Ubale: chinthu ndi chilengedwe zolinga, njira

Geosphere malamulo, kufufuza ndi Kuwulura ubale pakati pa mwamuna ndi chikhalidwe, komanso kumanga chitsanzo mulingo woyenera kwambiri mogwirizana ichi - zimene sayansi ya zachilengedwe. Mutu ndi chilengedwe zolinga, zolinga ndi njira zofufuzira - nanga? Tikambirana zina.

zachilengedwe ndi chiyani?

Ndi sayansi, imene zoona, zimadalira tsogolo la anthu. M'zaka za m'ma XXI, vuto ubale wa pakati pa mwamuna ndi chilengedwe walimbikitsa kwa malire, kotero zolinga zikuluzikulu ndi zolinga zachilengedwe kugona kupeza njira kuthetsa mkangano.

Dzina amachokera amalanga awiri walnuts mawu: "oikos" - "nyumba, nyumba" ndi "Logos" - "chiphunzitso". Mu 1866, woyamba otchulidwa sayansi "zachilengedwe", mutu ndi mavuto ikukhudzana bwanji ndi makhalidwe a mogwirizana m'madera a zamoyo ndi mzake ndi chilengedwe wamoyo. Mawu amenewa anayambitsa German wasayansi Ernst Haeckel pa masamba a buku la "The kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe ambiri a zamoyo."

Monzama kulankhula, chinthu kuphunzira zachilengedwe lagona timakhala pakati pa zamoyo ndi padziko lonse, komanso kuphunzira kwa kapangidwe ndi bungwe zinthu zachilengedwe ndi anthu, zimagwirira kulekana tikhale olimba awo m'munda danga nthawi.

Akamanena za Ubale XXI-St m'zaka

Only kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX kuti wapanga sayansi ndi zachilengedwe. Chinthu ndi cholinga chake panthawi imeneyo zinali zochepa kuphunzira za unansi wa zamoyo ndi chilengedwe cha malo awo. Ndipotu, ngati izo mpaka cha m'ma makumi awiri, pamene kusunga mbali ya amalanga mwangwiro kwachilengedwenso.

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma otsiriza, chilengedwe ndi kukhala mmodzi wa oyamba kupanga (interdisciplinary) sayansi. Masiku ano, Yehova anapitiriza dzina Greek. choonadi, kwenikweni ake, si bwino kwambiri amasonyeza waukulu zolinga zachilengedwe.

Modern Ubale XXI Century - nzeru za njira kusamala ndi citukuko za moyo padziko lapansi lonse. Izi ndi ntchito yaikulu ya chilango chimenechi, kaphatikizidwe mbali ongolankhula ndi othandiza.

Ubale: mutu ndi vuto chilengedwe

Koma chachikulu methodological zida za sayansi aliyense mokomera nkhani nkhani yake ndi zinthu zovuta. "Chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha chuma," - zikuoneka Ernst Haeckel zachilengedwe. Mutu ndi chilengedwe zolinga - nanga? Tiyeni yesetsani kuthetsa nkhani imeneyi.

Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli muyenera kudalira odziwika mu dongosolo sayansi mfundo. Imakhala kumvetsa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe monga limodzi dongosolo, Integrated. Pogwira mfundo ya mwadongosolo, chinthu kuphunzira zachilengedwe ndi topezeka (kapena kani, ndi topezeka osiyanasiyana).

Ubale mu chitukuko Cholinga kuyankha mafunso awiri yakuti

1. Kodi kapangidwe ka topezeka kudera.
2. Kodi ntchito ndi kusiyana zamoyo.

Chotero, chilengedwe chonse lagawidwa m'magawo awiri akuluakulu: structural ndi zazikulu. Ndipo onse a iwo ali mu zimachitika pafupi.

