Tectonic dongosolo Caucasus. Tectonic dongosolo Caucasus mapiri

Modern tectonic Kapangidwe ka Caucasus unakhazikitsidwa 25 miliyoni zapitazo m'nthawi Ukachenjede. Masiku ano apangidwe mapiri, kuti chifukwa cha njira mkati Geological nthawi adamulowetsa mapiri. Iwo ali ndi zaka mofanana Alps, ndipo wapangidwa gneiss ndi lubwe.

zambiri

Tectonic dongosolo Caucasus ndi yaikulu mapindikidwe zone, kumene kunali kugunda Arabia ndi mbale Eurasian. mapiri anapanga chifukwa kayendedwe ka m'maiko. Chaka Mluya mbale, mbamuikha Africa, kusamukira ku kumpoto ndi masentimita angapo.

Pachifukwa ichi, derali zambiri yowononga chivomezi, chifukwa cha zimene Caucasus akuvutika. Kapangidwe Tectonic amasintha pang'onopang'ono chifukwa zodabwitsa zimachitika kuwononga zomangamanga anthu pansi. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1988 panali tsoka kwambiri mu Armenia, chimene chinapha anthu 20,000, ndipo wina 500,000 kuti nyumba zawo zinawonongeka.

zimaswana

Mapangidwe kumveka okonda kumpoto anapangidwa kuchokera Paleozoic wosweka miyala. Iwo zinapatsira ndi mitsempha ya chiphalaphala acidic ndipo makutu chiphona. Iwo wapangidwa ndi lubwe, quartzite ndi shale. Mu chigwa cha Alikonovki mtsinje pafupi Kislovodsk mungapeze miyala kwambiri wakale wa lokwera lapansi.

Kapangidwe Tectonic wa Caucasus Mountains zikufika padziko granites ofiira ndi pinki, amene zaka Akuti pa zaka miliyoni 220-230. Mu lothandiza Mesozoic adaonongedwa, chifukwa cha zomwe kupanga kutumphuka wosanjikiza, amene makulidwe ndi pafupifupi 50 mamita. kapangidwe kake zikuphatikizapo feldspar, khwatsi ndi Mica.

Pano mukhoza kupeza ndi geodes - Geological formations mu mawonekedwe a cavities chatsekedwa mu miyala nyanja. Mkati mwa waikamo mankhwala mchere kuposa ndipamene zigawo ndi symmetrical. M'menemo pamwamba lamkati la cavities choncho anapanga timibulu, impso-peel, incrustations ndi aggregates zina mchere. The geodes Caucasus nthawi zina kawirikawiri zinthu Celestine - mchere mandala buluu hue.

m'dambo

Koma pa malo otsetsereka kum'mwera mungapeze miyala nyanja inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka kuli malo Jurassic ndipo Cretaceous. Poyamba, panali nyanja, ndipo tsopano anakhalabe anajambulapo zofiirira ndi chikasu, dolomite ndi sandstones ferruginous wofiira hue.

Kutsogolera mapiri Caucasus komanso limapangidwa mafunsidwe a miyala zosiyanasiyana, monga travertine, linaonekera evaporation wa madzi mchere. Mu miyala imeneyi mutha kuona kuda ndi osiyana masamba ndi nthambi zinalili zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo.

kapangidwe

Tectonic Kapangidwe ka Caucasus mapiri ukugawa dongosolo mu ziwiri Malowa lapansi. Mmodzi wa iwo akutchedwa Wamkulu, ndi zina - kukhala laling'ono. Pakati pawo kugona zigwa.

Wamkulu Caucasus imatchedwanso ngati North Caucasus (makamaka nthawi zambiri mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito Russia kunena kuti mayiko a m'dera la boma). Kum'mwera ndi kugawa lokwera. Komanso pansi pali dera kudziwika monga Caucasus. Kwa iye zambiri monga gawo la mayiko atatu: Georgia, Armenia ndi Azerbaijan.

