The mitundu ikuluikulu ya kufufuma, zotsatira ndi zinthu

Kufufuma - njira uliri chuma zambiri zamakono. Koma m'mayiko ena mayendedwe zolimbitsa, ena - ndi noticeable kwambiri. Zimene zikhoza zalumikizana? ndi zimayambitsa wa nkhani zimene chodabwitsa zachuma?

Akamanena za kufufuma

Pansi kufufuma anatanthauza kuwonjezeka mlingo avareji mitengo mapulogalamu otchuka kwambiri ndi ntchito imene amaperekedwa ndi boma. Pamene kupitiriza ndalama disposable ya anthu, kufufuma akhoza kuchepetsa mphamvu zawo pogula.

Akuti ndi chodabwitsa zachuma - ponseponse ambiri chuma chikuyendera masiku ano dziko. Mfundo yakuti pali kufufuma mu dziko, zimasonyeza, monga ulamuliro, pa kufunika amphamvu katundu ndi ntchito. Deflation - kulibe kapena osakwanira mwamphamvu n'zosiyana chodabwitsa zingaoneke. Amagwiritsidwanso ankaona ponseponse mu chuma masiku ano msika.

Dziwani kuti nthawi zonse, pamene kufufuma ndi deflation amaoneka kuti zochitika zachilengedwe kwa dongosolo la zachuma, tikulankhula za mawu zizindikiro zogwirizana zedi ochepa - peresenti ochepa. Ngati kufufuma kapena deflation kuchuluka kwa makumi angapo peresenti, chuma ndi mwina, pali mavuto kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, magawo onse zizindikiro za mumaganiza mavuto pa chuma cha boma.

Tiyeni tikambirane mitundu, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za kufufuma.

Gulu la mitundu ya kufufuma: mlingo wa kukula mtengo

Pali ambiri a likuyandikira kuti gulu la zochitika zachuma pansi kulingalira. Choncho, muyezo mfundo zomwe mitundu ya kufufuma (zotsatira ndi zinthu - correlative nawo) atsimikiziridwa pa maziko a mitengo yake. Choncho, pali kufufuma:

- otsika;

- zolimbitsa;

- akuthamanga;

- hyperinflation.

Mu otsika kufufuma amatanthauza kuwuka mu mitengo pa katundu ndi ntchito otchuka, m'kukoma kuchuluka ena. Chifukwa zodabwitsazi zachuma - ndalama khola kuti apange kufunika, ndiwo pang'ono kuposa chakudya. Zotsatira za kufufuma izi chuma ndi zambiri zabwino: ndi kufunika khola deploying ogulitsa katundu, yogwira, lotseguka mabizinesi latsopano, chuma cha boma kusiyana bwinobwino.

Mu mitengo zolimbitsa kufufuma kukula pafupifupi 5-10% pa chaka. Monga momwe zilili ndi zosiyanasiyana loyamba amati ndi chodabwitsa zachuma, manambalawo pakupezeka ziribe mphamvu wokwiya chuma cha boma ndi kusonyeza, kamodzinso, ndi owonjezera kufunika pa okwanira chifukwa kukhalapo mu dziko ndi ndalama khola.

Pamene ponseponse mtengo kufufuma kuwuka ndi makumi angapo peresenti chaka. Chifukwa zodabwitsazi zachuma - kuchepa mu ankafuna ku msika chifukwa cha kuchepa kupanga katundu, kuchepetsa mlingo wa capitalization mu chuma, kusokonekera likulu ku gawo lenileni kwa ndalama kapena ngakhale achire awo ku ulamuliro wa boma.

Zotsatira za kufufuma wothawa - monga ulamuliro, ndi depreciation wa ndalama banja (chifukwa chakuti malipiro tiribe nthawi kuti osanjidwa patapita kuwuka mu mitengo), kuchepetsa ntchito chifukwa achire ku msika wa makampani osiyanasiyana. boma afunika kuyankha boma la zochitika mu chuma kuchititsa kusintha koyenera. Apo ayi, akuthamanga kufufuma nditembenukire mu nyamuka amavutitsa mitengo - hyperinflation, m'kukoma mazana peresenti pa chaka. Imeneyi, boma akhoza kukhala zikuluzikulu mavuto ndiponso ndale.

