Anthu olemekezeka, ndi olemekezeka ndi ndani?

olemekezeka ndi ndani? Izi apamwamba, omwe analipo mu Russia 10 17 atumwi. The kalasi mwayi komanso ndi akalonga kwambiri ndi yeniyeni.

Zikamera wa boyars ndi

Mu utsogoleri wolowezana wa olemekezeka ankatsogolera yomweyo pambuyo Grand Duke nawo limodzi iwo mu boma.

kalasi anaima cha m'ma 9, pamene mapangidwe boma wakale Russian. Mwa iwo mkati zaka 10-11 kokha kunali akalonga ndi boyars zemstvo. Choyamba ife anaitana amuna a Knyazhye, ndipo kachiwiri - Gradska akulu. Ndi yotsirizira anali mbadwa za apamwamba a mafuko. Pamene m'zaka 11 Knyazhye amuna chinapangitsa kuuluka, iwo ophatikizidwa ndi boyars zemstvo, kukhala wosakwatiwa malo.

Akalonga ndi boyars mu zochitika za boma zaka 12-15

Monga olemekezeka anali atumiki a kalonga, ntchito zawo m'gulu usilikali wake. Koma iwo anali nako maudindo: ufulu ndi kuchoka kwa kalonga wina; mphamvu zonse ndi ulamuliro m'gawo la mayiko makolo awo; atumiki ake.

Kugawikana kwa Russia, chikuchitika mu zaka 12-15, kunadzetsa chifooke mphamvu kalonga. Pa nthawi yomweyo panali kuwonjezeka mphamvu zachuma a kalasi boyar, kukula kwa kukopa kwake ndale.

Mwachitsanzo, mu gawo la wina wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu ndi minda Novgorod mu olemekezeka m'ma 13 analanda nkhani za boma, lomwe zinachitikadi pa mabungwe otchedwa. Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya kalasi Chernigov, Polotsk-Minsk, Murom-Ryazan ukulu analibe mphamvu wamphamvu kalonga.

Mkangano wa akalonga ndi boyars-patrimonial

Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boyars-patrimonial akalonga anayamba servitors boyars ndi olemekezeka.

Pamene kuyambira theka lachiwiri la m'ma 14 mphamvu Kalonga yatoma kukula pontho, panali otchedwa ena boyars zanzeru. Lamulo awo ndi kusamalira nthambi za chuma yachifumu.

ndi amene ena boyars mwanzeru? Izi mkwatibwi, falconer, chashnichy etc. Komanso, iwo ankapatsidwa abwanamkubwa, kasamalidwe umene ndi gawo osiyana ceded iwo kudya.

Mapangidwe a boma centralized zinachititsa kuti chiletso ufulu wa boyars, amene ndi kuchepetsa wa kuchuluka kwa chitetezo chokwanira, anamva kuwawa ndi chiyembekezo chakuti pofika cha m'ma 15 kunyamuka ufulu mkulu wina. udindo kalasi Social zasintha.

Yogawa mphamvu zaka 15-17

ndi boyars m'zaka za m'ma 15 ndi ndani? Tsopano ndi udindo wapamwamba mwa servitors wa lawo lapansi. Kukhalapo ngati chizindikiro ankatanthauza kuti anthu akhoza kutenga nawo mbali m'zochitika za Boyar Duma, izo anapereka ufulu kukhala apamwamba udindo dumnyi. Boyars, monga ulamuliro, tsopano ili pa waukulu utsogoleri, milandu ndi asilikali posts, anaima pa mutu wa malamulo.

Boyars votchinniki, akupitiriza kukana ulamuliro anapanga boma centralized, akumanidwa mwayi kuthupi ambiri, chuma ndi ndale. Onse zionetsero ndi malankhulidwe yomweyo kuletsedwa. Boyar apamwamba anali akumenya mwamphamvu ndi oprichnina Ivan IV.

Mkubwela kwa wachifumu wa Romanovs kufalitsidwa kwa mphamvu pakati pa magulu wasintha kwambiri. Tsopano, chuma analimbitsa servitors boyars ndi otchuka kwa zaka za m'ma 17, pamene ambiri wolemekezeka mafumu ndinayima. Ndi zifukwa izi kuti pang'onopang'ono anayamba anaona mofulumira kusiyana kwa magulu pakati pa anthu otchuka ndi olemekezeka. Ndipo pamene tidakocheza ndi patrimonial ulamuliro dziko, monga mwa dongosolo mu 1714, ogwirizana, ndipo kodi mobisa ogwirizana maganizo "landlords". Kenako, mawu amenewa kusinthidwa mu mawu akuti "bala" kapena "Ambuye."

Mu 1682 anathetsa localism, ndipo tsopano boyars zochepa aphatikizidwe m'zochitika anthu. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 18, Peter Ine ndi kwathunthu chinathetsa mutu wa m'banja lachifumu.

Moyo wa boyars ndi olemekezeka

Olemekezeka ndi olemekezeka a m'zaka 17 ku Russia, monga tanenera poyamba, asonkhana pamodzi kalasi imodzi.

