Amene tinthu anatulukira ndi Rutherford? zinachitikira Previous ndi dera Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford - waluntha wasayansi amene wapanga ena atulukira unalidi waukulu mu umagwirira ndi sayansi. Ndayesetsatu anatembenuka sayansi pa njira yatsopano ya chitukuko? Amene tinthu anatulukira ndi Rutherford? Tsatanetsatane wa mbiri ndi ntchito ya sayansi, ofufuza anapeza pambuyo m'nkhani ino.

Chiyambi cha ulendo wa moyo

Rutherford yonena akuyamba ndi tauni yaing'ono ya Spring Grove ku New Zealand. Pali mu 1871 mu banja lina longobwera komanso malo wasayansi wasayansi. Abambo ake, Scot ndi kubadwila anali katswiri wa nkhuni ndipo anali kampani yake. Rutherford kudzera izo zothandiza luso ntchito yomanga wotsatira.

The kupambana woyamba zikuchitika ku sukulu, kumene maphunziro kwambiri adalandira maphunziro ku koleji. Ernest Rutherford woyamba analembetsa ku koleji, Nelson, ndiye amapita ku Canterbury. Kutenga ndi kukumbukira kwambiri ndi nzeru anzeru, ndi ndinasintha wosiyana ndi ana ena.

Rutherford analandira mphoto mu masamu, analemba pepala lake loyamba sayansi pa sayansi ya "chitsulo magnetised pa tithe mkulu." Mogwirizana ndi ntchito, iye anatulukira imodzi mwa zipangizo oyamba chifukwa kupeza mafunde maginito.

Mu 1895, wasayansi, sayansi, Rutherford ananena ndi Maclaurin odzakhala chuma cha maphunziro dzina la chionetsero World. Mwangozi, mdani sakufuna ndi mphoto, ndipo Rutherford anapereka mwayi kupambana dziko la sayansi. Iye anapita ku England mu Kavendishevskuyu labu ndi kupeza PhD motsogozedwa ndi Dzhozefa Tomsona.

ntchito Scientific ndi zina zomwe

Atafika ku England, wophunzirayo sadzachitanso akusowa maphunziro mopepuka. Iye akuyamba kupeza namkungwi. wotsogolera sayansi Rutherford kamodzi anati kuthekera kwake kwakukulu, ndi kulakwitsa. Thomson sayansi kuphunzira adafotokoza wamng'ono mpweya ionization ndi X-ray. Komabe, asayansi apeza kuti pamene izi zimachitika panopa machulukitsidwe chodabwitsa.

Atamaliza bwino ntchito ndi Thomson, iye delves mu kuphunzira Becquerel cheza chomwe pambuyo Marie Curie kuitana nyukiliya. Panthawi imeneyi anapanga anapeza wake woyamba zofunika anawulula kuli particles sankadziwika, kuphunzira katundu wa ureniamu ndi thorium.

Anakhala pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Montreal. Pamodzi ndi Frederikom Soddi wasayansi amaika patsogolo ndi lingaliro yozindikira zinthu mu ndondomeko ya kuwonongeka. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Rutherford analemba zokhudza sayansi "mpweya wa poizoni" ndi "masinthidwe nyukiliya" zimene zimabweretsa kutchuka. Iye amakhala membala wa Royal Society, iye anali kupereka udindo wa otchuka.

Pa phunziro oipa a zinthu nyukiliya mu 1908, Ernest Rutherford anali kupereka ya Nobel Prize. Scientific anatsegula emanation thorium zachinyengo mchitidwe transmutation ndi irradiating asafe mtima olembedwa mabuku atatu ntchito. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zake zofunika kwambiri ndi chilengedwe cha chitsanzo cha phata atomiki.

Amene tinthu anatulukira ndi Rutherford?

Mu kuphunzira mpweya wa poizoni, Rutherford sanali woyamba. Pamaso pake, malowa ndi katswiri mwachangu sayansi Becquerel ndi Curies. Ndiye chodabwitsa cha mpweya wa poizoni anapeza atangomwalira, ndi mphamvu ankaona anthu wamba. kuphunzira ureniamu salt mosamala, ndipo katundu wawo, Rutherford anaona kuti cheza anatulukira ndi Becquerel ndi sakanikira.

