Yak-1: kufotokoza, specifications, masewero kusinthidwa

Yak-1 - ndi Soviet womenya ndege ya nkhondo yachiwiri. Icho chinali choyamba nkhondowo galimoto, cholinga mu Yakovlev Design Bureau, ndipo woyamba mndandanda chitsanzo ndege, omwe anakhala maziko a womenya ndege Soviet mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Tiyeni tidziwe bwino mbiri ya Yak-1 ndi magawo ake luso!

makhalidwe General

Yak-1 ndege ayamba Soviet Union mu 1940. Mu zaka zinayi kupanga linamangidwa pafupifupi 9000 magazini a womenya ndi zosintha ochepa cholinga. Poyamba, ulimi kampani anayikidwa mu chimango zolimba nthawi, zikubweretsa zingapo zolakwika dongosolo la ndege. Komabe, ndege ndi Anali kutikonda kwambiri womenya izi. Iye anamugonjetsa mdaniyo ndi masiku oyamba a Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. ndegeyo ankasiyana amafuna yokonza kochepa, chomasuka ntchito ndi ntchito yapamwamba makhalidwe, chifukwa Iye analibe mavuto amene anakumana olimbana German ndipo Bf.109 Fw.190.

Kuwonjezera pa Soviet woyendetsa-Ace lodziwika bwino Pokryshkina Alexander Ivanovich, chitsanzo ndege Yak-1 piloted ndi oyendetsa ngati wotchuka ngati Aleksey Alelyukhin, mfiti ndi Ahmed Khan Sultan. Ndi m'ndegemu kulimbana zizindikiro anabwera Regiment "Normandie-Niemen". Komanso, womenya kumenyana wamkazi yekha Regiment wa Red Army.

Maziko a THE

Cha m'ma 40 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, Union womenya zombo anayamba akufunika kasinthidwe. dziko likusowa womenya latsopano ankatha osachepera ofanana kukana Anzawo yachilendo. The ndege I-16 anali "nyenyezi" m'ma 40s, ndi la Soviet Union - dziko loyamba kutengera mkulu-liwiro monoplane womenya. Kwa nthawi yaitali I-16 anali mtsogoleri woona mu Spanish kumwamba, pamene mu 1937, sichinayambe anatumiza latsopano German ndege Bf.109. Kumene, pa mndandanda woyamba ozimitsa ndi German kutali abwino, koma iwo anali wamakono lalikulu gwero, ndilo flagship ya Soviet adatha wotopa. Masiku amenewo, ndege chinayamba ndi liwiro lalikulu, ndi ndege, analenga zaka zisanu zapitazo, tsopano deprecated.

kamangidwe

Ntchito pa chilengedwe cha womenya latsopano Union anayamba mu maofesi angapo kapangidwe: Yakovlev, Lavochkin ndi Polikarpov. Mu 1940, yotsirizira anagwira KB ndi kapangidwe pang'ono za ndege, amene anadzatchedwa ndi MiG-1.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, utsogoleri wa Soviet Air Force kale anazindikira kuti kutsutsako waukulu mpweya wa posachedwapa zidzachitike pa okwera aatali, kotero okonza anali kulenga womenya kuti akhoza bwino kuonedwa pamalo okwera mamita oposa 5,000. ndege m'tsogolo kukhala 600 Km / h liwiro 11-12 Km ndi denga yeniyeni ndi kuwuluka pa 600 Km.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, mmodzi wa mavuto aakulu kwambiri a makampani Soviet ndege anali Motors, mwa kundipatsako kwa amene anafika nkhondo isanayambe. Vuto linanso anali kuchepa kwa duralumin. Kuchuluka zofunika zakuthupi unapita kwa yopanga zoponya mabomba, kotero okonza wa womenya ndi kuukira ndege kugwiritsa ntchito yogwira ntchito nthawi yawo opaleshoni mu plywood, yamitengo ndi lona.