Open ndi chatsekedwa kufufuma

Pali muyezo wina umene kusiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kufufuma (zotsatira ndi zinthu - yemweyo): digiri ya omasukirana. Choncho, akatswiri apeza ndi kufufuma lotseguka ndi zobisika.

zotsatira Economic a mtundu woyamba zimawonedwa pokhapokha ngati boma la dongosolo msika kugwira ntchito yodziwika ndi ufulu mitengo limagwirira katundu zikuluzikulu ndi ntchito. Akuluakulu Choncho, saletsa ndi njira imene wosamalira kudziwa mtengo wa katundu wogulitsa ndi mautumiki kwa anthu. Mu nkhani iyi, zisudzo waukulu azachuma kudzakhala Tikatenga chikhalidwe cha zinthu kumamukopa kufufuma. Komanso, State simudzavutika kusamalira chuma.

Chobisika kufufuma, nayenso limapezeka milandu anthu pamene mtengo wa mbali yokulirapo ya katundu umaperekedwa ndi makampani anakhazikitsa utsogoleri, mphamvu zachuma. Pankhaniyi, mungachite kuwononga katundu kufunika ndi ntchito, kotero kuti mitengo akhoza kukula mwamwayi, kwenikweni. Mphako mthunzi msika, wa ili palibe msonkho amalipidwa, amene si m'gulu mtima wa boma zizindikiro kiyi zazikulu za citukuko, monga GDP. Choncho - pansi-ndalama msika pa dziko, otsika capitalization a Boma zofunika kwambiri, chifukwa - woyenda pang'onopang'ono chitukuko zachuma.

Kufufuma kufunika ndi ndalama

i china kudziwa mitundu ina ya kufufuma (zotsatira ndi zinthu, ndithudi, kwambiri) - zinthu za ulimi. Malinga ndi kuwuka mu mitengo bwino zimayamba ndi kufunika kapena kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama.

Akamanena za woyamba wa ndondomeko ya zachuma ndi kufunika kuposa okwanira. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa kuwonjezeka revenues wa anthu boma ndi mphamvu osakwanira ya kutsegula kwa malonda atsopano, njira kukumana atawalamula. Chifukwa cha - mitundu yoyenera malonda atsegulidwa, chuma cha charo limakula.

Kuuza kufufuma akhoza zidzayambike ndi kulimbitsa infusions bajeti likulu zigawo zosiyanasiyana za chuma. Mwachitsanzo - maphunziro, yotumikira anthu, yothandiza, mankhwala, asilikali. mabungwe State kuti alandira ndalama bajeti, kutsegula kwa anthu, amene sakhoza nthawi zonse wokhutitsidwa ndi alipo ogwira kakatundu opaleshoni mu dziko.

Ndalama kufufuma chifukwa kuwonjezeka mu mitengo mankhwala misonkhano, amene tingafunse chifukwa cha kuchuluka mtengo wa ndalama malonda, kupereka mankhwala oyenera ndiponso chithandizo kwa makasitomala. kuwonjezeka mtengo zinthu mosiyana kwambiri pa nkhaniyi. Zina mwa zifukwa zotheka - adzauka mu mtengo wa katundu kunja zosaphika ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu. Companies amakakamizidwa kukweza mitengo, akhoza anakumana ndi wopanda kufunika kwa katundu kugulitsana, monga ogula sangakhale okonzeka kulipira mankhwala ndi ndalama kuchuluka. Chifukwa cha - kampani nkhani chifukwa chosowa liwiro zokwanira kukhala opanda kupanga.

Choncho, kufunika kufufuma amakhudza chuma cha boma ndalama kwakukulukulu zabwino - negative. Kachiwiri, ndi mphamvu zofunika kukula mtengo. Monga momwe taonera pamwambapa, otsika kapena zolimbitsa kufufuma, monga ulamuliro, umboni wa njira zabwino mu chuma, akuthamanga - choimira.

Osiyana i gulu amaonedwa ndi chodabwitsa zachuma, choncho m'pofunika chilichonse. Akuti mwa ife i kudziwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kufufuma, zotsatira ndi zimayambitsa aliyense wa iwo, mwatcheru kwambiri zokhudzana ndi mzake: kuwonjezera mtengo wa katundu mu chuma cha boma ingayambe ndi zinthu zosiyana pa nthawi yomweyo, amene Komabe, kudziwa i osiyana gulu la kufufuma. Kuwonjezera munthu funso, izo ikukhudza Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa mumaganiza yosiyana kwambiri chuma. Komabe, chifukwa kufunika ndi mtengo-Kankhani kufufuma ndi yosiyana. Komanso zotsatira zawo.

malinga ndi mlingo wa mtengo kupezeka Ochirikiza

Muyeso lotsatira, amene amalola kuti m'kagulu mitundu (mitundu) kufufuma, zotsatira ndipo amachititsa - mlingo wa kupezeka wakhala mtengo.

