Space roketi. danga maroketi Russian ndi US

Pakali pano, ku Russia ali makampani dziko wamphamvu kwambiri danga. Russia ndi mtsogoleri yamphamvu m'munda wa zinakhazikitsa danga ndege komanso ali parity ndi United States pa nkhani ya malo navigation. Ena mwa backlog dziko lathu, pali kokha maphunziro a kutali malo interplanetary, komanso chitukuko cha cholinga akumidzi a Dziko Lapansi.

nkhani

Space roketi anali woyamba pakati pa Russian asayansi Tsiolkovsky ndi Meshchersky. Iwo mu 1897-1903 analenga zamoyo ndege ake. Patapita nthawi yaitali, azimuth ichi chinayamba asayansi yachilendo. Icho chinali Germany von Braun ndi Oberth ndi American Goddard. Mtendere pakati pa nkhondo, funso la ndege zosagwiritsa, komanso kulenga Mwaichi olimba ndi injini madzi nawo mayiko atatu okha mu dziko. Zinali Russia, USA ndi Germany.

Ndi 40 TH zaka za m'ma 20, dziko lathu lingakhale amanyadira za kupambana ndi chikwaniritsidwa mu mphamvu injini olimba-chopopera. Izi zinathandiza pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, ntchito ngati chida champhamvu monga "Katyusha". Ndi nkhani ya kulengedwa kwa mizinga lalikulu okonzeka ndi injini madzimadzi, mtsogoleri wa Germany anali pano. Ndi mu dziko lino Muziona anatenga "V-2". Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba ballistic mizinga, omwe mtunda yaing'ono. Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, "V-2" ankagwiritsa ntchito bomba la England.

Pambuyo chigonjetso Soviet pa Nazi Germany pakati timu ya Wernher von Braun motsogozedwa wake mwachindunji anapezerapo ntchito yake mu United States. Komabe, iwo anatenga nawo maiko anagonjetsa anali kale anayamba zojambula ndi kuwerengetsera limene danga kafukufuku anali kumangidwa. Gawo chabe ting'onoting'ono gulu la asayansi German ndipo akatswiri anapitiriza ntchito yake mu Soviet Union mpaka m'ma 50s kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Akanagwiritsa ntchito anali mbali zina za zida ndondomeko ndi mivi popanda kuwerengetsera aliyense ndi zojambula.

M'tsogolo, onse mu US ndi mizinga USSR "V-2" (apa ndi P-1) akhala adzazibweza, Kapenanso amene anatsimikiza chitukuko cha roketi, ndipo cholinga chake ndi kulimbikitsa zosiyanasiyana.

chiphunzitso Tsiolkovsky

Chachikulu ichi Russian wasayansi ndi chabwino kudziona anaphunzitsa zatsopano ankaona bambo wa astronautics. Iwo ngakhale pamanja mbiri ya "Free Space" linalembedwa mu 1883. Mu ntchito iyi Tsiolkovsky nthawi yoyamba adafotokoza kuti kayendedwe ka mapulaneti n'kotheka, ndi kufunika izi wapadera ndege, wotchedwa "danga roketi". Chiphunzitso yokha zotakasika chipangizo watsimikizira mu 1903. Iwo anali ali mu ntchito yakuti "Kuphunzira malo dziko". Apa wolemba amapereka umboni kuti danga roketi ndi zida imene n'zotheka kusiya m'mlengalenga. Chiphunzitsochi chinali kusintha kwenikweni mu sayansi. Pambuyo kuthawira Mars, Mwezi ndi maiko ena anthu walota kwa nthawi yaitali. Komabe, akatswiri akhala akulephera kuona ndege ayenera anakonza zoti anasamukira mu malo opanda kanthu kwathunthu popanda thandizo, angathe kupereka izo mathamangitsidwe. Vutoli anali anathana ndi Tsiolkovsky amene akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito Mwaichi kwa injini ndege. Only mothandizidwa chotero limagwirira akhoza kugonjetsa danga.

Mfundo ntchito

danga maroketi Russian, ndi US ndi mayiko ena kutali ku Earth kanjira ntchito roketi injini, anapereka m'nthawi yake Tsiolkovsky. Mu kachitidwe aka, mankhwala mphamvu ya mafuta ndi n'kukhala mphamvu kayendedwe wogwidwa ndi ndege n'kuthamangitsidwa nozzle lapansi. La ndondomeko makamaka amapezeka mu zipinda kuyaka kwa injini amenewa. Iwo chifukwa anachita oxidant ndi mafuta amapanga kutentha. Motero mankhwala kuyaka ndi kukodzedwa, mkangano, inapita mu nozzle ndi ali ejected ndi liwiro lalikulu. Roketi pamene kusuntha chifukwa cha lamulo la kusamala patsogolo. Iwo inapita patsogolo, umene zosiyana.

