NATO. mamembala NATO. zida NATO

NATO - mmodzi wa magulu amphamvu kwambiri zankhondo ndiponso zandale m'dziko. Pali zaka zoposa 60. Poyamba analengedwa monga kapangidwe mgwirizano, cholinga kutsutsa lamulo la USSR ndi kuthekera kutsitsimuka ndi zolinga lankhondo la capitulating Germany. Utatha la Soviet Union, NATO chibatizidwireni ambiri a kumayiko a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya wa bloc Union. Akatswiri ena anati za chiyembekezo chodzakhala unit (ngakhale m'tsogolo) kuti Georgia ndi Ukraine. Choona chidwi ndi kuyesa kuti agwirizane NATO (kapena kulengeza olowa asilikali ndale mgwirizano pa nkhani zokhudza dziko) ndipo anachita USSR ndi Russia ano. Tsopano NATO zikuphatikizapo mayiko 28.

A otsogolera mawu asilikali m'gulu kusewera United States. Unit kuyang'anira pulogalamu "Partnership Mtendere", mogwirizana ndi la Russia bungwe ntchito ya Council "Russia-NATO". Amakhala ndi nyumba zikuluzikulu ziwiri - Secretariat la International ndi Komiti ya usilikali. Iwo ali yaikulu chuma ankhondo (Anayankha Force). likulu NATO ili ku likulu la Belgium Brussels. The Alliance ali zilankhulo ziwiri nduna - French ndi English. Organization lotsogoleredwa ndi Mlembi General. bajeti NATO lagawidwa mitundu itatu - wamba, nkhondo (kwambiri capacious chuma) ndi ndalama za pulogalamu ya chitetezo. Alliance magulu ankhondo nawo nkhondo ya ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina (zaka 1992-1995), Yugoslavia (1999 TH), Libya (2011 TH). NATO wakhala akutsogolera mphamvu padziko lonse lankhondo kuonetsetsa chitetezo Kosovo, mtsikanayu chigamulo cha mavuto asilikali ndale Asia, ku Middle East ndi Africa. Iwo oyang'anira zimachitika pakati pa nyumba ya asilikali m'dera Mediterranean, akudzizindikiritsa mabungwe nawo kotunga zida zoopsa. The Alliance amagwira nawo dialogues mayiko ndi Russia, China, India ndi mphamvu ina yaikulu. Ofufuza ena, mavuto pakati NATO ndi Russia monga wolowa malamulo a Soviet Union sanayambe osaonekanso, ndi tsopano chikukulirakulirabe.

Kupanga NATO

NATO anakhazikitsidwa mu 1949 ndi limati khumi. Mwachirengedwe, bungwe dziko kutsogolera olengedwa, kuphatikizapo United States - otchuka kwambiri mu boma ndi asilikali mwayi kwa Atlantic Ocean, amene mukopedwe dzina la dongosolo latsopano lonse. NATO (NATO) - uyu North Atlantic Pangano Organization, ndiye, bungwe North Atlantic zikugwira ntchito pa mgwirizano. ilo likutchedwa Alliance zambiri.

Cholinga cha wagawo anali kutsutsidwa kwa zolinga za ndale la Soviet Union ndi m'mayiko anzake mu kum'mawa kwa Ulaya ndi madera ena a dziko. Malinga ndi mapangano pakati pa maiko NATO kupereka chitetezo mwagwirizana usilikali ngati olusa a mayiko chikominisi cha dziko. Komabe, mgwirizano uwu ndale chinathandiza mumaganiza kuphatikiza m'mayiko amene analiumba. Mu 1952, anagwirizana NATO, Greece ndi Turkey, mu 1956 - West Germany mu 1982 - Spain. Pambuyo Union kugwa chipika kuwonjezera zochita zake mu dziko.

NATO pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR

Pamene Soviet Union linagwa, zingatanthauze, kufunika kuli winanso wa Alliance mbisoweka. Koma kunapezeka zonse zolakwika. mamembala NATO kuti osati anaganiza zoti asachotse unit, komanso kuyamba kupitiriza ndi ulamuliro wake. Mu 1991, izo analengedwa ndi Yuro-Atlantic Partnership Council, amene anali kuyang'anira ntchito ndi mayiko amene sali m'gulu la NATO. Chaka chomwecho, ndi mapangano amgwirizano anali anasaina pakati pa mayiko a Alliance, Russia ndi Ukraine.

