3M ndege: mbiri ya chilengedwe ndi chitukuko, specifications luso

3M ndege - Soviet njira yoponya mabomba, amene anatumikira kwa zaka makumi anayi. Mu mbiri ya ndege anali ndi zambiri zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Iye anayamba ndi mbiri losanganikirana. Anthu ena ndege la chitsanzo mwadzidzidzi, pamene ena amaona kuti ndi kupambana Kwakukulu. Lang'anani, 3M ndege, mbiri umene wakhala mutu wa zokambirana zathu, kuliganizira monga ntchito yaikulu ndege Soviet.

Maziko a THE

Mu 1940s mochedwa, pamene panali zida za nyukiliya, m'pofunika kayendedwe ake ndi yobereka lamya ku malo ankafuna. Asilikali zovuta anafunika yoponya mabomba kuti makhalidwe akhoza upambana amene panthawiyo chitsanzo nthawi 1.5-2. Choncho mfundo yoponya mabomba njira unakhazikitsidwa. America anayamba ndege izi. Mu 1946, awiri monga American ndege kampani - "Boeing" ndi "Convair" - chinkhoswe mu chitukuko cha yoponya mabomba njira. Choncho, ndege yoyamba mu 1952 anachita ndege B-52 ndi B-60. Onse zitsanzo amasiyana akapolo anzawo akale kaulusi mkulu ndi chidwi liwiro ndi osiyanasiyana.

Start chitukuko

Mu Soviet Union linakhazikitsa chitukuko ofanana ndi kuchedwa kwambiri. Zonse zinayamba ndi chakuti mlengi B. Myasischev, pulofesa pa Moscow Aviation Institute, anandiuza kuti boma kulenga yoponya mabomba njira timatha kuuluka kwa makilomita 12,000. Motero, mogwirizana ndi akatswiri, Stalin anaganiza udindo Ndipatse Myasishcheva yake chitukuko cha ndege ake akufuna, koma anapereka deadlines kwambiri. Development anali kutha May 24, 1951. Bungwe la Ministries wa USSR analamula pomanga ndege kulengedwanso pambuyo kutsekera kwa OKB 23 MAP. Chief mlengi anakhala Myasischev. Posachedwa Air Force mkulu wa mwatsatanetsatane ndi luso zofunika za makina akhala naye. Zolemba malire osiyanasiyana anali kukhala zosachepera 12 zikwi makilomita ndi bomba katundu wa matani 5. ndegeyo anali kuuluka pa liwiro la 900 Km / h pamalo okwera makilomita 9.

Nthawi allocated kuti pulani ndi kumanganso yoponya mabomba kuti "Project 25" (monga icho chinali kutchedwa pa chitukuko), adamfunsa ndi mamangidwe amasinthira mgwirizano ndi mabungwe ena makampani: maudindo ena kamangidwe, mabungwe kafukufuku ndi mafakitale.

Zochitika loyamba

The ndege yoyamba anali kupanga zina zachidule L. Selyakov - anali ndi udindo wa mlengi, aerodynamics ndi prochnista imodzi. B. Myasischev nthawi chinkhoswe mu mapangidwe magawano, m'madipatimenti ndi magulu. gulu linalengedwa zikufanana ndi yoponya mabomba a. Mu sewero ntchito yochepa linakonzedwa ndi wovomerezeka. Pa nthawi yomweyo anayamba luso kupanga, makamaka chifukwa Soviet Union sanali apereke ndi ndege lalikulu ndi lolemera. Kwa makina zofunika akalumikidzidwa latsopano kukula kwake ndi zipangizo, komanso nomenclature.

The yoponya mabomba ankayenera kuti akhale wabwino kuuluka bwino potsatira njira ntchito, kukhala ndi liwiro ndi kukhala ngati kuwala ngati nkotheka. The okonza tcheru kwambiri kwa mawonekedwe ya phiko la. Kwa miyezi sikisi chitukuko mphepo mumphangayo TsAGI anayesedwa zosiyanasiyana zitsanzo, mpaka chinapezeka mulingo woyenera. Analenga phiko anali ndi kuwala, anali wokonzeka kusintha mapeto zigawo ndi decompression anachita ndi kukonza. Ndi bwino kupewa chilichonse flutter. Phiko muzu linaikidwa Motors lililonse lili ndi madyedwe mpweya. Ndi kuti akhoza kuwononga chikoka tonse injini pamene ntchito mwa modes osiyana. Nozzles akhala kufalitsidwa mu ndege yopingasa ndi ofukula pa madigiri 4. Izi muyeso kunali koyenera kuti kuchotsa ndege otentha mpweya kuchokera fuselage ndi empennage.