Pakali pano, pali injini zojambula monga zikepe danga, matanga dzuwa, ndi zina zotero. D. Komabe, iwo sizinaikidwe mu wochita, pamene akadali pansi chitukuko.

The spacecraft loyamba

Roketi Tsiolkovskii akufuna ndi asayansi akuimira zitsulo chapadenga cha mawonekedwe elongated. Kunja, iye amawoneka ngati zibaluni kapena airship. Front, mutu danga roketi chinali choti anthu. Apa, ulamuliro zipangizo akhala anaika, komanso absorbers kusungidwa mpweya woipa ndi zinthu oxygen. Chipinda kuunikira amaperekedwa kwa anthu. Wachiwiri mbali yaikulu ya roketi Ziolkowski anakonza combustibles. Pamene kusakaniza zinachititsa mapangidwe misa zachiwawa. Zinali zopsereza pamalo ake anatchulidwa mu mtima wa roketi ndi n'kuthamangitsidwa chitoliro kuwonjezera ndi liwiro lalikulu mawonekedwe mpweya wotentha.

Kwa nthawi yaitali dzina la Tsiolkovsky sanali odziwika bwino, osati kunja komanso mu Russia. Ambiri ankamuona wolota, ndi idealist ndi eccentric-wolota. A ziyenera woona ntchito za wasayansi wamkulu uyu analandira okha mkubwela kwa mphamvu Soviet.

Kukonza dongosolo mzinga wa USSR

zinthu zofunika pa chitukuko cha malo interplanetary apangidwa pambuyo pa mapeto a nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Iyo inali nthawi imene United States, pamene mphamvu nyukiliya yekha, anayamba kuchita khama kuthamanga ndale m'dziko lathu. Cholinga choyambirira chimene chinaikidwa pamaso pa asayansi athu akhala kulimbikitsa chitetezo Russia. Kuti atangokanidwa pansi anachita mu zaka za nkhondo ozizira kunali koyenera kuti amange atomiki kenako bomba wa hydrogen. The chachiwiri, chimodzimodzi ntchito yovuta anapereka chida kuti chandamale. Pakuti ichi ndi zofunika maroketi asilikali. Pofuna kukhazikitsa njira imeneyi mwamsanga 1946 boma opanga mkulu wa zipangizo gyroscopic anali asankha, injini roketi, kachitidwe kulamulira ndi zina zotero. D. Amachititsa yolumikiza mu gulu limodzi machitidwe onse anakhala SP Korolev.

Kale mu 1948 amene poyamba mu Soviet ballistic chida bwinobwino kuyesedwa. Similar ndege ku US kunachitika zaka zingapo zitatha.

The Launch ya Kanema yokumba

Kuwonjezera asilikali kumanga-Soviet boma anapereka palokha ntchito kufufuza malo. Ntchito umenewu zinalengedwa ndi asayansi ambiri ndipo okonza. Ngakhale pamaso mpweya wauka intercontinental zida zosiyanasiyana, ndi kutukula zida zimenezi, zinadziwika kuti ndi kuchepetsa payload la ndegeyo, kukwaniritsa kuposa mathamangidwe danga. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti n'zotheka achire pa kanjira Lapansi la Kanema yokumba. chochitika lothandiza kupanga zinachitika 10/04/1957 Icho chinali chiyambi cha chida chatsopano pa zokambiranazi danga.

Creation nkhondo Soviet

Ntchito pa chitukuko cha airless Earth danga anafuna khama kwambiri pa gawo la magulu ambiri opanga, asayansi ndi antchito. NdiAmene wa maroketi danga anali kukhala dongosolo la ndege mu kanjira, pansi yesa utumiki, ndi zina zotero D..

Cholinga chinali yovuta. Zinali bwino kuwonjezera unyinji wa roketi ndi n'zotheka kuti tikwaniritse wachiwiri dziko liwiro. Chifukwa chake 1958-1959, mu dziko lathu lakhala anayamba atatu gawo zosinthika olimbana ndege. Ndi Kutulukira wake wakhala kupanga loyamba danga roketi, chomwe chingathe kukwera kumayenda pamtunda woyenera pozungulira munthu. injini atatu gawo natsegula kuthekera m'mlengalenga kumwezi.