Mu 1995, dongosolo linakhazikitsidwa pa kukonza kukambirana ndi ku Middle East (Israel ndi Jordan), Africa North (Egypt, Tunisia) ndi Mediterranean. Iye panaoneka monga Mauritania, Morocco ndi Algeria. Mu 2002, analengedwa ndi Council "Russia-NATO" amene amalola mayiko kupitiliza kumanga kukambirana pa nkhani chifungulo cha ndale za dziko - polimbana uchigawenga, kuchepetsa kufala kwa zida.

Kupanga asilikali NATO

Mawonekedwe a NATO, amene abveka asilikali chipika sizinachitikepo umodzi. Asilikali kubisa mfundo dziko, zonse kwambiri kapena zochepa monga - ndi wobiriwira ndi mithunzi ya "Mahaki". Nthawi zina asilikali kuvala mitundu zina zovala (otchedwa kubisa ovololo) pa ntchito yapadera mu mapangidwe apadera (m'chipululu kapena steppe). M'mayiko ena, mawonekedwe NATO lili zosiyanasiyana kutisokoneza ndi moyo, kulola kukwaniritsa bwino masking asilikali.

Mu US Mwachitsanzo, wotchuka kwambiri kubisa chitsanzo mfundo pachimake asanu. Choyamba, ndi woodland - zovala ndi mithunzi anayi wobiriwira. Kachiwiri, achipululu 3 mtundu - yunifolomu kwa ntchito ya usilikali mu chipululu kuti muli mithunzi atatu. Chachitatu, achipululu 6 mtundu - zina zovala njira chothetsera mu chipululu, nthawi imeneyi ndi mithunzi asanu. Ndipo pali mitundu iwiri ya yunifolomu yozizira - yozizira (kuwala kapena yamkaka mtundu woyera) ndi chisanu yozizira (mpeni kumphasa woyera mthunzi). Onse a mitundu awa - kukhala Chiongoko cha okonza wa makamu zina zambiri kuti chovalacho asilikali ake mu kubisa NATO.

An kusanduka chidwi wa yunifolomu ya Army US. Kubisa palokha - chidali chifuniro zochepa zapitazi. Mpaka 70s oyambirira, asilikali American munkakhala zovala yekha wobiriwira. Koma pa ntchito ku Vietnam mitundu amenewa sanali kukhutiritsa zofuna za nkhondo zinthu nkhalango, chifukwa pereoblachilis asilikali kubisa, kulola chigoba ku rainforest lapansi. Mu 70 mtundu wa mawonekedwe wakhala pafupifupi muyezo dziko la Army US. Pang'onopang'ono panali zosintha wa kubisa - yemweyo mitundu asanu.

mphamvu NATO

NATO ali ndithu ankhondo, mu chiwerengero ambiri - yaikulu mu dziko, amaona kuti akatswiri ena a asilikali. Pali mitundu iwiri ya asilikali a Alliance - United akunja. Kiyi NATO asilikali unit wa mtundu woyamba - ndi mphamvu ayankhe. Iwo ndi okonzeka kuchita zayamba mwamsanga ntchito yapadera mu malo a zachilengedwe ndi asilikali mikangano m'deralo, kuphatikizapo m'mayiko akunja bloc lapansi. NATO alinso ndi mphamvu yomweyo ayankhe. Ndi kutsindika mu zitheke awo si pa kugwiritsa ntchito zida, ndi maganizo zotsatira - ndi kusintha kwa malo a nkhondo zambiri zida zosiyanasiyana komanso asilikali. The mawerengedwe ndi magulu omenyanawa, pozindikira mphamvu chayandikira cha NATO, idzasintha machenjerero zawo mokomera kuthetsa mwamtendere.

chipika ali wamphamvu mpweya mphamvu. NATO ndege - 22 nkhondowo ndege squadrons (500 zidutswa za zida ndege). Palinso unit - 80 ndege zolinga asilikali zoyendera. M'mayiko NATO komanso wamphamvu zombo. Amakhala - onyamula ndege, sitima zankhondo (kuphatikizapo wosiyanasiyana nyukiliya), frigates, maboti zida ndi panyanja ndege. NATO Zombo Zankhondo chifukwa cha mayunitsi zoposa 100.