Choncho, akatswiri kuonetsetsa moyenera kufufuma, imene mtengo siyana wotchuka kwambiri mankhwala kukula ndi wogawana. Mwachitsanzo, pamene maapulo ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri kwa 3,7%, ndi mapeyala - 4%. Ngati mitengo mpunga adzauka, mwachitsanzo, ndi 8.4%, kuchuluka kwa mitengo pa Mapila adagulung'undisa pafupifupi 9%. Pali akamakonda kufufuma, mmene muli nawonso, ndi disproportion kwambiri kukula mu mitengo chofunika.

Zimayambitsa zachilengedwe woyamba zachuma kusonyeza kuchepetsa zachirengedwe mphamvu kugula wa ku likulu la dzikoli chifukwa chuma wonse. Mtundu wachiwiri wa kufufuma chifukwa chakuti ogulitsa ali m'mavuto pofuna kupeza kapena sapulaya zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha - pali kuchepa kwa mitengo adzauka. chifukwa china cha kufufuma akamakonda - adzauka mu mtengo wa imports chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ndalama dziko. Vuto limeneli mwina ndi zotsatira zazikulu chikhalidwe kukachitika kuti gawo la katundu mu ankafuna mu dziko n'zofunika kwambiri. mtengo awo kuchuluka, ngati nzika musati kukula malinga ndi malipiro, adzakhala kwambiri pa katundu malipiro pa ogula.

Nayenso moyenera kufufuma zambiri siyikhuzana zotsatira chikhalidwe. Monga ulamuliro, nyamuka yunifolomu mu mitengo, poyamba pa zonse, kuchepetsa ndi ponso malipiro nzika, ndipo kachiwiri - ogula ndi kosavuta kuzisamala, kotero Iye angakhoze bwanji kukhala wotsimikiza kuti kukwera mitengo pa malonda otchuka sizidzachitika.

ziyembekezo kufufuma kwa mlingo

Mfundo zotsatirazi kusiyanitsa mitundu, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za kufufuma - mmene ziyembekezo zake. Choncho, kuchuluka mtengo mu chuma akhoza kukhala wouma mtima, sizimadziwika. Monga ulamuliro, ichi ndi chifukwa kusowa kwa okwanira pa mankhwala msika zifukwa zongoganizira kapena kupeza izi kapena sapulaya zina za okhawo malo gawo ake. Ngati zimenezi zili palibe ndiye kufufuma akhoza kupangidwa mu mayendedwe zambiri zolimbitsa, sipangakhalenso ananeneratu.

zinthu kufufuma

Choncho, taphunzira mitundu zofunika, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za kufufuma. Dongosolo la nkhaniyi akhoza kutha wagawo akufotokozedwa mokwanira determinants cha kufufuma. Akatswiri kudziwa magulu zotsatirazi:

- ndalama;

- structural;

- kunja.

Ndi zinthu ndalama kufufuma anatengedwa monga:

- vutoli pakati okwanira ndi kufunika (kapena kulemera chofunika);

- kwambiri owonjezera ndalama pa katundu wambiri;

- ndi vutoli mu bajeti boma;

- anafotokoza patsogolo za ndalama asilikali;

- inefficient ndalama kumabungwe chifungulo cha chuma;

- mphamvu mopambanitsa zolowa ndalama;

- kukula malipiro si chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi zokolola ntchito.

The structural kufufuma zinthu monga:

- ndi vutoli mu kapangidwe ka chuma (mwachitsanzo, kukondera kwambiri mu yaiwisi zipangizo makampani ndi kupanda okwanira mu gawo ogula);

- wodzikweza choletsa kulimbitsa mphamvu ya mowa;

- pamaso pa ambiri kuphangira pa chuma cha boma.

The zinthu zina kufufuma ingakhale monga iyi:

- ndi osakhalitsa wa mitengo dziko la uphungu kiyi, zipangizo, mafuta;

- ndi muyeso kwambiri wa imports pa wolowa;

- kusowa kwa okwanira mu msika wa akutenga ndalama zakunja ngongole.

Zinthu za kufufuma ungakhalenso zandale, zolakwa za msonkho ndi mfundo zokhudza boma. mmene kumatheka ngati bwanji njira chuma pa nthawi yomweyo.

Zikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane limatchula za zochitika monga kufufuma, chikhalidwe, mitundu, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za iye tingaganizire mmene kukwera mitengo pa umoyo ndi zachuma chitukuko cha dziko.

Zotsatira za kufufuma pa umoyo ndi zachuma chitukuko cha boma

Kufufuma, monga taonera pamwamba, zikhoza yodziwika monga kanjedza ochepa - peresenti ochepa ndi zithunzi chidwi kwambiri.

Mbali yoyamba, izo zimanyezimiritsa chikoka cha njira m'malo abwino zachuma: ndi owonjezera kufunika pa okwanira chifukwa kuwuka ndalama, muyezo wa chuma, ntchito yabwino ya wolowa ndi imports chiŵerengero. Koma mopambanitsa kufufuma zingakhudze njira umoyo ndi zachuma zoipa.

Ngati mitengo m'dziko akukulira, kulumikizana anakhazikitsa akhoza kuswa pakati pa mabungwe malonda (chifukwa chakuti ogula nthawi zonse kwa ogulitsa mtengo), yafupika ndalama (chifukwa chakuti ndalama mwina kulipira lokha chifukwa kuwuka mu mitengo) Zikuoneka kusagwirizana chikhalidwe (anthu alibe ndalama zokwanira kugula katundu zofunika adakulabe mu mtengo).

Mkulu kufufuma Mzimuyo:

- depreciation ndalama kubanki wa nzika za dziko;

- kuwonongeka kwa udindo umoyo ndi zachuma nzika chikhalidwe mosadziteteza;

- kuchepetsa bizinesi dziko;

- kuchepa khalidwe la katundu ambiri chifukwa cha pakufunika iwo lalikulu zedi;

- kuchepa kukongoza mu dongosolo banki ya boma, kuonekera kwa gawo mwamwayi.

Akamanena za zochitika monga kufufuma, lingaliro, mitundu, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira zake, ganizirani kulunjika mwa njira kuyeza kukula mtengo mu chuma cha boma.

Kodi kufufuma anayeza?

Ambiri, mitengo kufufuma ndi m'kukoma ankatanthauza ndi malumikizanidwe mtengo wa zolozera katundu mtengo m'chaka panopa poyerekeza ndi m'mbuyomu. Pankhaniyi, zizindikiro ndi ingagwiritsidwe:

- sewerolo mitengo;

- ogula mitengo;

- pa GDP deflator.

Ndipotu nkhani zachuma a boma akhoza yodziwika ndi zizindikiro zingapo kufufuma. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti anthu akhale, mwachionekere, ogula mtengo index. Kwambiri nkhani zazikulu za citukuko chizindikiro, kenako, ndi GDP deflator.

Kufufuma mapangidwe lachitsanzo

Atafufuza chikhalidwe, zimatipatsa, mitundu, zotsatira za kufufuma, tingaganizire chitsanzo zofunika mapangidwe ake.

Choncho, zikamera wa hyperinflation, chuma ambiri kuwafotokozera mfundo za bungwe Kagan. Malinga ndi iwo, zodabwitsazi zachuma ndi anakonzeratu kudalira wa kufunika pa ziyembekezo inflationary wa ophunzira zosiyanasiyana msika. Ngati anatengera zoyembezereka za deta amakhala ndi mtengo wochepa ngakhale kuti elasticity wa kufunika kwa likulu zachepa, kufufuma udzatithandiza kuwonjezeka okwanira ndalama. Koma ngati magawo amene amapanga chitsanzo ichi, timapita ku mlingo mkulu, chuma kungakhale hyperinflation, kutsutsidwa amene kumafunika ndi phukusi la boma.

Pali Friedmann chitsanzo, chimene kufunika kwenikweni kwa likulu la dzikolo, logwirizana ndi mphamvu ya ndalama anthu, ndipo ankayembekezera kufufuma. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu kuwuka chuma mitengo ndi kochepa pa mkulu chiwerengero cha kukula kwa chuma cha dziko. N'zotheka, chimene chimafuna nkhani zina za ndalama - ngati mitengo kufufuma pansipa zimene takambirana ngati mulingo woyenera.

