Gawo zolandilira. Flavoring, zithunzi, nociceptors

Kodi thunthu? Ndi sayansi zimene amaphunzira makhalidwe a thupi. Gulu la zolandilira ndi zikuchitika limanenanso nkhani ya chilango. Kodi woyamba kugwirizana ndi wachiwiri? Ndi yosavuta. Pa thupi kaŵirikaŵiri ndi lalikulu zosiyanasiyana za zikuchitika, zolandilira wathu kuwayankha kusankha, izo zonse zimadalira malo awo ndi dongosolo. Mitsempha mapangidwe amatchedwanso dongosolo kwenikweni, kufala kwa nzeru chapakati mantha dongosolo.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo, koma kuyamba kusiyanitsa mphamvu:

• Maso.
• Makutu.
• Zinthu ziwalo yokoka.
• Language.
• Mphuno.
• Chikopa.

N'chifukwa chiyani tiyenera zolandilira

Onse amafunika kudziwa ngati kwapatsidwa mwa chilengedwe. Choyamba m'pofunika kuti kupereka okha ndi chakudya makamaka atsikana kudziteteza ku ngozi ndi lathu mu mlengalenga. Zonsezi amapereka nyumba izi mitsempha. Gulu la maselo - Ndithu nkhani osati chizindikiro kupenda zosiyanasiyana kuchita iwo.

irritants

Iwo wachinsinsi ndi mbali zotsatirazi:

• Modality.
• Adequacy.

Pofotokoza mfundo yoyamba, zikuchitika kunja kusiyanitsa ikukhudzana magetsi, makina, osmotic, mankhwala, kuwala ndi ena ambiri. Iwo opatsirana mwachindunji kudzera mphamvu za mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, ikukhudzana N'zosadabwitsa imafalikira ndi kutentha ndi zina zotero.

Pamwamba pa izi, iwo anawagawa zikuchitika bwino ndipo kuchepa, m'pofunika kulankhula pang'ono kwambiri.

adequacy

Chofunika amazipanga wochenjera lingaliro Fridriha Engelsa, amene ankakhulupirira kuti ziwalo - ichi ndi chida chachikulu cha ubongo. Ndithu, kulondola, chifukwa chirichonse chimene ife tikuchiwona, kumva ndi kumva - ndi mtengo wa ziwalo ndife zolandilira, ndi kukondoweza zakale - ichi ndi mbali yoyamba ya dziko kunja kudziwa. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya masamba kukoma , timamva, pamene tikuona chakudya zokonda (owawa, mchere, wowawasa kapena lokoma), diso mkwiyo wa zolandilira kutithandiza kumvetsa tanthauzo la kuwala, kapena kupanda kwake.

nzothandiza umene cholandilira ndi kusinthidwa, amatchedwa chokwanira. Chitsanzo chabwino kutumikira zolandilira chinenero. Pamene anaikidwa pakamwa pa chinthu chilichonse timamva kukoma, monga zowawa, mchere, wotsekemera kapena wowawasa. maso diso analanda mafunde kuwala, kotero ife timvetsetsa kuti kuwala pa.

kupereŵera

cholandilira katundu ndi osiyanasiyana ndithu, koma, kuyankhula za kupereŵera kwa zikuchitika tingaone motere: mchikakamizo cha mphamvu zomwe cholandilira ndi yosayenera, wotchedwa zonyozeka gawo zomverera, monga kukondoweza pamene chokwanira. Zitsanzo ndi magetsi mantha, kapena mankhwala mkwiyo.

Ngati diso walandira kukondoweza makina, padzakhala kumverera kwa kuunika, chinthu chotchedwa "phosphenes". Kapena kulandira ndi mantha magetsi m'khutu tikhoza kumva phokoso, koma kulephera makina zingachititse kukoma.

Gulu la zolandilira: Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa

Ndi nkhani ya zikuchitika timvetsetsa, ife tsopano akhalabe nkhani ofunika. Kuti timvetse limagwirira cha zochita za gulu lilime n'kofunika. Kuyamba disassemble mfundo yofunika kapangidwe ka kachitidwe anthu kwenikweni, kusankha ntchito zazikulu, tiyeni tikambirane za anatengera. Choyamba, ndi mtundu wa gulu cholandilira tso zotsatirazi:

• Ululu zolandilira.
• Zoonera.
• Zolandilira kuti kudziwa udindo wa thupi ndi ziwalo m'malere.
• Kumva.
• Chogwirika.
• Olfactory.
• Kukoma.