Lalikulu NATO asilikali kapangidwe - waukulu Defence Force. NAWO wa Zimatheka awo pa nkhani ya zikuluzikulu ntchito asilikali m'chigawo Atlantic. Mu nthawi mtendere zikugwira ntchito kunkhondo ku mbali yaikulu. Monga mbali ya waukulu mphamvu kudziteteza NATO - ndege oposa 4,000 ndipo ngalawa zoposa 500.

Monga NATO kukodzedwa

Choncho, pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR, NATO anapitiriza kulibe Komanso chawonjezeka kukopa kwake mu dziko. Mu 1999, Alliance walowa mu boma mpaka posachedwapa zinali mbali ya dera la chikoka Soviet Union - Hungary, Poland ndi ku Czech Republic. Patapita zaka zisanu - zakale m'mayiko ena zokomera: Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia ndiponso mayiko Baltic. Mu 2009, panali anthu atsopano a NATO - Albania Croatia. Against maziko a ndale ndi Nkhondo mu Ukraine, akatswiri ena amati, NATO sangakhale ndi zolinga ndi kum'kulitsa zina. Makamaka mu zokambirana pakati pa unit kasamalidwe nthumwi za funso Chiyukireniya pa kulowa kwa dziko mu NATO, akatswiri amanena, si mwachindunji anayikidwa.

Komabe, malinga ndi akatswiri ena, mayiko ambiri amakhala okonzeka kulowa bloc. Ndi pamwamba mayiko onse Balkan - Montenegro, Macedonia ndi Bosnia ndi Herzegovina. Ponena za mayiko amene wofuna NATO kudzera zonse, tisaiwale Georgia. Komabe, malinga ndi akatswiri ena, pankhondo mu Abkhazia ndi South Ossetia - zinthu zimene kuchepetsa chikoka cha dziko la chipika. Mwa akatswiri ndi a maganizo zina NATO kuwonjezeka amadalira udindo wa Russia. Mwachitsanzo, pa Mzinda Summit unachitika mu 2008, unit anapanga imabwera inalowa ena mayiko a Soviet Union, koma masiku enieni si dzina lake chifukwa cha maganizo Vladimir Putin anali anafuulira pa chochitika kuti maonekedwe a NATO pafupi ndi malire a Russia - kuopseza mwachindunji. udindo uwu wa Russia amakhalabe ntchito lerolino. Komabe, akatswiri ena Western kunena Russia amaopa sizinatheke.

Asilikali Zochita Alliance

Popeza NATO - gulu lankhondo, si zachilendo kumapeto kwa zikuluzikulu Zochita asilikali. Zikukhudza mitundu yosiyana asilikali. Kumapeto kwa 2013 ku Eastern Europe yakhala ikuchitika, monga anapeza zambiri akatswiri ankhondo, akuluakulu NATO zolimbitsa thupi otchedwa Okhazikika Jazz. Iwo anatenga Poland ndi mayiko Baltic - Lithuania, Estonia ndi Latvia. NATO msonkhano nawo Zochita oposa sikisi sauzande asilikali ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, anakopeka magalimoto mazana atatu nkhondowo, oposa 50 mayunitsi ndege, 13 Zombo Zankhondo. Ochiritsira mdani wagawo anali boma onyenga "Botnia" ali sanachite mokwiya ndi Estonia.

Anayambitsa ndi akatswiri ankhondo, dziko anakumana ndi chikhalidwe, ndale ndiponso zachuma mavuto, chifukwa mu akhaipisa kugona ndi abwenzi akunja. Chifukwa, mikangano zachititsa nkhondo yomwe inayamba ndi kuwukira "Botnia" mu Estonia. Pamaziko a Mapangano, chitetezo gulu la bloc asilikali a ndale a NATO anaganiza yomweyo kusamutsa mphamvu kuteteza yaing'ono boma Baltic.

