Kapangidwe ka malo selo. mbali kandalama wa pakati selo

Iwo imatsimikizirika kuti maselo a zamoyo eukaryotic amene timapemphera dongosolo zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, organelles kupanga mapuloteni ndi phospholipid zikuchokera. Komabe, lamulo limeneli pali zosiyana zofunika. Awiri organelle (pakati selo ndi ribosome), komanso organelles za kayendedwe (cilia ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana) si a Kakhungu dongosolo. Kodi iwo anapanga? Mu pepala ili tidzayesetsa kupeza yankho la funso limeneli, komanso kuphunzira kapangidwe ka maselo a pakati khungu, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa centrosome.

ngati maselo muli malo selo onse

Mfundo yoyamba kuti asayansi chidwi - nkhani pamaso pa organelle izi. Choncho, m'munsi bowa - Chytridiomycota - ndi zomera apamwamba si. Monga likukhalira, algae, maselo anthu ndi nyama kwambiri pamaso pa malo selo m'pofunika effectuate njira ya mitosis ndi meiosis. Njira yoyamba kugawana maselo somatic, ndi zina - kugonana. Kuvomerezedwa ophunzira mu njira onse amakonda centrosome. Divergence centrioles ake kwa mitengo yonyamulira ya selo kugawaniza ndi therebetween tensioning spindle ndi zina amapereka filaments khromozomu Ufumuyo yarns awa ndi mizati ya foni mayi.

maphunziro tosaoneka anaulula mbali ya malo selo dongosolo la. Iwo limapangidwa kwa wina ndi matupi ambiri wandiweyani - centrioles kumene mogwirizana microtubules fanwise. Tidzaphunzira zambiri za maonekedwe ndi dongosolo la pakati selo.

Centrosome maselo interphase

Mu kayendedwe ka moyo wa maselo a pakati selo Tingaone mu nthawi lotchedwa interphase. Near phata Kakhungu nthawi anakonza awiri microcylinder. Aliyense wa iwo tichipeza tubules mapuloteni anasonkhana zidutswa zitatu (atatu). Zisanu ndi zinayi za nyumba izi kupanga pamwamba centrioles. Ngati awiri a iwo (amene zimachitika nthawi zambiri), iwo ili kwa nthawi kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino bwino. M'nthawi ya moyo pakati pa magulu awiri a dongosolo foni pakati pa khungu ndi pafupifupi chimodzimodzi eukaryotes onse.

The ultrastructure wa centrosome ndi

Kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo la pakati maselo kunatheka chifukwa cha ntchito ya elekitironi maso. Asayansi apeza kuti zonenepa centrosome ndi miyeso zotsatirazi: m'litali - 0.3-0.5 microns, awiri - 0.2 microns. Number centrioles kwenikweni kawiri pamaso magawano. Izi ndi zofunika kuonetsetsa kuti mayi ndi mwana wamkazi kwambiri maselo akamagwira kugawa malo selo, wopangidwa mwa centrioles awiri. Features wa pakati selo dongosolo la kwagona kuti centrioles zomwe zimapanga izo, si zofanana, mmodzi wa iwo - okhwima (amayi) - lili ndi zinthu zina: peritsentriolyarny Kanema ndi zokhudzana ake. Mwana centriole ali ndi malo enieni otchedwa cartwheel.

centrosomes khalidwe pa mitosis

Izo ziri zodziwika bwino kuti kukula kwa chamoyo, komanso kubereka ake kumachitika pa pulayimale unit wa msinkhu zinyama, lomwe ndi khungu. Cell dongosolo, malo ndi ntchito ya foni, komanso organelles ake cytology ankaona. Ngakhale kuti akatswiri phunziro kwambiri za kafukufuku, likulu selo akadali bwino bwino, ngakhale kuti udindo wake Gulu selo elucidated kwathunthu. Pa prophase wa mitosis ndi meiosis mu prophase wa centrioles meiosis mogwirizana kwa mitengo yonyamulira ya foni mayi, ndi zina mapangidwe ulusi spindle. Iwo angagwirizanitse kwa centromeres DNA constriction chachikulu. Chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunikira?

Anaphase selo spindle

Zatsopano wa Boveri, Neil A. asayansi anakhazikitsa kuti Kapangidwe ka malo selo ndi ntchito zake ndi zogwirizana. Pamaso pa centrioles awiri ochititsa kuti oyenerera pankhani ya mitengo yonyamulira ya maselo, ndipo ulusi spindle therebetween zipangitsa ngakhale yogawa DNA olumikizidwa kwa microtubules, aliyense wa mizati kholo selo.

Choncho, khromozomu chiwerengero ali yemweyo maselo mwana kupyolera mitosis kapena theka (mu meiosis) kuposa selo loyambalo kholo. Makamaka chidwi n'chakuti kapangidwe ka pakati selo ndi kusintha correlative kugwirizana ndi magawo a mayendedwe amoyo selo.

