Uthenga wa atumwi Kodi

Buku zosonkhanitsira, ogwirizana ndi dzina wamba "Uthenga wa Atumwi Woyera," ndi mbali ya Chipangano Chatsopano, omwe ali mbali ya Baibulo, pamodzi ndi kale olembedwa Old Testament. Pangani mauthenga limatchula nthawi imene, pambuyo Kukwera Kumwamba kwa Yesu Khristu, Atumwi anazungulira dziko kukalalikira Uthenga Wabwino (uthenga wabwino) kwa anthu onse, kukhala mu mdima wa chikunja.

Alaliki a Chikristu

Chifukwa cha atumwi kuwala kwa chikhulupiriro choona adzawala m'Dziko Woyera, inawala ndi peninsulas atatu, ndi malo akuluakulu wakale - Italy, Greece ndi Asia Minor. Ntchito mmishonale wa atumwi zoyenera bukhu limodzi lina la New Testament - "Machitidwe a Atumwi," koma pali njira ya ophunzira kwambiri a Khristu amapatsidwa incompletely.

Kusiyana ladzala ndi mfundo mu "kalata", ndipo anauyamba Chikhalidwe Choyera - zipangizo, canonically anazindikira mwa Mpingo, koma sanali m'gulu la Old kapena New Testament. Komanso, mauthenga kwambiri ntchito pofotokoza maziko a chikhulupiriro.

Kufunika kulenga mauthenga

Makalata kuimira ya kutanthauzira ndi mafotokozedwe a zida zimene ali ku ma bukhu (Church anazindikira) Mauthenga anapeka alaliki woyera: Mateyu, Marko, Luka ndi Yohane. Kufunika mauthenga amenewa ndi chifukwa cha njira maulendo ake, mawu a pakamwa kufalitsa uthengawu, atumwi zosiyanasiyana mipingo wachikhristu unakhazikitsidwa.

Komabe, zochitika sanawalole kukhala nthawi yaitali pamalo amodzi, ndipo atachoka m'madera utangoyamba kuopsezedwa ndi ngozi kugwirizana ndi anthu kufooka m'chikhulupiriro ndi kupatuka pa njira oona mphamvu ponyamula akuvutika.

N'chifukwa chake wotembenuka chikhulupiriro cha Akhristu kanthawi konse chilimbikitso, zolimba, malangizo ndi chilimbikitso sanataye Komabe, kufunika kwake lero. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, ndi makalata olembedwa ndi atumwi, kutanthauzira amene anali kukhala mutu wa ntchito za akatswiri a Baibulo ambiri otchuka.

Monga Makalata?

Monga zipilala onse a Chikhristu woyambirira achipembedzo, kalata zilipo, analembedwa ndi amene analembedwa ndi atumwi, anawagawa m'magulu awiri. Choyamba ndi otchedwa owonjezera, kuti ndi malemba amene sali m'gulu la canonized, ndi kudalirika kwa amene sakudziwika ndi Mpingo wa Chikhristu. Gulu lachiwiri tichipeza malemba, choonadi chimene panyengo zosiyanasiyana za nthawi anakonza zochita za makonsolo mpingo, zimene ankaona ovomerezeka.

Mu Chipangano Chatsopano amaphatikiza 21 utumwi apilo ku madera osiyana Mkhristu ndi atsogoleri awo auzimu ambiri amene makalata a Paulo Woyera. Amene pali 14. Iwo ndi amodzi a Atumwi awiri akunena kwa Aroma, Agalatiya, Aefeso, Afilipi, Akolose, Ayuda, mtumwi woyera ophunzira makumi asanu ndi Khristu ndi Bishop Tito Filemoni - ndi Kanyaniko wa Mpingo wa ku Krete. Komanso, amatumiza mauthenga awiri Atesalonika Akorinto, ndipo bishopu woyamba wa Efeso Timoteo. Ena a makalata a Atumwi a otsatira komanso ophunzira a Khristu: Yakobo, limodzi, awiri kwa Petro, Yohane, ndi atatu wina Yudasi (osati Yudasi Isikarioti).