Akatswiriwa amatchulanso zigawo ziwiri zofunika: nsanja Msukuti ndi malo intermountain.

wamkulu Caucasus

Wamkulu Caucasus umachokera kwa 1100 kukafika kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa kum'mwera chakum'mawa. m'malire zachilengedwe ndi Black ndi Caspian Pacific. Pafupifupi mfundo kwambiri angatchedwe Anapa m'dera Krasnodar ndi phiri Ilhydag pafupi Azerbaijan Baku.

dongosolo phiri lagawidwa magawo angapo. Nagawira manambala (kapena Wamkulu Caucasus) ali ndi kutalika mamita 3 mpaka 5 zikwi. Pano pali nsonga zazitali kwambiri ku Ulaya. Kapangidwe Tectonic anapanga Caucasus mitunda chapamwamba.

Migodi yomanga lomenyera tichipeza wa crystalline chapansi pa m'badwo wakale - izi ndi lokwera chachikulu. pakati pake penipeni wazunguliridwa ndi chivundikiro wamng'ono, wopangidwa mwa mitundu latsopano. Iwo ndi chomwe sayansi amatchedwa "mapiko kukhazikika." A okwana awiri - kumpoto ndi kum'mwera.

Woyamba wapangidwa ndi madipoziti mu mawonekedwe a makwinya. Iwo wosweka miyala ya Mesozoic ndi zaka Cenozoic. Young phiko aumbike mwa madipoziti wandiweyani, lomwe ndi chifukwa nkhawa kwambiri Geological m'chigawochi. Kapangidwe amenewa kuti miyala ndi wolapa mu makutu zovuta zambiri. Phimbani ndi opyoza iwo anathyola zidutswa zingapo. Mapiko kupereka asayansi mudziwe kumene ndizoonekeratu kuti misa yaikulu ya phiri lokwera ikuyenda kum'mwera. Achikulire m'dambo okutidwa ndi wamng'ono ndi kutha pansi madzi a Azov, Black ndi Caspian Pacific.

Masiku Paleozoic mbali ya kumpoto Caucasus anali mumzinda, kumene wokhudza Africa ndi nyanja Paleotethys. Poyamba anali pamalo opanda phokoso palibe phiri kapena miyala ntchito za mtundu limene tsopano ndi Atlantic. Komabe, pa nthawi zinthu zasintha njira mkati anadzifula okha anamvera.

wamng'ono Caucasus

The chiwiri kofunikira lokwera wamba dera. Apa mapeto Caucasus. Tectonic Kapangidwe ka dera ndizo zitunda, okwera mapiri zitunda zathyathyathya. Kusiyana kwa Wamkulu Caucasus ndi kupanda zosiyanasiyana limodzi. M'malo mwake, pali zambiri zitunda yaing'ono intersect, nchifukwa chake wambirimbiri zigwa. Palibe oundana kwambiri kapena mapiri otchuka. chifukwa kwagona kuti dera limeneli ndi tectonically aang'ono kwambiri. Mkulu nsonga sanayambebe anapanga.

Apa akukumana mbali makina a lamba Alpine-Himalaya, nchifukwa chake wamng'ono Caucasus ali ndi zambiri zovuta kwambiri dongosolo Geological monga ankatsutsa "m'bale chachikulu". Umayamba kum'mwera kwa mbale wina. Ngati North Caucasus ali pafupifupi munthu arcs phiri kapena sagging, apa kuti awo zoopsa kwambiri.

Mbiri Geological derali

Mbiri miyala ya Wamng'ono Caucasus n'zotheka kufotokoza mbali zingapo zimene zimayenderana njira zonse zikuchitika pano pa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.

Kale malo awa kuyika suture tectonic ndi nyanja yaikulu ya Tethys. M'deralo ntchito chiphala mu kuya kwa madzi ndi amphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi mu nyengo Mesozoic. Ocean anali atazungulira microcontinents angapo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, iwo kwathunthu azungulira dziwe, nagawira nyema angapo. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka 85 miliyoni zapitazo anapanga kontinenti aliwonse amene ali nthawi zambiri zagonjetsedwa kwa kusintha tectonic.

Gondwana, yomwe inali kuyendayenda kuchokera kumpoto, chifukwa chakuti ambiri danga nyanja chinachepa ndi kukula yaing'ono. Komanso mbisoweka mapiri m'madzi ndi malire wakale wa mayiko kakang'ono.