zida

Magetsi yoponya mabomba m'gulu anayi Mikulino wamphamvu kwakusiyana injini yomanga. ndodo zawo zinali 8700 makilogalamu. Mu kamangidwe ka mphamvu chomera zothetsera chakhala kudalirika pazipita. Mwa njira, malinga ndi kapangidwe ija, ndegeyo anali okonzeka ndi injini atatu ndi cholinga cha okwana 13,000 kgf. Komabe, OKB Dobrynin analibe nthawi mu nthawi yochepa ngati kukonzekera prototypes a injini izi.

Tiyenera kutchura anasankha njira okonza yoponya mabomba galimotoyo. Kuphunzira mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka ndege ngati waukulu pa msewu wonyamukira ndege wapadera katswiri gulu unapangidwa bungwe. Poyamba ankaona masikimu angapo galimotoyo: muyezo ndi miyendo itatu, multisupporting ndi kupalasa njinga. Pa mayeso lenilenilo bwino wasonyeza galimotoyo anamanga kuyambira kukwera njinga chiwembu kutsogolo "vzdyblivayuscheysya" trolley ndi struts lateral anakonza malekezero a mapiko. The ndege akhafamba likunena pa msewu wonyamukira ndege ndi kupita ku kutalika anakhumba ndi kusunga akuthamanga chiyambi.

Mutu awiri mawilo yakwera trolley kutsogolo, zochokera ku yaing'ono ngodya zosiyanasiyana (15 + ^0). Pamene awiri anatembenuka, malangizo a trolleys kayendedwe anasintha, kenako linasinthidwa ndi malangizo a ndege lonse. Mu mode "vzdyblivaniya", awiri kutsogolo kwa mawilo kukhala unmanageable. Pa gawo chomaliza cha zofunika za mphuno ndege kukwezedwa ndi mbali kuukira kuchuluka. Kuthandiza pa zofunika woyendetsa anali kochepa. chiwembu Izi anawayesa zasayansi zouluka "Lachiwiri-4", tricycle ankafika zida zomwe makamaka m'malo njinga. Panalinso chitsanzo cha osiyana trolleys electrically ntchito. Anakumana zitsanzo galimotoyo chinakwera zovuta zonse mayesero ndipo anatsimikizira woyenerera ake ntchito pa yoponya mabomba.

Ndege bomba katundu anali matani 24 ndi yaikulu likungosonyeza mabomba - 9000 kg. Ndiyamika Rada pamaso pa BPM-4 inaperekedwa mwatsatanetsatane mabomba. Mu yoponya mabomba anali zida wokongola kwambiri kwa chitetezo. Amakhala ndi mfuti zisanu ndi chimodzi basi likungosonyeza 23 mm. Iwo anaikidwa pa magulu atatu a mayunitsi makina mu chapamwamba, m'munsi ndi kumbuyo fuselage. Adalira, wopangidwa mwa anthu asanu ndi atatu, kuyikidwa mu awiri pressurized kanyumba. Mipando ejected kunsi kudzera hatches.

mayeso

Ndi December 1952 ndi yoponya mabomba zinachitika inamangidwa. January 20 chaka chamawa, galimoto kwa nthawi yoyamba anakulira mlengalenga. Flight mayeso woyendetsa motsogoleredwa ndi F. Opadchiy. Kuyambira tsiku limeneli linayamba pa mayesero zonse liwiro fakitale nyemba. Iwo chinakhalapo mpaka April 15, 1954. Kuchedwa chifukwa cha bulkiness ndi zovuta za mayeso.

The pazipita ndege kulemera kwa ndege anakwana matani 181,5. Liwiro zake pamalo okwera 6700 mamita anali wofanana ndi makilomita 947 pa ola limodzi. Service denga (pazipita osiyanasiyana) ndi kulemera matani 138 anali mamita 12.500. Okonza anatha kuika pa bolodi buku yaikulu akasinja mafuta. Iwo anaika 132 390 malita a mafuta. Komabe, mlandu pazipita zinali zochepa malita 123600.