Pali chitsanzo cha Bruno Fischer, chimene kuwuka mtengo akhoza anakonzeratu osati zoyembezereka za gulu msika, komanso mphamvu ya GDP. Mwina mwaona kuti mfundo imeneyi kumaphatikizapo kulingalira ngati chizindikiro yofunika ya zizindikiro kuchepekedwa bajeti, komanso njira kuthetsa amene ntchito ndi boma. Mu angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati Mwachitsanzo, umuna ndi ngongole. chitsanzo lino, monga chuma ambiri, amalola kuonanso mwatsatanetsatane zinthu kudziwa chodabwitsa cha kufufuma, chikhalidwe, mitundu, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za correlative ake akugwirizana osiyana gulu.

Pali chitsanzo cha Sargent-Wallace. Malinga ndi iye, kufufuma ndi anakonzeratu ndi vutoli mu ndondomeko ya ndalama za boma ku ndalama za dziko kuchepekedwa bajeti. Panthawi ina, akuluakulu a zachuma ndi kuonjezera okwanira ndalama, chifukwa mu nthawi ya kudza chuma mitengo. Mwina kudziŵika kuti, malinga ndi mfundo imene mukukambirana, kusunga malamulo boma m'munda wa zachuma amatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka mu kufufuma. Ichi ndi chifukwa zoyembezereka za msika ophunzira za zimene boma adzayamba azilipira kwa kuchepekedwa bajeti makamaka chifukwa nkhaniyo, osati ngongole. The bwino ntchito script akuluakulu a zachuma Pankhaniyi - kuchepetsa kuchepekedwa bajeti.

Wofalitsa zitsanzo kufotokoza limagwirira mapangidwe zodabwitsa ngati zachuma monga kufufuma muyeso, mitundu, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira zake, tidzaonetsa kwambiri kufufuza njira yaikulu ya malamulo odana inflationary.

Anti-kufufuma malamulo a maulamuliro

akuluakulu a dziko angalankhule mosiyana kuwuka mu mitengo chuma. Koma ngati ife kulankhula za njira chilengedwe - mosasamala chimene n'komwe mitundu osiyanasiyana, zotsatira za kufufuma - tingatani kuti akuimira mu mndandanda inflationary:

- ngongole lamulo;

- ndalama zolimbikitsa;

- mfundo deflationary;

- ndalama lamulo.

Zoopseza zachuma, kusankha chimodzi kapena zingapo.

Pambuyo akuluakulu tinakambirana zinthu zimene anakonzeratu limatchula makhalidwe a chodabwitsa cha kufufuma (zimayambitsa, mitundu, zotsatira), malamulo odana inflationary amamangiriridwa mlingo zolimbana. Monga ulamuliro, kwa kukhazikitsa likukwaniritsa chapakati banki ya boma. Akatswiri a bungwe tichifotokoze ndi Gawo la ndondomeko imeneyi, monga kufufuma (authunthu, zimayambitsa, mitundu, zotsatira). mfundo Anti-kufufuma ayenera kukhala anzeru ndi kuganizira zinthu zonse zazikulu kukula mtengo mu chuma cha boma.

chidule

Choncho, ife ankafufuza kulunjika wa kufufuma - chodabwitsa zachuma kuwalitsa kuwuka mu mitengo chuma cha dziko. Tili ndi makhalidwe a ndondomeko choterocho, monga kufufuma (authunthu, zimayambitsa, mitundu, umoyo ndi zachuma zotsatira) akhala ankafufuza. Tidapeza kuti phunziro lofunika kwambiri la kasamalidwe mumaganiza chogwirizana pa chuma cha boma. Ntchito akuluakulu - kumvetsa chimene chimayambitsa chodabwitsa monga kufufuma. Zoyambitsa, Mitundu, zotsatira ndi njira kuthetsa - mu yamtunduwu wa akatswiri a mabungwe akuluakulu a zachuma a boma, makamaka Bank wa Central.

Phunziro amasanthula chodabwitsa zachuma wapatsidwa yofunika kwambiri mu dongosolo maphunziro Akuluakulu a ku Russia. amalanga ambiri, ngakhale mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi gawo la ndalama, mitundu kuphunzira, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za kufufuma - maphunziro chikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ndondomeko ya zachuma amakhudza madera ambiri a moyo wamakono. Wamba munthu mu msewu, mwina ngakhale nkhani zokhudza chitukuko zachuma, ayenera kudziwa chimene chimatsutsana ndi. Zoyambitsa, Mitundu, zotsatira ndi zachuma za izo, osachepera mawu mbali zofunika nzika ano ophunzira ayenera kudziwa. chidwi Izi ndi boma kuti amange kukambirana zaphindu ndi anthu wamba pa nkhani ya lamulo la chuma.