Ndi ena siteji zochita unkachitika ndi nthumwi ya zachitetezo a Russia (Nayenso miyezi ingapo pamaso ayendetsa izi anzake a Russia ndi Belarus aona asilikali NATO). Atsogoleri NATO analankhula zokhuza kuthekera akugwira ntchito olowa nkhondo ndi Russia. Akatswiri ananena kuti omasukirana tonse NATO ndi Russia mu Zochita asilikali timapitiriza kukhulupirirana.

NATO ndi US - kutsogolera gulu lankhondo lamphamvu wagawo - anakonza kokoka mayiko kum'mwera European mu 2015. Zikuoneka kuti iwo adzakhudzidwa asilikali 40 chikwi.

zida Alliance

Russian akatswiri asilikali ndacha angapo zida za nkhondo wagawo, wapadera dziko palibe kapena zochepa. Izi zida NATO, nanena mkulu nkhondowo imapanga Ankhondo a Alliance. Russia, akatswiri amakhulupirira usilikali, muyenera makamaka osamala za mitundu isanu ya zida. Choyamba, ndi British thanki Challenger 2 kupanga. Iwo zida ndi 120 mamilimita Cannon ndipo okonzeka ndi zida lolemera. Thanki amatha kuyenda pa liwiro labwino - pafupifupi 25 miles paola. Kachiwiri, ndi sitima zapamadzi kuti Akusonkhanitsa mwa otchedwa "Project 212" ndi makampani German chitetezo. Iwo amakhala ndi mlingo wochepa phokoso, liwiro yabwino (20 mfundo), mikono kwambiri (torpedoes WASS 184, DM2A4), ndipo dongosolo chida. Chachitatu, NATO ali asilikali omenyana ndege Eurofighter Mvula ya mkuntho. Malinga ndi makhalidwe ake, ali pafupi omenyana m'badwo otchedwa chachisanu - American F-22 ndi Russian T-50. makina yatenganso 27 millimeter Cannon ndi mitundu angapo nkhondo "mpweya ndi mpweya" ndi "mpweya ndi nthaka." Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti munthu wofanana kupirira Mvula ya mkuntho Only zitsanzo zatsopano ndege Russian monga Lamulungu 35. maonekedwe ina yodziwika zida NATO - ndege Eurocopter Amabereka Co-yopanga France ndi Germany. Malinga ndi makhalidwe ake ndi pafupi ndi lodziwika bwino American AH-64 "Apache", koma ang'onoang'ono kukula ndi kulemera, zimene angapereke galimoto mwayi pa nkhondo. Ndege zida ndi kuchuluka kwa mabomba ( "mpweya ndi mpweya" odana). Kukwera mzinga, amene amapangidwa ndi magulu chitetezo Israel - chitsanzo china zida NATO, amene usilikali Russian, malinga ndi akatswiri, ndi bwino powasamalira. Kukwera - ogwira odana thanki zida. Maonekedwe ake tichipeza mu akuphunzitsa warhead la magawo awiri: woyamba wosanjikiza akunja napyoza zida za thanki, wachiwiri - pa mkati.

zapansi asilikali Alliance

M'gawo lililonse la mayiko a Alliance ndi chimodzi asilikali m'munsi mwa NATO. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani Hungary monga kale bloc dziko Soviet. Choyamba NATO m'munsi pano anafika mu 1998. Boma US wagwiritsa ntchito Chihangare airfield "Tasar" pa ntchito ndi Yugoslavia - choncho panamveka makamaka drones ndi F 18 ndege. Pa yemweyo Air Force Base mu 2003 ophunzitsidwa akatswiri asilikali pakati magulu otsutsa Iraq (atatsala pang'ono Army US kumenyana mu dziko Middle East). Ponena za anzawo a ku America pakati pa mayiko Western pa analamula pa m'gawo lake la zapansi asilikali, tiyenera wapadera kutchula Italy. Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, boma anaikidwa pa contingents lalikulu la US asilikali apanyanja.