Pogwira mfundo za sayansi kachitidwe, n'zothekanso kuti delineate nkhani nkhani ya sayansi imeneyi: kuphunzira kukonza, makhalidwe ndi dongosolo la topezeka ukugwirira ntchito pa milingo yosiyanasiyana.

ndi kukhazikitsa zofunika chokha sayansi ya zachilengedwe chiyani? Zotsatirazi zikhoza siyanitsa ndi iwo:

1. General ndi mabuku kuphunzira biosphere ndi chitukuko mchikakamizo cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
2. Akuneneratu mphamvu ya m'chilengedwe m'munda danga nthawi.
3. Development njira konza ubale pakati pa mwamuna ndi chikhalidwe kuti kuwongolera moyo pa dziko lonse.

Ubale Place mu ambiri sayansi dongosolo kudziwa

Modern Ubale Chili mfundo za zachilengedwe, anthu, yeniyeni ndi luso sayansi. Biology, malo, mankhwala, zachuma, maganizo, Chaanthu ndi kasamalidwe chilengedwe - izi ndi zina amalanga zina ndi mu zimachitika pafupi.

Komanso, pa mphambano ya zachilengedwe ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi pafupi ndi iye anapanga chilango zatsopano ndi zosangalatsa. Pakati pawo - bioecology, Geo-zachilengedwe, kukonza zachilengedwe, noospherology ndi zina zotero.

Kapangidwe sayansi yamakono zachilengedwe

Pakali pano, pali oposa 100 Malo mu sayansi zachilengedwe, iliyonse ili chinkhoswe mu nkhani yopapatiza. Pali classifications angapo zachilengedwe, aliyense wa chamangidwa pa mfundo zake. Kwambiri zambiri ndi wololera ndi kapangidwe akufuna ndi wasayansi M. Reimers.

Akudzipereka kugawana sayansi zachilengedwe ku manyumba awiri akuluakulu:

1. Ongolankhula zachilengedwe.
2. Ntchito Ubale.

Woyamba zikuphatikizapo BIOECOLOGY ndi subdivisions zake zonse ambiri, komanso zosangalatsa. Unit ndi mbali ya Ntchito Ubale geoecology, sotsioekologiya, Biospherology kapangidwe zachilengedwe ndi nthambi zake.

A malo ofunika kwambiri chipika ntchito chimakwirira zomangamanga zachilengedwe - kuphunzira zinthu ndi muyezo chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa malo. Amagwiritsidwanso watchulidwa tehnoekologiey. Pamafunikanso amalanga ambiri: zachilengedwe mphamvu zachilengedwe zoyendera ndi aya, malo ulimi, chilengedwe dziko, ziyenera zingakhudzire chilengedwe ndi ena.

Dziwani kuti aliyense wa amalanga izi lakonzedwa kuthetsa osiyanasiyana mavuto ndi mavuto. Pankhaniyi, iwo onse ntchito zochitika ndi zina zomwe a amalanga zina zachilengedwe.

Zolinga ndi njira zachilengedwe

Pofuna kuthetsa mavuto zovuta za sayansi kuwononga chilengedwe amagwiritsa osiyanasiyana njira zosiyana. Iwo akhoza umaimiridwa ndi magulu atatu akulu akulu:

1. Njira kudziwa udindo ndi ukugwirira ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe.
2. Njira processing zimene timaphunzira.
3. Njira akutanthauzira zipangizo ndi zotsatira.

Njira yotchuka kwambiri ntchito zachilengedwe lero: ndi maganizo n'kupuma ndi kuyesera, masamu sanjira ndi njira mawerengeredwe. Lero makamaka wotchuka yomanga zitsanzo za masamu. Pakuti ichi chitsanzo cha umboni topezeka zochokera yotengedwa "mu" mfundo wazotsatira ndi zipangizo (ndi zilembo wapadera). Kenako, kusintha mfundo zina magawo, inu mosavuta kusunga khalidwe loyenera (zosiyanasiyana) dongosolo.

Pomaliza ...

Pafupifupi theka zapitazo sayansi adanyamuka chitukuko bwino lomwe lero bwanji tsogolo la anthu onse. Dzina la sayansi - zachilengedwe. Mutu ndi chilengedwe Zolinga kuphunzira makhalidwe ndi malamulo a kugwira ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe amakonzedwa pamaziko a njira kukakhale chitukuko cha moyo padziko lathuli. Masiku ano sayenera kutsimikizira kufunikira kwa kuli sayansi.