Kulengedwa Bureau Aleksandra Yakovleva anatenga kwa chilengedwe cha womenya kumbuyo mu May 1939. Poyamba, izo ankachita nawo masewera ndi maphunziro ndege. Ife kupanga galimoto latsopano zochokera Sport chitsanzo I-7. Kulengedwa anayesetsa ku fakitale № 115.

womenya zinachitika dzina lake I-26. January 13, 1940 anapanga ndege yake yoyamba. Piloting wa womenya latsopano tasked kuyesa woyendetsa Yu. I. Piontkovskomu. The ndege yoyamba inayenda bwino, ndipo chachiwiri zinachititsa kuti ngozi, chifukwa cha zimene woyendetsa anaphedwa, ndipo galimoto inaonongeka. Zinali kenako anapeza kuti chifukwa cha ngozi anakhala opanga chilema. Ngakhale ngozi, palibe amene ankakayikira kuti ndege Yakovlev kuliganizira. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ngakhale pamaso pa mayesero boma la womenya anaganiza kuika mu ulimi. Pa nthawi imeneyi, iye wotchedwa Yak-1.

mpikisano

The zina Soviet ndege ya WWII, amene adatenga mbali mu mpikisano chisanadze nkhondo, tsoka anali m'njira yochititsa chidwi. Onse a iwo anatengedwa ndi kuika mu kuŵeta. Komabe, posakhalitsa nkhondo anaika chirichonse mu malo ake.

Mig-1 wasonyeza kuti bwino pa msinkhu wa makilomita oposa asanu. Main nkhondo chomwecho patsogolo Soviet-German anali ochepa kwambiri. Komanso, galimoto anali ndi zida pang'ono. Posachedwapa iye anatengedwa kuchokera kwa kupanga ndipo anamanga ndege anasamutsidwa ndi chitetezo ya.

Usilikali njira ndege LaGG anali ngakhale kochepa. galimoto inamangidwa kwathunthu nkhuni, lomwe lili ndi zotsatira zoipa thupi lakelo. Kaperekedwe ndegeyo zinachoka kwambiri wolakalakika. Pomaliza, utsogoleri atawalamula kuti aleke kupanga ndege ndi kusamutsa mphamvu anamasulidwa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa Yakobo.

kupanga

Pa nthawi imene ndege anayamba kutulutsa malonda, ikupita patsogolo ku Ulaya nkhondo. Chifukwa cha liwiro kupanga ndege anali "yaiwisi", kotero mwachindunji mu ndondomeko kupanga panagona zapanga zina. Izi zinachititsa kuti zithunzi zonse kusintha, chilengedwe cha zida zatsopano, ndi zina kwathunthu rework kumaliza kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu ndiponso ikuluikulu. The patsogolo kwambiri kuti nkhawa dongosolo mafuta ndipo mamangidwe ake a galimotoyo, amene ukagwira pa braking. The kuchunidwa bwino n'chofunikanso mpweya womenya dongosolo, injini zake ndi armament.

Mu yophukira oyambirira 1940 mtanda loyamba la ndege asilikali Yak-1 chinaperekedwa, imene inali zinthu 10, anapita mwamsanga mayesero usilikali. November 7 chaka chomwecho, omenyana asanu anatenga gawo pa perete, chimene chinachitika pa Red Square. Zomera azungu ife kusinthidwa pachimake ndege ndi kuyang'anila zopezera mayesero. Okwana kuchokera June 1940 ku January 1941, 7000 kusintha anapangidwa zojambula ndege.

Ndi chiyambi cha nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, industrialists Soviet anatha kupanga pang'ono makope oposa anayi a Yak-1 womenya, koma osati onse anali mu nkhondo. Only gawo la opangidwa oyendetsa ndege anali katswiri kumadzulo zigawo asilikali. Woyamba theka chaka cha nkhondo, ndege ndithudi zabwino Soviet womenya. Zinali zosiyana mamangidwe mophweka, mtengo wotsika, chomasuka ntchito, magawo abwino ntchito ndi zida zamphamvu. Yopanga peaked mu 1942, zomwe ndege 3.5 zikwi zinalembedwa.