Rutherford zojambulazo kuyesera anasonyeza kuti ray nyukiliya lagawidwa utuluke angapo tinthu. mtsinje wina angathe kuwaphunzira aluminum zojambulazo, ena kudutsa izo. Aliyense wa iwo - ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu waung'ono wotchedwa katswiri Alpha ndi tinthu beta kapena kunyezimira. Patapita zaka ziwiri, ndi ku France Villard anapeza mtundu wachitatu kunyezimira kutsatira chitsanzo cha Rutherford Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira.

Chimene tinthu anatulukira ndi Rutherford, anali kusokoneza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha sayansi ya nyukiliya. Iwo yojambula natsimikizira kuti mphamvu amachokera ku maatomu kwambiri ureniamu chitachitidwa. Alpha particles anafotokozedwa monga ndithu mlandu helium maatomu, particles beta ndi ma elekitironi. Tsegulani kenako Popanga madzi a gamma particles - ndi cheza mu atomu.

nyukiliya kuwola

Kupezeka Rutherford anapatsa adzauka osati kwa sayansi thupi, komanso iyeyo. Iye anapitiriza kuphunzira mpweya wa poizoni wa University of Montreal ku Canada. Pa sayansi ya Soddy iwo anachita mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano ndi njira imene dziwani kuti kusintha atomu pa umuna wa particles ake.

Monga asayansi akale, asayansi atembenuke ndi ureniamu kukhala mkala, kupanga yojambula lotsatira. Choncho anatulukira oipa nyukiliya. Chilamulo monga mmene muli kuwola, Rezerfor ndi Soddy anafotokoza mu mabuku a "masinthidwe nyukiliya" ndi "Kafukufuku poyerekeza ya mpweya wa poizoni wa Analandira ndi thorium."

Akatswiri kudziwa kudalira pa mlingo kuwola chiwerengero cha maatomu nyukiliya mu chitsanzo, komanso nthawi yapita. Inafotokoza kuti pa nthawi kuwola ntchito amachepetsa exponentially. Pakuti aliyense mankhwala, nthawi chofunika. Kutengera pa mlingo wa kuvunda Rutherford anatha kupanga mfundo ya theka moyo.

Lachitsanzo mapulaneti wa maatomu

Pa chiyambi cha XX m'ma icho chakhala imachitika zatsopano ambiri kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha maatomu ndi mpweya wa poizoni. Rutherford ndi Villars lotseguka Alpha, beta ndi Popanga madzi a gamma cheza, ndi Dzhozef Tomson Nayenso atsegula ndi elekitironi. Iwo amaona chiŵerengero mlandu ku misa ya elekitironi, ndipo akutsimikiza kuti tinthu ndi gawo atomu.

Pamaziko a kutsegula ake Thomson amalenga chitsanzo cha maatomu. Wasayansi amakhulupirira kuti yotsirizira ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, padziko lonse wamba particles ndithu mlandu. Mkati mpira ndi zoipa mlandu ma elekitironi.

Patapita zaka zingapo, Rutherford refutes chiphunzitso cha mphunzitsi wake. Iye ananena kuti atomu ali ndi phata, umene ndithu mlandu. Ndipo kuzungulira iwo monga mapulaneti mozungulira dzuwa, ma elekitironi zokhudza pansi zochita za mphamvu Coulomb.

Galimoto zinachitikira Rutherford

Rutherford anali experimenter kwambiri. Choncho, kukayikira Thomson lachitsanzo, iye anaganiza kuzitsutsa izo empirically. Thomson atomu Chioneke mtambo ozungulira wa ma elekitironi. Ndiye Alpha particles kudutsa momasuka kudzera zojambulazo lapansi.

Pakuti zimenezo, Rutherford anamanga chipangizo cha bokosi kutsogolera ndi bowo laling'ono Mudali zakuthupi nyukiliya. Bokosi zimatenga Alpha particles mbali zonse, kupatula pamene dzenje ndi. Choncho analenga mbali tinthu otaya. Patsogolo anali zowonetsera angapo patsogolo ndi mipata kuti asiyanitse particles kuti kupatuka pa njira anakonzeratu.