Izi si gulu chabe la zolandilira, kuwonjezera pa mitundu ya kupatukana ndi kutulutsidwa kwa makhalidwe ena. Mwachitsanzo, kutanthauzira (mkati ndi kunja), chikhalidwe cha oyandikana (kukhudzana ndi lakutali), pulayimale ndi sekondale.

zolandilira kunja ndi udindo kumva, kuona, kununkhiza, kukhudza ndi kukoma. Mlandu mkati mwa dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa ndi boma la ziwalo.

ndime yachiwiri, ife apeza mitundu zotsatirazi zolandilira: lakutali, kuti anthu kuti azindikire chizindikiro pa mtunda (masomphenya kapena kumva), ndi kulankhula kuti amafuna mwachindunji kukhudzana, monga kukoma.

Pankhani kulekana kwa pulayimale ndi sekondale, gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo anthu amene atembenuke mangolomera zimachitika mu ubongo choyamba (Mwachitsanzo: kununkhiza), ndipo chachiwiri - khungu kukhala ndi lilime (Chitsanzo: kukoma kapena pamaso).

kapangidwe

Ngati tikambirana kapangidwe ka maselo a anthu, n'zotheka kuonetsetsa zoyamba monga:

1. A kuchuluka kwa zigawo selo, mwachitsanzo: cholandilira mantha zogwirizana ndi wosanjikiza selo loyamba ndi wosanjikiza otsiriza ndi wochititsa kwa kotekisi oziziritsa ndi zambiri enieni malo ake owononga ubongo. Mbali imeneyi zimathandiza mkulu kwambiri liwiro processing wa chizindikiro umene ukubwera kukonzedwa pa dongosolo loyamba wosanjikiza.
2. Olondola ndi kudalirika kwa kufala kwa chizindikiro mitsempha anapereka multipathing. Zalongosoledwa mu ndime yomaliza, dongosolo kachipangizo ali ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo, ndipo nawonso ali ku makumi angapo a zikwi ndi mamilioni angapo maselo popereka mauthenga wosanjikiza lotsatira. Komanso, mbali limapereka kudalirika ndi kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane cha chizindikiro.
3. Mapangidwe zimaphala. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani zolandilira kwa diso. Mu diso yokha, pali mamilioni makumi atatu zolandilira zana limodzi, koma wosanjikiza milioni mazana atatu zikwi maselo ganglion, yomwe ndi nthawi zana ang'onoang'ono. Tikhoza kunena kuti pali kuchepetsa nyuzi. tanthauzo lake ndi chiyani? mfundo zonse zosafunika likuchotsedwa, koma pamisinkhu zotsatirazi aumbike kukukulirakulira nyuzi, limene limapereka kumatheka chizindikiro kusanthula.
4. Zosiyanasiyana vertically ndi horizontally. Woyamba amalimbikitsa mapangidwe m'madipatimenti, wopangidwa mwa zigawo ndi kuchita iriyonse ntchito limodzi. wachiwiri zingamuthandize maselo kugawanitsa mu makalasi mkati wosanjikiza chomwecho. Mwachitsanzo, kutenga masomphenya, chimagwirira ntchito njira ziwiri zokha, zomwe angagwirire ntchito yawo m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

cholandilira ntchito

Chowunikira otchedwa gawo la ubongo imene imakhala zinthu zosiyanasiyana: ndi cholinga, njira mitsempha ndi mbali ya ubongo.

zigawo zonse zitatu ndi:

1. Zolandilira.
2. Kuwatsogolera.
3. ubongo.

Ntchito yawo ndi munthu, ndiye woyamba Kumvetsa chizindikiro, wachiwiri kuwaperekeza ubongo, ndipo wachitatu kusanthula zambiri. Uli ndi madzi dongosolo lonse kulunzanitsa kuonetsetsa makamaka chitetezo cha Anthu ndi zina zamoyo.

tebulo

Tikupereka kuunikila mbali yaikulu ya dziko lonse la sensa, ichi timapereka tebulo.

katundu zolandilira

Kodi ankafufuza zina. Tsopano muyenera kudziwa katundu waukulu cholandilira lapansi. Woyamba timutche wa selectivity. Chinthu n'chakuti pa lilime anthu walangizidwa mmodzi yekha mtundu wa chizindikiro, monga kuwala kapena kulira, iwo timakhala kwambiri mitundu ya chizindikiro, tilinazo zedi mkulu. The cholandilira ndi wosangalala yekha kukachitika kuti detects chizindikiro osachepera zimenezo anayamba kufotokoza mfundo "malemeredwe pakhomo."

Chuma chachiwiri n'zogwirizana ndi woyamba, ndipo izo zikumveka ngati otsika mtengo pakhomo kwa zikuchitika koyenera. Mwachitsanzo, kutenga masomphenya amene analanda mbendera osachepera chimene chili chofunika kwa kutenthetsa ndi milliliter wa madzi ndi digiri imodzi Celsius monga mmene zaka makumi asanu ndi zikwi. Choncho, anachita ndi zikuchitika nkotheka sitingakwanitse monga magetsi ndi makina, kokha chifukwa mitundu amenewa, motero, ndi kuloŵa ndi apamwamba kwambiri. Kuwonjezera pa zimene takambiranazi, pali mitundu iwiri ya pamakomo:

• Mtheradi,
• kusiyana.