Yopanga inatha m'chilimwe cha 1944, ndipo opareshoni mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.

Yak-1b

M'chilimwe cha 1942 unayambitsidwa kutulutsidwa kwa kusinthidwa womenya choyamba, analandira index "1b". Kuyambira achidule, ali ndi injini wamphamvu kwambiri pa mtundu M-105PF. Ndi watsopano powerplant womenya inapita patsogolo pang'ono mpaka 600 Km / h ndipo akhoza kudzapereka kukhota masekondi 19. Komanso, mikono ya ndege nayenso kusintha zinthu zina. Womenya zida iwiri yadera 20 millimeter Cannon ShVAK ndi 12.7 mm makina mfuti UB.

The akweza Baibulo la ndegeyo ndi mwayi mokwanira amenyane zosintha atsopano a German womenya Ine-109. Mu nkhondo pa yopingasa ndege Soviet kuposa adani, ndipo ofukula - pang'ono wolephera iye. Kuwonjezera patsogolo awa, ndege analandira nyali latsopano, amapereka maganizo abwino kumbuyo kwa Chigawo ndipo kutsogolo oti muli nazo zida galasi.

Yak-1m

Mu November 1942, Yakovlev chiyambi cha ntchito pa chilengedwe cha makina amene ayenera kulimbana ndi mitundu yonse ozimitsa German. Kuyambira tiganizira zimenezi, kapangidwe choyambirira cha Yak-1 chinaperekedwa ku younikanso lalikulu. kope loyamba la Yak-1m inamangidwa ndi February 15 1943. Kuyambira chitsanzo kupanga zinali zosiyana makamaka wotsikirapo lonse (9.2 m) ndi malo ya phiko (14,83m). Kupyola mu mndandanda wa miyeso structural (kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha akasinja mafuta, kuchepetsa dera mchira, etc.) kulemera ndege ndege zochepa makilogalamu 230. Komanso, posamutsa mafuta ozizira, kuwongolera njira kunja ndi ntchito vodoradiatora mipope utsi munthu aliyense yamphamvu ya injini, ndege kuuluka bwino potsatira njira kukana amachepetsa kwambiri, ndi liwiro chinawonjezeka. Chifukwa cha kusintha ambiri kapangidwe chitsanzo ndege ngati Yak-3 (lotsatira ndege zino), osati Baibulo amafotokoza.

kamangidwe

Yak-1 inamangidwa ndi wabwinobwino kuuluka bwino potsatira njira kasinthidwe ndi ankaimira monoplane ndi theka-monocoque fuselage ndi mapiko dongosolo otsika. ikamatera zida retracts mu pansi.

Kapangidwe anali wosanganiza, titero zinthu za zitsulo, matabwa ndi nsalu. Mpira fuselage chimango inamangidwa ndi mapaipi zitsulo welded pamodzi amodzi limodzi chimango injini. zinthu zikuluzikulu ndi 4 spar angongole dazeni mafelemu. Pakati pa mafelemu awiri loyamba ili cockpit. Pano pali mfundo kulumikiza fuselage ndi mapiko. A chimango denga ndi welded kuti spars chapamwamba.

Kutsogolo mbali ya ndege ndi mchimake duralumin, ndipo kumbuyo - nsalu. Pa uta wa nyumba ili kuti kusinthidwa woyamba ali mbali "makutu" yoyeretsa powertrain.

Pa kumbuyo kwa omenyana pa fuselage, pamwamba ndi pansi ndi wokwera fairing kusintha magawo ake kuuluka bwino potsatira njira. The mumbali chapamwamba fairing wakhala mbali khalidwe la maonekedwe akunja wa Yak-1. Mabaibulo wotsatira wa ake reworked, kusintha aone woyendetsa kumbuyo Chigawo.

Trapezoid womenya mapiko zinali za matabwa. Mphamvu phiko chimango m'gulu awiri spar, komanso nthiti ndi stringers.