Mankhwala kusanthula organelles

Kumvetsetsa ntchito ndi udindo wa phunziro centrosome, kodi mankhwala organic aphatikizidwa kapangidwe kake. Monga kuchitika, akupita mapuloteni. Wokwanira kuti aganizirenso selo nembanemba kapangidwe ndi ntchito komanso amadalira pamaso pa mamolekyulu peputayidi mu izo. Taonani kuti mapuloteni centrosome adzalandira motility. Ali mbali ya microtubules amatchedwa tubulins. Kuphunzira kunja ndi mkati Kapangidwe ka malo selo, ife otchulidwa zinthu wothandiza: peritsentriolyarnye makina ndi zokhudzana centrioles. Zikuphatikizapo tseneksin ndi miritsitin.

Palinso mapulotini zonse kuwombola zinthu organelle. Izi kinase ndi phosphatase - mapeputisayidi yeniyeni udindo microtubule nucleation, ie, mapangidwe a yogwira molekyulu-mbewu, limene limayamba ndi kaphatikizidwe kukula zozungulira ndipo microfilaments.

pakati Cell ngati kulinganiza mapulotini fibrous

Mu cytology potsiriza kulimbikitsa kumvetsa centrosome ngati organelle waukulu udindo mapangidwe microtubules. Chifukwa cha kuchotsa maphunziro K. Fultonamozhno amati pakati selo amapereka ndondomeko izi mu njira zinayi. Mwachitsanzo: polymerizing filaments spindle, kupanga protsentrioley, kupanga dongosolo zozungulira wa microtubules maselo interphase, ndipo potsiriza, kaphatikizidwe wa zinthu mu cilium chachikulu. Izi maphunziro apadera, ndilo khalidwe kwa centrioles kholo. Mwa kuphunzira kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya selo nembanemba ofufuza kupeza izo pansi ndi elekitironi maso pakati selo pambuyo magawano mitotic khungu, kapena pa chiyambi cha mitosis. Mbali G2 wa interphase komanso mu magawo oyambirira Mwamsanga prophase cilium. Malinga ndi mipweya, tichipeza mamolekyulu ndi tubulin ndi chizindikiro chimene zingadziŵike ndi okhwima kholo centriole. Kuyambira kusasitsa wa centrosomes zimachitika? Taganizirani mfundo zina zabwino zonse ndondomeko imeneyi.

Masiteji mapangidwe centrioles

Cytology anakhazikitsa kuti wocheperapo ndi kholo centrioles, kupanga diplosomu sizili zofanana mu dongosolo. Choncho, kapangidwe okhwima mphonje wosanjikiza peritsentriolyarnogo mankhwala - mitotic kampira. Full kusasitsa mwana centrioles mutenga nthawi yaitali kuposa nthawi ya chimodzi mkombero moyo maselo. Kumapeto kwa gawo lachiwiri la selo mkombero G1 centriole latsopano kale akutumikira monga kulinganiza wa microtubules ndipo amatha kupanga ulusi ndi spindle, komanso mapangidwe apadera organelle kuyenda. Iwo akhoza kukhala cilia ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana kunachitika unicellular mogwirizana (mwachitsanzo, Euglena wobiriwira, ciliate-nsapato), komanso ambiri algae Chlamydomonas chitsanzo. Michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana microtubules anapanga pakati pa mzinda selo, zida ndi spores ambiri algae ndi maselo nyongolosi ya zinyama ndi anthu.

Udindo wa centrosome mu ntchito foni

Taona kuti mmodzi wa organelles zing'onozing'ono ma (zitenga zosakwana 1% ya maselo) amasewera otsogolera mu lamulo kagayidwe kachakudya zomera ndi nyama maselo onse. Msokonezo a spindle kumatanthauza mapangidwe maselo mwana ali osiyana zosalongosoka. akanema awo DNA ndi osiyana ndi chokwanira, zikubweretsa chromosomal aberrations. Chifukwa - chitukuko cha anthu nthenda kapena imfa. Mu mankhwala, anakhazikitsa kuti ubale chiwerengero cha centrioles chiopsezo khansa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati maselo zachilendo khungu muli centrioles ziwiri, biopsy minofu pa khansa ya pakhungu zimasonyeza kuchuluka mpaka 4.6. Zotsatira izi ndi umboni wa mbali yaikulu ya centrosome mu ulamuliro wa Chigawo selo. Recent deta experimental amati yofunika kwambiri ya organelle izi mu njira zoyendera okhudza maselo ambiri. Kapangidwe lapadera pakati selo chololera kusintha mawonekedwe a maselo, ndi kusintha kwake. Bwinobwino osauka mayunitsi centrosome kufupi ndi zida za Golgi, pafupi phata, ndi iwo lili integrative ndi kusonyeza ntchito mu kukhazikitsa mitosis, meiosis, ndi ma selo imfa - apuptoza. N'chifukwa chake cytological ano ankaona yofunika zinathandiza centrosome maselo organelle, ndi udindo onse magawano ake, ndi kagayidwe lonse ambiri.