Asikuti nsanja

Mbali yofunika ya lokwera ndi mnyamata Msukuti nsanja. Amakhala ndi apansi awiri. M'munsi - maziko, anapereka ku miyala Paleozoic chiyambi (zaka, zaka miliyoni 230-430). Pansi pamwamba amatchedwa chovala. Iye ali wamng'ono ndipo imakhala m'matanthwe a Mesozoic ndi nyengo Cenozoic (zaka miliyoni 65-250). Izi m'dambo m'madzi ya dongo ndi carbonate. Mu gawo pakati pa Pre-Caucasus womwe kwa Stavropol Gawo, maziko wakwezedwa ndi zina kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo akuyamba kumira.

Asikuti nsanja pa malire ake kum'mwera itha deflections angapo - Kuban, Terek, Kusari-Divichenskim. Apa 40 miliyoni zapitazo, chiwonongeko cha miyala, chifukwa cha zomwe anapanga strata molasse madipoziti. Mu malo awa, makamaka wokongola mu Caucasus. Photos wa akasupe a mchere ndi m'zigwa ndi mpweya. Ndi mayiko amenewa adalemekeza Lermontov ili Buku wotchuka.

Mbali yatsoka ndi zikuchokera miyala pamodzi ndi kapangidwe ka matanthwe a akusonyeza kuti malowa ntchito kuimira nyanja. Izo zinachitika pafupi miliyoni 230 zaka zapitazo. wagawo Ngelezi anaukitsidwa wokutidwa osaya. Nyumba iyi anakomoka pambuyo zikamera wa Wamkulu Caucasus. Ndiye apo panawuka delamination, amene anaonekera pa malo muli yaikulu miyala lapansi. ndondomeko imeneyi lero, amene angafotokoze ngozi kawirikawiri.

INTERMONTANE lomenyera

Malowa ali pamtunda kum'mwera kwa Wamkulu Caucasus. Mu nthawi imeneyo yokha anapanga Alps (pafupifupi mamiliyoni 200 zapitazo), panali chinthu anamuukitsa kwa matanthwe a pansi padziko. Zinali nsanja carbonate ndi monga kontinenti yaing'ono. Komabe, ndi chiyambi cha mapangidwe mapiri (zaka 30 miliyoni zapitazo), malowa wayamba sag ndi kugwa pansi. Nyanja, womwe wakhala pa malo a dongosolo pang'onopang'ono ndisungunuka ku Black Sea ndi Nyanja ya Caspian.

Izi ndi mbali ziwiri zogwirizana. Chidwi dongosolo lawo tectonic. Caucasus (Table zofunika zambiri ukufanizidwa pansipa) akhoza kugawidwa mu zigawo zitatu. Izi Chiazebajani ndi Chijojiya chipika ndi Dzirula crystalline massif umene umawalekanitsa iwo.

Mbiri ya kuphunzira ndi chuma

Chifukwa kuika njira mkati kapangidwe Caucasus analola kuonekera chuma pano osiyana achilengedwe. Anthu amene ankakhala kumalo amenewa kalelo, taphunzira kupanga ndiponso pokonza iwo. Iwe ukhoza kupeza kuda ambiri a zochita za anthu m'migodi aiwala wa golide, siliva, kutsogolera, mkuwa, mafuta, malasha, ndi zina zotero. D.

Local sitolo subsoil 200 milliardov migolo ya mafuta ndiponso gasi. Izi nkhokwe zikuluzikulu, zimene lidzakhalapo kwa zaka zingapo.

Chidwi mu dongosolo la dziko lino kuyambira kalekale - anthu kulimvetsa kumene kuli chuma. Zoyesayesa loyamba kuphunzira nthaka ya Caucasus a XVIII atumwi, pamene Maulendo sayansi anatumizidwa apa, kuyamba ndi Lomonosov.

Mu XIX m'ma pano Pochoka kwa kafukufuku Musin-Pushkin, Dubois de A Monpere. Komabe, bambo weniweni wa kuphunzira nthaka ya Caucasus imatengedwa kuti ndi German katswiri Hermann Abikh. Iye anatenga Russian unzika ndi zambiri anayenda kum'mwera kwa dziko mu 60 ntchentche za m'ma XIX. The phunziro la izo zinaliri tectonic dongosolo Caucasus mapiri. Chifukwa cha zimene anatulukira ambiri anakhala membala aulemu wa St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.