Tsopano Pentagon ukugwira madoko mu Naples, komanso bwalo la ndege ku Vicenza, tawuni ya Piacenza, Trapani, Istranov ndi zina zambiri Italy mizinda. Wotchuka kwambiri m'munsi NATO mu Italy - "Aviano". Linamangidwa mu 50s, koma akadali akatswiri ambiri ankhondo ankaona bwino m'chigawo. Pa izo, osati kuwerengera zofunikira kwa kudzachitika wolemera ndipo tidakocheza, pali hangars kumene zipangizo ndege akhoza akabisale vuto la mabomba. Pali zida navigation, ntchito kumene anagwira ntchito nkhondowo usiku ndi pafupifupi aliyense nyengo. Pakati pa zapansi latsopano NATO ku Europe - ndi "Bezmer", "Graf Ignatievo" ndi "New Village" mu Bulgaria. Kodi kuwerengera boma la dziko lino Balkan, ndi analamula la asilikali NATO zingalimbitse chitetezo cha boma, komanso ndi amadza zabwino pa mlingo wa maphunziro a usilikali.

Russia ndi NATO

Russia ndi NATO, ngakhale kale ya nkhondoyo ndale za m'ma 20, kuyesa mogwirizana zaphindu pa m'bwalolo lonse. Monga tanena mu 1991, iye walemba nambala zolembedwa pa ichitikire ankatchula ena a nkhani zandale dziko. Iwo anagwirizana NATO anayambitsa pulogalamu "Partnership Mtendere" Mu 1994, Russian Federation. Mu 1997, Russia ndi NATO anasaina mchitidwewo pa mgwirizano ndi chitetezo, analengedwa ndi Permanent olowa Council, amene posakhalitsa anakhala thandizo yaikulu kukafuna kugwirizana pa zokambiranazo pakati pa Russian Federation ndi chipika. Zochitika ku Kosovo, malinga ndi akatswiri, mwamphamvu kuchichepetsa kukhulupirirana Russia ndi mgwirizano. Koma, ngakhale, mgwirizano anapitiriza. Makamaka ntchito Council ikuphatikiza zonse misonkhano zamtendere pakati pa akazembe ndi nthumwi za Army. M'madera chachikulu cha mgwirizano mu chimango cha Council - polimbana uchigawenga, kulamulira zida zoopsa, chida podziteteza komanso mgwirizano mu zochitika mwadzidzidzi. Imodzi mwa mfundo zikuluzikulu za mgwirizano - ndi yimitsira kugulitsidwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku Central Asia. Ubale bloc ndi Russia mabodza pambuyo pa nkhondo mu Georgia mu August 2008, chifukwa mu kukambilana mwa chimango cha "Russia-NATO" Council wakhala inaimitsidwa. Koma m'chilimwe cha 2009, chifukwa cha khama la Atumiki zakunja, Bungwe adapitiriza ntchito yawo pa madera angapo ofunika.

Ziyembekezo ndi North Atlantic Alliance

Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti anapitiriza kuli NATO ndi chiyembekezo kuwonjezera pa chikoka cha wagawo amadalira boma la chuma maiko membala. chakuti mgwirizano asilikali chimango cha bungwe la zikusonyeza kuchuluka zina za ndondomeko ya boma ogwirizana mu ndalama chitetezo. Koma tsopano zinthu pa mfundo zachuma a m'mayiko ambiri olemera ndi kutali abwino. Maboma angapo a NATO limati membala, monga akatswiri ndikukhulupirira, alibe ndalama kwa ndalama zikuluzikulu asilikali. Komanso, chitsanzo fanizo la United States - akuti kuti alowererepo lankhondo la M'zaka zaposachedwapa mwabweretsa chuma US kumawononga ndi zankhaninkhani, theka dollars. Zikuoneka kuti palibe ogwirizana sanafune kuti akavutika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito asilikali m'bwalolo dziko. Mu 2010-2013 bajeti azimayi a mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya mu chitetezo NATO chiyani musalumphe 2% ya GDP (kuposa - okha UK, Greece ndi Estonia). Ngakhale mu 90s ndi zachilendo kuganiza kuti mlingo wa% 3-4.

Pali lomwe maiko EU timakonda kuchita palokha ya US mfundo asilikali. Kalikiliki m'dera limeneli likusonyeza Germany. Koma ichi chimakhala pa chigawo ndalama: chilengedwe cha asilikali ku Ulaya, mofanana ndi US, zingawatayitse mazana a mabilioni a madola. EU mayiko akukumana stagnation mu chuma, ndalama sizingakhale kuchita.