Bwino lolunjika Alpha ray kuti wopyoza zopinga zonse, popita pepala zoonda wa zojambulazo ndi golide. Kumbuyo kwake kunali phosphor chophimba. Aliyense kukhudzana ndi tinthu ndi izo zinalembedwa mu mawonekedwe a kung'anima. Kotero izo zinali zotheka kuti uweruze kupatuka particles pambuyo kudutsa zojambulazo lapansi.

N'zosadabwitsa kwambiri Rutherford, particles ambiri anapanduka pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino zazikulu, zina ngakhale 180 madigiri. Izi zinachititsa wasayansi kuganiza kuti chachikulu atomiki kulemera kwa nkhani olimba m'menemo amene kenako otchedwa ngale.

Galimoto zinachitikira Rutherford:

chitsanzo kutsutsa

Rutherford chitsanzo nyukiliya poyamba kudzudzulidwa, chifukwa atakwatirana ndi malamulo a electrodynamics zachikhalidwe. Kuluka, ma elekitironi ayenera asatope ndi zimatulutsa mafunde atomu, koma izi zimachokeradi, choncho iwo ali pa mpumulo. Mu nkhani iyi, ma elekitironi ayenera kugwera pa pachimake, osati iye yekhayo.

Kuti timvetse zodabwitsazi anagwa Niels Bohr. Limati kuti aliyense elekitironi ali kanjira yake. Ngakhale elekitironi pa izo, zilibe limatulutsa mphamvu, koma inapita patsogolo. Scientific anayambitsa mfundo quanta - magawo a mphamvu amene anamasulidwa pamene ma elekitironi ndi kunditumiza ku kanjira ena.

Choncho, Niels Bohr anali mmodzi wa amene adayambitsa wa nthambi yatsopano ya sayansi - kwadzidzidzi sayansi. Kulondola chitsanzo Rutherford zinali. Motero, mfundo nkhaniyo zoyenda chake unasinthiratu. chitsanzo A nthawi zina amatchedwa boron atomu-Rutherford.

Zosangalatsa za sayansi ndi

Nobel Prize Ernest Rutherford anali patsogolo anapanga kupambana zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wake - anapeza phata atomiki ndi anakhazikitsa chitsanzo mapulaneti wa maatomu.

Rutherford chidwi anapeza zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa nthambi yatsopano kuti amaphunzira Kapangidwe ka phata atomiki. Iwo ankatchedwa nyukiliya kapena nyukiliya sayansi.

The wasayansi wogwidwa kafukufuku osati kokha, komanso kuphunzitsa talente. Khumi ndi awiri a ophunzira ake anali opambana mu sayansi umagwirira Nobel Prize. Pakati pawo, Frederick Soddy, Genri Mozli, Otto Hahn, ndi zina umunthu odziwika.

Maphunziro zambiri zimachitika atulukira asafe kuti ndi olakwika. Ndipotu Rutherford wotchuka yosiyana. Gasi anatsegula katswiri ndi sayansi Daniel Rutherford, amene anakhalako m'zaka pamaso pa sayansi lopambana.

Pomaliza

British wasayansi Ernest Rutherford anatchuka kwambiri pakati anzake propensity kwa kuyesera. Pa moyo, wasayansi wakhala zambiri imene wakutsegula Alefa ndi beta particles, zopanga chilamulo cha kuwola ndi theka moyo, kukhala chitsanzo mapulaneti wa maatomu. Pamaso pake, iwo ankakhulupirira kuti gwero mphamvu ndi kunja. Koma pambuyo dziko la sayansi anamva zimene tinthu anatulukira ndi Rutherford, asayansi asintha maganizo awo. Zikayenda wasayansi zinathandiza patsogolo kwambiri chitukuko cha sayansi zimapangidwira, komanso zinathandiza kuti zikamera wa mafakitale monga sayansi ya nyukiliya.