Mu 1954, mayeso anali wolumikizana zinachitika chachiwiri, amene anali adzafupikitsidwa 1 mita mphuno gawo mapiko malo aakulu komanso chiwerengero cha zosintha zina zazing'ono. Akatswiri anayamba kukonzekera kuŵeta wa yoponya mabomba a. Ndi nthawi iyi polemekeza mlengi Myasishcheva makina dzina lake "Ndege M". "3M" - malamulo anapatsidwa chitsanzo kenako. Koma poyamba, iye ankatchedwa M-4.

mayesero ndi njira yabwino ayi. Pa ntchito kwambiri ndege zogwirizana ndi malangizo, koma kufunika chachikulu - osiyanasiyana pazipita ndi matani 5 mabomba pa bolodi - sakanatha kukwaniritsa. Pambuyo revisions angapo yoponya mabomba akadali anatengera. Koma funso osakwanira ndege osiyanasiyana limakhalabe lotsegula.

zakonzeka

Pofuna kuthana ndi vuto pamwamba, ndi yoponya mabomba pa amphamvu kwambiri koma ndalama injini Rd-3M, zomwe zachitika P. waminga. Yoponya mabomba ndi watsopano magetsi analandira index "3M". Ndipotu, Motors ndi kusinthidwa mabaibulo injini AM-3a. Samatha pa mphamvu pazipita wakhala kuchuluka kwa 9500 kgf. Komanso, unsembe wa Rd-3M anali mode mwadzidzidzi, 500kGs lomwe likhoza kulephera kwa ukuwonjezeka mphamvu galimoto 10 ena. Woterowo zida mphamvu 3M ndege akafuna imathamanga 930 Km / h ndi kuuluka popanda kuima mtunda 8100 Km.

Mu kafukufuku mipata kuonjezera ndege osiyanasiyana si inatha. The chachiwiri mayeso Baibulo okonzeka ndi dongosolo refueling mwakuchita OKB Alekseev. Zikuoneka "ndodo" kulandira mafuta pamwamba cockpit lapansi. Chabwino Pamadzi okonzeka ndi thanki zina, zida ikukoka ndi winch.

Pamene ndege lisanalengedwe 3M Myasishcheva ntchito yomweyi zinachitikadi pa chitukuko cha mkulu-nyamuka ake Baibulo, omwe analandira udindo machitidwe a 2M. Ndi okonza ananyamuka kukhazikitsa mwakamodzi anayi turbojet injini HP-5 - pa pylons mu phiko kulekanitsidwa. Komabe, kamangidwe ka "m'dera lokwera" anasiya kuyambira Baibulo 3M anali kukwaniritsa tingachidziwe kamangidwe.

3M Air: chitukuko

Ngakhale ntchito zabwino, chitsanzo wapitiriza kusintha. March 27, 1956, ndege yoyamba pa galimoto 3M. ndegeyo analandira injini latsopano VD-7, adali ndi cholinga 11,000 kgf. Komabe, iwo kulemedwa kuchepa anakhala mafuta. Choyamba, ndege ndi zida ndi injini ziwiri zatsopano, ndipo ndi 1957 - zonse zinayi. Kudzera mwa unsembe wa kasinthidwe latsopano la mapiko ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe a yopingasa mchira kuuluka bwino potsatira njira khalidwe la ndege kuchuluka chimaonekadi. Komanso, voliyumu linawonjezeka akasinja mafuta. Iwo anakwanitsa kukwaniritsa zimenezi, kuphatikizapo kupyolera akasinja ndi anamangirira. Awiri a iwo anali Anapachikidwa mu bomba Bay (ngati katundu bomba amaloledwa), ndipo ena awiri - pansi pa phiko, pakati Motors lapansi.

3M ndege, makhalidwe amene tikukambirana lero, analandira kapangidwe opepuka. Komabe, thupi lake ananyamuka matani 193, ndipo ndi akasinja dontho, ndipo ngakhale zambiri - matani 202. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mbali kutsogolo kwa fuselage ndi wapeza mawonekedwe atsopano. Panali zosamukira siteshoni mlongoti ku fuselage mphuno gawo, yomwe yakhala anawonjezera 1 mita. Ndi watsopano zida navigation 3M ndege kuchititsa mabomba lenileni kuchokera m'dera lokwera Nthawi iliyonse m'mikhalidwe iliyonse.