Bakelite mapiko mchimake ndi plywood ndi lona. Frameworks ailerons, kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke, fairings ankafika zida ndi zikopa mapiko zinali za duralumin. Empennage la ndegeyo analinso ndi dongosolo wosanganiza: ndi muyezo ndi stabilizer mtengo, zikepe ndi kasinthasintha - kuchokera duralumin.

The kanyumba ndi chatsekedwa nyali Plexiglas, ambiri amene ali ankatembenukira ndi Polozkov wapadera zapitazo. mpando woyendetsa anali kutetezedwa 9-millimeter bronespinkoy. Mpando anali mbale kwa parachuti a. zosintha Recent zitsanzo anali okonzeka ndi kumaliseche mwadzidzidzi dongosolo nyali zimathandiza woyendetsa mwamsanga kusiya kumenyana makina.

Womenya anali retractable ankafika zida, amene amadalira miyendo awiri mchira gudumu. galimotoyo anali okonzeka ndi cushioning mafuta mpweya ndi mpweya ng'oma mabuleki. galimotoyo anali kuyeretsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo pneumatic. kagawo kakang'ono A imene aikidwa, pa ndege zinali kutsekedwa ndi zishango awiri. Kuwonjezera pa galimotoyo mwachizolowezi ndege akhoza kuika ski ankafika zida.

zida

makina opaleshoni injini M-105P ndi kuzirala madzi. Mabaibulo pambuyo pake, ilo linasinthidwa ndi Motors wamphamvu kwambiri M-105Pa ndi M-105PF. ndege okonzeka ndi atatu tsamba tinakwera ndi phula variable. Iwo atseka mosavuta zochotseka kutsogolo kuphika streamlined. mota anali kulamulidwa kudzera zingwe. Kuyambira powerplant umatulutsa wothinikizidwa mpweya.

dongosolo mafuta m'gulu akasinja anayi, okwana mphamvu 408 malita. Onse a iwo anaiika mapiko galimoto. Pakuti mafuta okwanira anaika mafuta mpope lotengeka ndi injini chachikulu. Dongosolo mafuta ali thanki 37 lita. Redieta kwa kuzirala anaikidwa m'dzenje wapadera pansi unit mphamvu womenya.

Cockpit anali okonzeka ndi altimeter ndi, speedometer, pressurization chizindikiro, kukhota chizindikiro, ndi kachipangizo coolant kutentha ndi wotchi ABP. Zida wailesi, makina ali okonzeka ndi wolandila "Baby," chopatsilira "Mphungu" ndi radiopolukompasom.

zida

Monga armament ndege Aleksandra Yakovleva analandira 20 millimeter Cannon ShVAK ndi awiri 7.92-millimeter makina mfuti ShKAS. mfuti anali wokwera mu kugwa galimoto. Iye anamuwombera kudzera kutsinde dzenje la wononga ndi zida wamanja. Machine mfuti anaiika pamwamba galimoto, pa mbali fuselage lapansi. Kutheka kwa zipolopolo kugwa wononga ndi yathetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito synchronizer lapansi. Cannon ndi makina mfuti akhoza recharged onse pamanja ndi mwa actuator pneumatic. Zipolopolo mfuti tichipeza incendiary, zachiwawa, zipolopolo zida kuboola tracer ndi pati.

nkhondowo opareshoni

Kumayambiriro a World nkhondo II osakwatiwa-injini womenya ndege Yak-1 anali womenya yabwino ya Red Army. The vuto lalikulu zokhudza ntchito ya ndegeyo - yake bwino anakamba pa gawo cha anthu. Galimoto inali yatsopano komanso anaonekera mbali mu miyezi yochepa chabe isanayambe ntchito. oyendetsa analamulidwa kuti adzathe kuphunzira mwachindunji pa nkhondo.