Kenako, kukhazikitsa magalimoto ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa kwambiri. Choncho zinayi chitsanzo injini ndege analengedwa mu 1961. Naye, chida akafuna osati mwezi komanso kuti ku Mars kapena Venus.

Woyamba panali ndege

Yambani danga roketi ndi munthu pa bolodi anali koyamba 12.04.1961 kutulutsidwa nthaka "Vostok" piloted ndi Yuriem Gagarinym. Zimene zinachitikazi MSONKHANO wosaiwalika wa anthu. Mu April 1961, malo kufufuza analandira chitukuko atsopano. The kusintha kwa ndege zinakhazikitsa nufuna kuti okonza kulenga ndege chotero, chomwe adzabwerera ku Earth bwinobwino kugonjetsa m'mlengalenga. Komanso, malo roketi amayenera kupeza pakhale moyo thandizo monga mpweya kusinthika, zakudya ndi zina. ntchito izi zonse bwinobwino mwake.

kufufuza Komanso malo

kutayipa "Vostok" roketi kwa nthawi yaitali chinathandiza posungira wa otsogolera wa USSR m'munda wa kufufuza za zingalowe pafupi. ntchito zawo imafika ku nthawi ino. Mpaka 1964 ndege "East" zinaposa analogues onse alipo mu mphamvu.

Chinachake kenako mu dziko lathu ndi magalimoto wamphamvu kwambiri zinalengedwa mu United States. Dzina la maroketi danga la mtundu uwu, zinakonzedwa dziko lathu - ndi "purotoni-M". American ofanana zida - "Delta-IV». Ku Ulaya, Launch galimoto "Ariane-5" udaikidwa m'dziko la mtundu chaukali. Onse a ndege izi kulola linanena bungwe matani 21-25 Katundu kutalika kwa 200 Km, umene uli otsika-Earth kanjira.

zinthu zatsopano

Monga mbali ya polojekiti zinakhazikitsa kuthawira mwezi zinalengedwa RN wachokera ku kalasi wapamwamba-katundu. Awa ndi US danga zida monga "Saturn-5 'ndi H-1 Soviet. Kenako Soviet wapamwamba-lolemera roketi "Mphamvu" unakhazikitsidwa, amene panopa osati ntchito. Wamphamvu American roketi anali "Space Olumikiza". Izi zida analola kanjira spacecraft misa tonnes 100.

Opanga ndege

mivi Space cholinga ndi olengedwa DB-1 (Special Design Bureau) TSKBEM (chapakati Design Experimental Engineering Office), ndi NGO (Scientific ndi Industrial Association) "Mphamvu". Ndi apa kuti adaona kuwala kwa Russian mivi ballistic a mitundu yonse. Motero tinafika ndi khumi maofesi njira panatenga zida zathu asilikali. Kudzera mwa makampani awa ogwira unakhazikitsidwa ndi R-7 - woyamba danga roketi, amene ankaona odalirika kwambiri mu dziko pakali pano. Kuyambira cha m'ma otsiriza, mafakitale amenewa anayambika ndi kumulondolera ntchito m'madera onse okhudzana ndi chitukuko cha cosmonautics. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1994, kampani analandira dzina latsopano, kukhala OAO RSC "Energia".

Lero, Mlengi wa maroketi danga

RSC "Energia". SP Mfumukazi ndi ogwira njira ya Russia. Iyo imayimba otsogolera mapulani komanso kupanga kachitidwe zinakhazikitsa danga. asamala kwambiri linaperekedwa kwa chilengedwe cha umisiri watsopano. Apa amakonzedwa apadera machitidwe basi malo ndi roketi kwa kukulozani ndege. Komanso, RSC "Mphamvu" amagwira kuyambitsa umisiri mkulu kwa kupanga mankhwala zosagwirizana ndi chitukuko cha zingalowe m'malo a.

Monga mbali ya ankapitabe ichi, kuwonjezera pa mutu wa kapangidwe amasinthira ndi:

- JSC "Experimental Machine Bzalani Building".

- JSC "PO" Cosmos ".

- JSC "Volga Design Bureau".

- "Baikonur" nthambi.

Ntchito kwambiri zingamuthandize a ogwira ntchito ndi:

- mavuto a malo kufufuza zina ndi chilengedwe cha m'badwo atsopano panali dongosolo danga mayendedwe;

- chitukuko cha zinakhazikitsa ndege, okhoza adziwe malo interplanetary;

- kapangidwe ndi chilengedwe cha machitidwe mphamvu ndi danga kutumiza mauthenga pogwiritsa ntchito yapadera ang'ono-kakulidwe amasonyeza ndi tinyanga.