Chifukwa cha patsogolo onse zinachititsa chakuti osiyanasiyana pazipita poyerekeza Mabaibulo yapita, chawonjezeka ndi 40%. Ndi refueling wina, dontho akasinja ndi munthu pazipita bomba katundu chithunzi ichi kuposa 15,000 Km. Kugonjetsa mtunda wotero, ndegeyo amayenera kukhala pafupifupi 20 maola. Motero, chiyembekezo cha ntchito monga yoponya mabomba intercontinental. 3M ndege zinafika pa makina amene poyamba ankafuna kulenga Myasischev kutenga udindo kwambiri, ndipo ndi thandizo la Stalin.

Wina chidwi khalidwe 3M n'chakuti zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati losatha apanyanja oponya. Torpedoes analowa ndodo womuyenerera zida, koma iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri. Mayesero woyamba kunachitika zikawonongeka njira yoponya mabomba akadali pa zinachitika M-4.

3M ndege Inagwira

Ndege pambuyo patsogolo posachedwapa Analeredwa ndi kuika mu ulimi. Mu 1959, ndege N. Goryainov ndi zina kuti adzipeza Stepanov, pamodzi ndi anthu okonza awo anaika pa izo 12 timva dziko. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali adzauka 10 matani katundu ndi kutalika kwa makilomita oposa 15 ndipo kuwuka kwa 55 matani katundu ndi kutalika kwa makilomita 2. Matebulo World Records ndege otchedwa 201M. Mu chaka chomwecho, mayeso woyendetsa A. yomata ndipo gulu ake asanu liwiro mbiri pa njira chatsekedwa, ndi osiyana a potsegula. Ndi katundu kulemera matani 25, iye anayamba liwiro 1028 Km / h. Mu zikalata zofunikira 3M Myasishcheva ndege adamuyitananso mzake - 103M.

Pamene yoponya mabomba latsopano analowa utumiki, gawo kale anamasulidwa Mabaibulo a M-4 ankasiyana yekha ofooka magetsi, wakhala anatembenukira kwa Pamadzi.

Mavuto ntchito ndi galimoto latsopano

Ngakhale ntchito chimbuzi, ndegeyo anali ndi mavuto. Ofunika kwambiri a iwo anali kunena kuti nthawi pakati overhauls injini VD-7 anali ochepa kwambiri kuposa injini Rd-3M-500A. Choncho, kuti ndikwaniritse chizolowezi kukonza injini pafupipafupi anasintha. Ngakhale mavuto ndi HP-7, ndege anapereka omwewo Rd-3M, umene unayamba ndi bwino chitsanzo. Ndi zomera mphamvu ankatchedwa 3ms. Kumene, poyerekeza ndi ndege 3M anasonyeza zotsatira kwambiri, koma anali kuposa osiyanitsidwa ake - Baibulo la M-4. Makamaka, popanda refueling ZMS ndege akhoza kuuluka makilomita 9.400.

Mavuto ndi injini analoledwa kusintha chitukuko cha VD-7b. Kuti tidzakhale ndi moyo wa injini, ndi okonza anali kuchepetsa adaponya yake mlingo wa Rd-3M. Zinali 9500 kgs. Tiyenera kuvomereza kuti, ngakhale kuti moyo injini anawonjezera ndi kuchuluka maulendo angapo, konse nditapatsidwa wa Rd-3M. Komabe, ambiri, kuwonongeka kwa makhalidwe osiyanasiyana, chifukwa dzuwa la chomera mphamvu, 15% kuposa 3ms kumasulidwa mtunda.

Kusinthidwa ndi VD-7b injini otchedwa 3MN. Kunja zinali zosiyana kwa Baibulo 3ms yekha bonnet. Pamwamba pa nyumba ya VD-7b analetsedwa hatches wopita mosonyeza mpweya otentha kuchokera pansi pa malamba kulambalala. Mu ndege, ndegeyo komanso ankasiyana: VD-7b injini anasiya bwino amalembedwa njira ya utsi.

zosintha Recent

Mu 1960 anapita kusinthidwa wina wa ndege, imene inkatchedwa 3MD. M'zaka zida zapamwamba kwambiri ndi aerodynamics bwino. Njinga wofanana.

Mu kope 60 la ndegeyo anayamba kutha likunena, ndipo posakhalitsa unatha palimodzi. utsogoleri dziko lakhala ankatembenukira zofunika kutali rocketry. Choncho, wina wa zoponya mabomba zosintha analandira galimoto VD-7P dzina 3ME, anakhalabe prototypes. injini zofunika adaponya kuchuluka kwa kgs 11300. Mayesero kunachitika mu 1963. Komabe, anthu akukumbukirabe ndege 3M - mbiri Model sikuthetsa pano.

Ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha zoponya mabomba njira, ena mwa iwo (Baibulo 3ms ndi 3MN) n'kukhala mathanki kuti imafunika kuthiridwa mafuta. Iwo refueled mu mlengalenga monga "Lachiwiri 95", ndi otsala amadza zida 3M ndege. Petulo 3M, motero, anasintha Baibulo la M-4-2. Koma ndithu, zonse zinali makina munthu mmodzi, ndi Motors osiyana ndi aya zokhudzana.

vuto la mayendedwe

Mu 70s mochedwa kunkafunika mu mayunitsi zoyendera chatsopano chida zovuta ndi mafakitale mu Baikonur cosmodrome. Chifukwa chachikulu, kulemera ndi wamakhalidwe zoyendera mtunda, palibe mitundu ya conveyor sikungathetse vuto ili. Mwachitsanzo, thanki Launcher pakati kutalika 40 ndipo m'lifupi - 8 mamita. B. Myasischev kukumbutsidwa yekha ndipo anapereka kunyamula katundu pa fuselage wa yoponya mabomba wake. 3M ndege pa nthawi imeneyo kale achoka msika, ndipo iye anali wamkulu mlengi Myasischev reconstituted mu 1967 OKB. Mu 1978 anatenga maganizo ake. Pamene Vladimir anamwalira (October 14, 1978), ntchito yake anapitiriza ndi V. Fedotov.

Pofuna kuchedwa kukula, zomangamanga ndi chiyesedwe cha chonyamulira ndege, atatu anasankhidwa Pamadzi. Nthawi yomweyo anatumiza kudziyesa kuzindikira zofooka. Chifukwa, ndege analandira chimango latsopano ndi gulu latsopano la fuselage lapansi. Tailpiece kuwayalanso ndipo anawonjezera mamita 7. The nthenga anali ziwiri muyezo. chiwerengero cha machitidwe ndi misonkhano asintha kapena m'malo. Pa ndege kuika wamphamvu kwambiri injini VD-7M ndi afterburner pochotsa, adaponya amene anafika 11,000 kgs. The injini chomwecho, koma ndi afterburner, anaika "Lachiwiri 22" Koma kale chikalata.

Chifukwa, izo anayamba asanu masanjidwe ndege chonyamulira, omwe, chifukwa makhalidwe enieni zazikulu ndi ndege, anafuna kuti katundu wa kulemera ena. Lachitsanzo amatchedwa 3M-T. Limodzi la ndegeyo atatu anamanga Anam'samutsira TsAGI mayesero malo amodzi. A zina okonzeka ndi wina refueling ndodo.

Mu 1980, ndi zoyendera ndege 3M-T anali woyamba kuuka kwa kumwamba. A mayeso woyendetsa Kucherenko woyamba ankanyamula katundu pa iye pa January 6 chaka chamawa. Kenako ndege anadzatchedwa "Atlas ZM-T." Pa onyamula ija akhala kusamutsidwa oposa 150 katundu pa Baikonur. Anasamukira m'madera onse yaikulu ya maofesi "Mphamvu" ndi "Bhutan". 3M malonda a ndege, zithunzi zomwe nthawi imodzi anamuzindikira ndi onse, M'mbuyomo pa zikondwerero mitundu yonse ya ndege, kuphatikizapo pa mpweya zimasonyeza mu 1992.

Potsiriza Dziwani kuti ndege "Lachiwiri-134A-3M" imene ili nthawi zina amasokonezeka ndi ngwazi ya nkhani yathu chifukwa cha "3M" index mu dzina, panalibe ubale kwa iwo sali. Onse "Lachiwiri 134" - anthu. ndege A "Lachiwiri-134A-3M ndi" ndi VIP-Baibulo la kusinthidwa wa 134SKH ulimi.

Pomaliza

Mu 2003, 50 tili chikumbutso kwa M-4 ndege ndege yoyamba, amene anali woyamba m'banja la zoponya mabomba Soviet. N'zosadabwitsa 3M chitsanzo ndege ankaona mu Air Force mayunitsi nkhondo. Ife muyenera amasirira talente opanga amene anakwanitsa zaka zovuta pambuyo nkhondo kumanga njira, kukhala ndi kuthekera cholimba.