Akalata olembedwa ndi Mtumwi Paulo

Mwa ntchito za azamulungu amene anaphunzira cholowa epistolary a Atumwi, malo apadera wotanganidwa mwa kutanthauzira Paulo analemba. Ndipo sikuti zimachitika chifukwa cha nambala yawo yaikulu komanso chifukwa cha zodabwitsa zamalankhulidwe katundu ndi tanthauzo chiphunzitso.

Monga ulamuliro, mwa iwo "kalata wa St. Paulo kwa Aroma," chifukwa amaona chitsanzo consummate Malemba New Testament osati ambiri lonse la mabuku akale. Mndandanda wa makalata onse 14 yoperekedwa kwa Paulo, kaŵirikaŵiri oyamba, ngakhale mibadwo ya kulemba izo siziri.

Adliesi ku mudzi Roma

Mmenemo mtumwiyu ananena kuti Akristu a ku Roma, anatenga malo a m'zaka, makamaka chifukwa cha otembenuka achikunja, monga Ayuda onse '50 anali anathamangitsidwa likulu la ufumu ndi lamulo la Mfumu Kalaudiyo. Ponena za kuchulukana yolalikira ntchito kuti adatsogola kunena naye kukaona Wamuyaya City, Paulo, pa nthawi yomweyo chiyembekeza kudzamuona panjira yopita ku Spain. Komabe, ngati pakuwoneratu kuti n'zosatheka cholinga ichi, ankalankhula ndi Akhristu a chi Roma kwambiri yaitali ndi zofunikila uthenga wake.

Akatswiriwo ananena kuti ngati makalata ena a mtumwi Paulo pokhapokha anafuna kusintha anthu kapena zochitika zina za chiphunzitso cha Chikhristu monga lonse uthenga wabwino iwo anaperekedwa munthu, ndiye, adapotolokera kwa Aroma, iye anali kwenikweni, akupereka mu mawonekedwe chidule ziphunzitso za uthenga Wabwino. Mumagulu sayansi, amaganiza kuti kalata yopita kwa Aroma linalembedwa ndi Paulo m'ma 58 zaka asanabwere ku Yerusalemu.

Mosiyana ndi makalata ena a atumwi, kudalirika kwa chipilala yakale imeneyi sizinachitikepo Mufunsidwe. kutchuka ake odabwitsa mwa Akhristu oyambirira kumaoneka ndi mfundo yakuti imodzi yoyamba ya omasulira ake anakhala Kliment Rimsky, amene anali yekha mmodzi wa atumwi makumi asanu ndi Khristu. Mu nthawi ina m'kalata yake yopita kwa Aroma anatchula ntchito za azamulungu ngati otchuka ndi makolo mpingo monga Tertullian, Irenaeus, Justin nzeru zapamwamba, Kliment Aleksandriysky ndipo ambiri olemba ena.

Kalata yopita kwa Akorinto agwera zosokonezeka

Wina chilengedwe chidwi cha Chikhristu woyambirira mtundu wanyimbo epistolary ndi "kalata ya Paulo kwa Akorinto." Pa ayenera zapamwamba. Amadziwika kuti utayambika mpingo Paulo Mkhristu mu mzinda Greek Korinto, m'deralo pali anamutengera mlaliki wina dzina lake Apolo.

Mwachangu ake onse mfundo ya chikhulupiriro choona, ndi osadziwa anapanga Rift mu moyo wachipembedzo Akhristu m'deralo. Chifukwa, iwo anali ogaŵikana mbali ya mtumwi Paulo, mtumwi Petro, ndi wa Apolo, kutanthauzira la kutanthauzira kwa Lemba, amene mosakayikira, ndi chisokonezo. Polankhula ndi Akhristu a ku Korinto uthenga wake ndi atawachenjeza ya kufika kunatsala pang'ono ndi maganizo kulongosola nkhani adatsutsana, Paulo akulimbikira chiyanjanitso ambiri ndi kulemekeza umodzi mwa Khristu, nalalikira mwa atumwi onse. Akorinto lili, mwa zina, ndi chilango cha zochita zambiri ochimwa.