Ngati ife kulankhula za moyo, ndiye zakale otsala a nthawi Ndizachidziwikire kuti anthu otchuka ndi anthu wotchuka a boyars 'anali kwambiri zida ndi zinthu zasiliva, zodzikongoletsera mtengo ndi yokongola kunyumba. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 17, zigawo zambiri inasanduka nyumba ang'onoang'ono, amene angathe kukhala anthu 60 ndi 80.

Kuoneka woyamba mwanaalirenji woona pa nthawi imene Manor limabweretsa 10-11 zaka. Pang'onopang'ono, ena a iwo m'kupita kwa kukonza zosiyanasiyana uwonongedwe. eni kuthamanga zigawo zawo. Koma akuluakulu a ntchito akathyali, anatha kusunga chuma ndi madera kwa zaka 16-17 unazunguliridwa ndi makoma aatali ndi zigawo zawo, kuwapatutsa mu nyumba weniweni.

Gen. boyars ndi olemekezeka m'zaka 17

Malowedwe mwapang'onopang'ono chitsanzo European moyo mwa malo chuma kwachititsa kuchuluka nkhawa ndi chitonthozo cha moyo. Kodi aliyense kumvetsa amene ali olemekezeka, ndi olemekezeka? Apamwamba ndalama kalasi anasonyeza ngati iwo akanakhoza: adayamba kuonekera pa tebulo zosiyanasiyana mafoloko ndi mipeni ndi zopukutira m'manja zimapezeka, mbale munthu ndi nsalu za patebulo. Tsopano aliyense m'banja anali chipinda osiyana. Makamaka wolemera mafumu ntchito mbale phale, tini ndi mkuwa.

Oimira mayina odziwika bwino nthawi (. Golitsyn, Naryshkin Odoevsky, Morozov, etc.) chokongoletsedwa mwala nyumba yawo yaikulu ndi zamakono European mafashoni: makoma mtengo wallpaper makalapeti, ndi zikopa; ndi chitsanzo ofanana; ambiri magwero kuwala, monga chandeliers ndi makandulo kukongoletsa.

Pamene makamu, ndipo anyamata anayamba kuvala m'njira European: zosavuta mtengo nsalu, free kalembedwe, zodzikongoletsera zagolide ndi nsalu siliva ndi zokometsera. Ngakhale kuti madiresi European okhawo osati kungoyamba zonse mu Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 17, mwayi kalasi m'njira azinji atoma kuntowera mumaganiza mafashoni Western.

Chinthu china chatsopano cha moyo operekedwa ndi boyars ndi olemekezeka anakhala chizolowezi. Kusewera Chess, kupita kumadansi ndi zosangalatsa zina wakhala mbali ya miyoyo ya anthu olemera. Anasamukira pa ngolo kuwala ndi akasupe ndi atumiki kumbuyoko, ankavala mawigi, ndipo anthu anayamba kumeta nkhope yake.

Burgher osankhika moyo modzichepetsa. nthumwi zake atavala broadcloth zovala, mipando, ziwiya sikudali kutero mtengo. Komanso miyoyo yawo panali kufunitsitsa chitonthozo. Mu zipinda mutha kuona zojambula, mawotchi, kalirole. phwando mlendo uja ikuchitika staterooms wapadera.

Olemekezeka poyesa kutengera m'nyumba yachifumu, ndithudi, osati ndi luster achifumu, komabe. Nyumbayi awo anaonekera zenera ndi Mica, mipando ndi mtengo losema, makalapeti pa apansi pa.

ndi boyars mu Wallachia ndi Moldavia ndi ndani?

Pa gawo la Wallachia ndi Moldavia kalasi ang'onoang'ono unakhazikitsidwa m'zaka 14. Mkati panali gulu ena. boyars angaperekedwe anali eni bashtin (zigawo), ndi Local - COMPASS zigawo. Pa kusiyana iwo anakhala amaona pa nthawi. Monga mbali ya palokha Romania boyars cha m'ma 19 panali anthu kuchokera kwa amalonda lalikulu ndi akuluakulu. M'magawo awa, kuwonongedwa kwa boyars monga gulu zinachitika yekha March 22, 1945 mu kukhazikitsa lamulo agrarian kusintha.

Mawu akuti "zinduna" ndi "otchuka" m'mabuku a mbiri yakale

anthu olemekezeka, ndi olemekezeka ndi ndani? Khama la nkhani amapereka yankho lomveka bwino ndi zambiri pa funso limeneli.

Olemekezeka - ndi oimira gulu la mwayi kuti anatuluka mu dziko ang'onoang'ono.

Boyars - oimira pamwamba wosanjikiza wa anthu ang'onoang'ono, omwe analipo kuchokera 10 kuti zaka 17 pa dera la Kievan Lazaro, Moscow ukulu, Chibugariya, ukulu Chimoludaviyani, Wallachia, kuchokera XIV atumwi ku Romania.