa.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba kusankha ndi chakudya mu zinthu izi, anthu aphunzira kalelo. Ndiye anatulukira kuti mchere uli mu zomera. Choncho, zinatenthedwa, ndipo phulusa ntchito ngati zokometsera a. Kenako mu China aphunzira asanduke nthunzi mchere madzi nyanja, ndi ndondomeko ya njira yake yokonza n'kuyamba mofulumira.

Mu Russia, yotengedwa mchere ku nyanja ya (wotchuka mchere nyanja ya Russia mpaka - Elton ndi Baskunchak). Kenako zinthu malonda zofunika n'zochepa kwambiri. Zotsatira izo amalonda ochepa chabe, amene kugulitsidwa pa mtengo wokwera. Kukwanitsa ndi mchere akanakhoza kokha anthu olemera ndi otchuka. Pa nthawi yopanga ndi kupanga anali kusintha. njira zosiyanasiyana m'zigawo ndi processing wa zitsulo ntchito, ndipo lero mmodzi wa zinthu ambiri banja - mchere. Umagwirira pawiri ichi, katundu ndi ntchito mankhwala ndi zina mafakitale akhala kudziwika kwa zaka pafupifupi XVI-XVII.

Kuphunzira mwa njira sukulu

Kuphunzira kwa kapangidwe ndi boma la loitanirana, komanso katundu mankhwala mchere akuyamba pa sukulu, mkati amalanga monga zimapangidwira (kalasi 8). Salt zochita kusukulu kuphunzira yosiyanasiyana zawo zonse zamoyo. Ophunzira apeze kumvetsa mankhwala maziko a mitunduyi wazotsatira, ichi chititsimikizira kuti thupi ndi mankhwala katundu. Chifukwa ndi losavuta kumva ndi mayiko kuloweza mitunduyi ndi thupi katundu wa tsamba buku zambiri ili mchere tebulo amene amapereka lingaliro la solubility awo m'madzi. Pali mungapeze mfundo zokhudza solubility zidulo, alkalis ndi zapansi.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndi mchere awo fusibility pa ozikidwa kupangidwa monga mwa chilengedwe. Ophunzira mosavuta kupeza njira zawo kuthetsa mavuto pa limatsogolera khalidwe la mchere. Table ndi likutipatsa mafano osati kuona fusible kapena refractory, komanso kudziwa pafupifupi limatsogolera mfundo ndi kuwira. Childs, matebulo izi analinganiza m'mabukhu ( "Chemistry", kalasi 8). Salt ayenera kuphunzira pa nkhani ya sayansi monga zamoyo ndi sayansi. Choncho, chifukwa cha ntchito kwa ophunzira inamangidwa pa kaphatikizidwe mgwirizano interdisciplinary.