Choyamba kudziwa mtengo wotsikitsitsa, anazindikira mwa thupi, pamene yotsirizira amatilola kusiyanitsa mlingo zounikira, mithunzi ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi zina zotero, ndiye kusiyana pakati pa zimene zikuchitika awiri.

Chinthu china chofunika kwambiri a zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi - anatengera. Ndipo machitidwe athu imalandira kuti azolowere zinthu kunja.

anatengera

pochita zimenezi osati zolandilira kachitidwe kwenikweni, koma onse a zigawo zake. Kodi zimenezi zimachitika? Ndithu mwachidule, malemeredwe pakhomo, zomwe ife tamutchula uja, si nthawi zonse. Ndi anatengera kusintha, kukhala saganizira ndi irritant zonse. Kodi muli kunyumba maso? Inu musati mupereke chidwi kwa ikugunda chopita awo wosatha, chifukwa zolandilira wanu (m'makutu choncho) kukhala saganizira nzothandiza anapatsidwa. Ndi ena nthawi yambiri ndi wonyong'onya zikuchitika ife anayamba kulimbana nawo.

njira anatengera chiti osati masamba komanso mbali zonse za machitidwe kwenikweni. Anatengera zinthu zotumphukira akuwonetseredwa mu chakuti zolandilira malemeredwe pamakomo si nthawi zonse. Ndi kuwonjezeka pamakomo a malemeredwe, T. E. Kuchepetsa cholandilira tilinazo, pali anatengera kwa nthawi yaitali zikuchitika wonyong'onya. Mwachitsanzo, munthu akukakamizidwa zonse pa khungu la zovala zake, sanali zindikirani ikugunda chopita apitirize koloko.

Zolandilira ndi gawo zimandilimbikitsa

Onani kuti maselo onse anawagawa:

• mofulumira kusinthasintha,
• pang'onopang'ono kusinthasintha.

Ndipo woyamba amatchedwanso gawo kupereka kulabadira yekha pachiyambi ndi kumapeto kwa n'loonadi ake, koma wachiwiri (zimandilimbikitsa) kutumiza chizindikiro yothandizira dongosolo lathu chapakati mantha pa nthawi mwachilungamo yaitali.

Komabe muyenera kudziwa anatengera kuti akhoza limodzi ndi onse ponso ndi kuchepa excitability wa lilime la. Mwachitsanzo, yerekezani kuti inuyo mupite ku kuwala chipinda mdima, mu nkhani iyi, pali kuwonjezeka excitability, choyamba inu kuona zinthu aunika, ndi pamenepo pokha mdima. Nkhani n'zosiyana, ngati kusintha kwa kukuwalirawalirabe, ife tonse tikudziwa mawu akuti "kuunika ukuwawa maso anu" mdima chipinda, ife schurimsya chifukwa chakuti maselo athu kumangidwanso, ndipo amachepetsa excitability wa maselowa wathu zikuchitika otchedwa mdima anatengera.

lamulo

Nkofunika kudziwa kuti anthu mantha dongosolo amatha lamulo, izo zonse zimadalira zofuna zanu pa nthawi zina. Ngati munthu adzasiya mwadzidzidzi akuyamba ntchito zamanja, ndi tilinazo maselo (minofu ndi mafupa dongosolo) kumawonjezera kwambiri. Chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunikira? Kuti atsogolere maganizo a imfomeshoni yogwirizana ndi boma la dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa. Komanso, kuwonjezera pa ndondomeko anatengera zingakhudze zolandilira ndi mabungwe ena. Mwachitsanzo, kutenga khutu ngati anatengera inayake anasintha ndi kuyenda mbali monga:

• nyundo,
• Chipala,
• stapes.

Ndiko kuti, ossicles Makutu a khutu pakati.

anapezazo

Kufotokoza tatchulazi, ife kachiwiri kusankha ntchito yaikulu ya machitidwe athu kachipangizo: kudziwika chizindikiro, kusalana, akatembenuka mtundu umodzi wa mphamvu mu china (mitsempha kugula), kufala chizindikiro n'kukhala zigawo zina za machitidwe sensa, kuzindikira zithunzi. mbali chinsinsi monga zotsatirazi zinthu: selectivity, otsika pakhomo la kulabadira yoyenera, luso atengere chilengedwe. Ifenso ankaona zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga kapangidwe ndi gulu la machitidwe kwenikweni, gulu la makhalidwe osiyanasiyana zikuchitika, anatengera.