Kutsutsika ndi makhalidwe tinatengera kuchokera ku chikunja

Pankhaniyi tikulankhula za makhalidwe amenewo, amene ofalitsidwa mwa Akhristu m'deralo, amene anali anakwanitsa koma kuti agonjetse predilection tinatengera iwo kuchokera ku chikunja zapitazi awo. Mwa maonekedwe osiyanasiyana a tinabadwa mu latsopano koma unakhazikitsidwa mu mfundo za makhalidwe abwino cha anthu, ndi Limaletsa mtumwi ndi intransigence changu lofala mchitidwe ndi akulera ana opeza wake, ndi maonekedwe a chokhudza nkhani yogonana. zotsutsa Akorinto kukumana mwambo kuchita ndi mzake wosatha litigation, komanso amadzipereka pa kuledzera ndi chitayiko.

Komanso, mu kalata, mtumwi Paulo analimbikitsa anthu a m'dera wongokhazikitsidwa popanda stint kuonetsetsa ndalama chifukwa tikukonza ndi alaliki zambiri kuthandiza osowa Yerusalemu Akhristu. Ndipo iye watchula chiyembekezo chakuti zofunikila anatengera mu chakudya cha Ayuda, kulola kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala onse, kupatula zokhazo zimene amafano m'dera nsembe kwa mafano awo.

Amagwira Kum'pangitsa kutsutsana

Pakali pano, chiwerengero cha azamulungu, makamaka mochedwa mu nthawi anati mu Kalata Apostolic ena mfundo za chiphunzitso ichi osavomerezeka ndi mpingo subordinatizm. Kwenikweni umenewu chagona mu kunena lochitira ndi subordination umunthu wa Utatu Woyera, umene Mulungu Mwana ndi Mulungu Mzimu Woyera ndi zolengedwa Mulungu Atate ndipo ngwogonjera kwa Iye.

Chiphunzitsochi limeneli linachokera mwake ku ziphunzitso zazikulu za Chikhristu, wobvomerezedwayo mwa 325 Council Choyamba Nicaea, nalalikira lero. Komabe, kunena za "Akorinto" (chaputala 11, vesi 3), pamene mtumwi limanena kuti "Mulungu ndiye mutu wa Khristu" Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti ngakhale Atumwi Paulo sanali kwathunthu asakumane ndi zotsatira za ziphunzitso zonyengazi za Akhristu oyambirira.

Mu chilungamo, tiona kuti adani awo amakonda kumvetsa mawuwa pang'ono mosiyana. Mawu Khristu kwenikweni anamasuliridwa kuti "wodzozedwa", ndi mawu ntchito kuyambira nthawi zakale ndi olamulira autocratic. Ngati mwamvetsetsa mawu a mtumwi Paulo Mwanjira imeneyi, ndiye kuti "Mutu uliwonse autocrat Mulungu", ndiye chirichonse igwera mu malo, ndi zotsutsana kutha.

afterword

Pomaliza, tisaiwale kuti onse a atumwi uthenga zinapatsira ndi mzimu chenicheni cha Uthenga Wabwino ndi Abambo a Tchalitchi wawauza kuwerenga iwo onse, amene akufuna kudziwa bwino chiphunzitso operekedwa kwa ife ndi Yesu Khristu. Kwa iwo kumvetsa ndi kumasulira ayenera kukhala, osati kwenikweni ndi kuwerenga malemba okha, amanena kuti ntchito za ndemanga, wotchuka kwambiri ndi otchuka pakati pawo ndi Bishop Feofan Zatvornik (1815-1894), amene anamaliza chithunzi cha nkhani. Mu njira yapafupi ndi Kufikika izo limamveketsa M'ndime zambiri za tanthauzo la zimene kawirikawiri sakhala owerenga masiku ano.