ndege zinali zosavuta ntchito ndi "wochezeka" kwa oyendetsa lapansi. Kwa amene anakwanitsa kuuluka pa I-16, mipando pa Yak-1, izo zinali kwenikweni. Mayeso ndege, pambuyo ndege yoyamba, analemba mfundo yakuti makina lilipo kwa woyendetsa oyenerera Aperewera. Komabe, chinthu chimodzi kulera womenya mu mlengalenga ndi kuika pansi, ndi zina - kukumanizana imodzi omenyana yabwino ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, ndi German BF-109. Chitsanzo choyamba Yak-1 anali kwambiri ankawonjezereka kuposa ndege mdani ndi kukhala wochepa mphamvu zosagwiritsa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iwo anataya kwa mdani mu liwiro ndi mlingo wa kukwera. Komanso, woyamba Soviet womenya anzake angapo "ubwana" matenda, chifukwa amene anali mofulumira kupanga.

Waukulu luso vuto la Yak-1:

1. Kutenthedwa madzi ndi mafuta, ndi galimoto mu mphamvu pachimake. Mafuta splashes kudzera zisindikizo zoipa. Mafuta sprinkles yekha fuselage, koma Amaipitsanso denga, kutseka woyendetsa review. Komanso, chifukwa mafuta kutayikira galimoto akhoza overheat, kotero woyendetsa amayenera liŵirolo kuziziritsa. Mu zikhalidwe nkhondowo, zingachititse mavuto adzaoneni.
2. M'goli chitukuko cha akasinja osiyana mafuta.
3. Kutayikira a dongosolo pneumatic.
4. Jamming ndi misalignment katiriji mfuti malamba.
5. zomangira Samovyvorachivanie chifukwa kugwedera kwambiri.
6. Mpaka 1942, ndege sanali okonzeka ndi walkie-talkie.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, womenya anataya mavuto pamwamba, koma oyendetsa ambiri chifukwa anayenera kupereka miyoyo yawo. Moona chilankhulire, Yak-1, kupenda zomwe timaona, kuzilandira lonse omenyana nkhondo German, ndipo Baibulo kenako la ndegeyo akhoza upambana otsutsa. Apa m'pofunika kuzindikira kuti zotsatira za mpweya nkhondo zimachititsa kumadalira osati maonekedwe a ndege, ndi pa luso la ndege ndipo mawerengedwe chokwanira cha mphamvu. Kumayambiriro a nkhondo, ndege Soviet anali mavuto aakulu, koma pa nthawi nzeru ndi kuzindikira kuthekera kwathuthu kwawo.

Pa mikangano ngati zikuluzikulu, nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, m'pofunika kuganizira chinthu chimodzi zambiri - luso msanga amapanga imfa ya zida ndi ogwira n'kofunika kwambiri kuposa ungwiro luso njira. Chikutanthauza USSR anali okwana ukulu. Zambiri zopindulitsa Pali mazana a ndege ndi losavuta wotchipa womenya kuposa khumi aces ndi gwero womenya.

Ubwino wa Yak-1 akhoza zimachitika followingManufacture:

1. Kuphweka wachibale ndi mtengo wotsika;
2. Compliance ndi m'munsi luso, umene panthawi imeneyo anali ndi USSR.
3. Yovomerezeka luso ndi ndege magawo.
4. Easy ntchito ndi mwayi oyendetsa anaphunzira mu pulogalamu mofulumira.
5. Large wamakono gwero.
6. Kuphweka ndi maintainability.
7. Lonse njirayo, kulola kugwiritsa ntchito airfields inali ikadali yopanda tala.

magawo

Main luso makhalidwe a FC-1:

1. Wingspan - 10 m.
2. Kutalika - 1.7 m.
3. Utali - 8,48 m.
4. Mapiko Area - 17,15 mamita ^2.
5. Tengani-kuchokera kulemera - makilogalamu 2700.
6. Njinga mphamvu - 1180 L. a.
7. Liwiro - 592 Km / h.
8. Othandiza osiyanasiyana - 850 m.
9. Othandiza denga - 10,000 m.
10. Kukwera - 926 m / min.
11. Adalira - 1 munthu.