"Sakhalin-1". Mafuta ndi gasi ntchito pa Sakhalin Island

Nkhokwe kufufuza za chimasanduka m'dzikoli ndi yaikulu, koma zonse za m'minda mafuta amakonzedwa. Chifukwa chachikulu kwa "downtime" - chuma inexpedient. Ambiri a zigawo mafuta zobala ali waikamo mu madzi akuya, kapena (ndi) m'madera akumidzi chitukuko. The yoyamba pa Odoptu munda zikawonongeka Sakhalin chilumba anatulukira ndi Akatswiriwa Soviet mu 1977, koma pambuyo khumi ndi zinthu msika kusintha ndi chitukuko cha umisiri watsopano yopanga Sakhalin wakuda golide wakhala opindulitsa.

kuthekera

Monga mbali ya "Sakhalin-1" pakubwera chitukuko ndi ntchito m'minda mafuta ndi gasi atatu - ndi Odoptu, Chayvo ndi A-D. Iwo unali kumpoto kwa Sakhalin Island mu nyanja ya Okhotsk. Iwo zingakhale nkhokwe recoverable ali kwambiri (koma osati umboni) - biliyoni 2.3 migolo ya mafuta, kiyubiki mamita biliyoni 485 mpweya ^3.

Ngati ife kuganizira munkalowa wa cholukanalukana ntchito "Sakhalin-1" ndi "Sakhalin 2" ndipo ili pa siteji koyamba za "Sakhalin-3", ndi nkhokwe okwana dera mpweya recoverable kuposa 2.4 thililiyoni mamita ³ mafuta - pa biliyoni 3.2 mbiya. Si atolankhani ngozi chimatchedwa kuti chilumba "wachiwiri Kuwait".

Komabe, kupanga m'minda zimenezi ndizovuta ndi kukhalapo kwa paketi ayezi mpaka mamita asanu wandiweyani pasanathe miyezi sikisi kuti asanu ndi awiri a chaka, komanso mafunde amphamvu ndi ntchito zivomerezi mu chaka. Kufunika kuthana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi zinthu woopsa nyengo, ndi kukhazikitsidwa m'dera kumudzi mafuta ndi gasi lonse zomangamanga anazindikira khalidwe lapadera mavuto moyang'ana polojekiti.

Mbiri ya polojekiti

Kale kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi "Sakhalin-1" kuti Akatswiriwa, zinaonekeratu kuti chuma hydrocarbon wa chisumbucho zili kunja m'dziko shelufu, koma nkhokwe awo sanaidziwe. Mu 70 tanthauzo buku la miyala ya kampani ankachita nawo "Sakhalinmorneftegaz". Ndiye kufufuza ntchito SODEKO m'gulu Consortium a oyandikana Japan, lero nduna mwa ophunzira a polojekiti.

Mu 1977, poyamba pa Sakhalin alumali anatulukira mpweya munda Odoptu, patapita chaka - munda Chayvo, ndipo patapita zaka 10 - Arkutun Dagi. Choncho, Sakhalin Island anakhala zingakhale wokongola kwa kupanga chimasanduka. Komabe, kupanda ndalama moyenera ndi zochitika zamakono chinalepheretsa zikuchitika ndiye pamwamba.

yojambula

Ndi chiyambi cha m'ma XXI zinthu zasinthira m'deralo. Zosowa kukula chuma chikuyendera amphamvu kwambiri dziko - Japanese ndi Korea, komanso kuwuka mu mtengo wa mphamvu adzapanga polojekiti "Sakhalin-1" limapindula. Ambiri a ndalama, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - zamakono thandizo anawamasulira bungweli "Exxon-Mobil" (EM). Kutenga wa timu kwambiri akatswiri omwe ali ndi zaka 85 zambiri mafuta ndi gasi chitukuko mu nyengo Arctic, anathandiza kuthetsa mavuto ambiri.

Pa nthawi, leni woyendetsa polojekiti - "Mwana" wa kampani "EM", "Exxon Neftegas Limited". Ndi waukulu mafakitale ntchito. Consortium Komanso zochimwazo kumathetsa angapo mumaganiza umoyo ndi zachuma m'dera Sakhalin ndi oyandikana Khabarovsk Gawo pakati pawo - chitukuko cha m'deralo chuma, maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa ogwira akatswiri Russian, ndondomeko, chikondi, ndi zambiri.

mamembala Consortium

Izi mafuta ndi gasi ntchito - chitsanzo cha mgwirizano bwino padziko lonse mu geophysical zovuta, nyengo ndi zikhalidwe linalake. khama lawo kugwiritsa ntchito ophatikizana:

• Mega-bungweli "Exxon Mobil" (USA): 30% ya magawo a (mogwirizana ndi ziletso anapitiriza nawo makampani American mu funso).
• SODEKO Consortium (Japan): 30%.
• RGCs "Rosneft" ndi gulu kulamulira "Sakhalinmorneftegas-alumali" (11.5%) ndi "RN-Astra" (8.5%).
• STC "ONGC Videsh Ltd." (India): 20%.

Likulu la mafuta Sakhalin unali mzinda wa Okha.

ntchito pulogalamu

Pa siteji koyamba "Sakhalin 1" zinachitika lophunzira madipoziti OPF ntchito panyanja "mitu" pobowola nsanja ndi makhazikitsidwe pansi "Hawk". Kumayambiriro October 2005, zaka khumi pambuyo chiyambi cha chitukuko, mafuta choyamba anapangidwa kuchokera kumunda Chayvo. Chifukwa cha kutsiriza kumapeto 2006. Kumangidwa Onshore Yopanga malo (OPF), voliyumu ya ulimi mu February 2007 anakwana 250,000 mbiya (matani 34,000) mafuta patsiku. Mu mbali zotsatirazi polojekiti anayamba kukhala nkhokwe mpweya pa Chayvo kwa katundu.

Ndiye "Hawk" anagwidwa munda pafupi Odoptu kwa pobowola zina ndi kupanga chimasanduka. Monga mpweya, ndi mafuta akubwera kuchokera madipoziti OPF, inatuluka mafuta kusamutsidwa kwa osachiritsika DeKastri kuthetsa (kumtunda Krai, pa Tartar Khwalala) kwa magalimoto chinanso katundu, ndi gasi umaperekedwa kwa Sakhalin kumsika zoweta.

Siteji yotsatira anayamba ndi kukula kwa munda wachitatu (waukulu ndi dera) A-D ndi Chayvo mpweya udzapereka kubala chimasanduka mpaka 2050. Pofuna kuonjezera Mwachangu zachuma ndi kusintha ntchito ndondomeko watengedwera nkhani yapadera manja zinachitikira apindulira pa gawo loyamba la chitukuko.

Nsanja "Hawk"

Development wa mafuta ndi mpweya m'dera limeneli ndi ofanana ndi kupeza njira zothanirana ndi mavuto anafunsa mwachibadwa. Woopsa nyengo, wamphamvu minda ayezi m'madzi zikawonongeka, makamaka dongosolo Geological mafuta adamfunsa kuti ntchito zoikamo patsogolo.

Kunyada kwa polojekiti lonse linali pobowola nsanja "Hawk", ndi "chikumbumtima" limene timva angapo dziko limodzi m'litali ndi liwiro zitsime mokhomerera. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa amphamvu kwambiri makhazikitsidwe nthaka othandiza dziko. 70 mita wagawo lakonzedwa kuti ntchito mu zivomerezi ndi ozizira zigawo kozizira, amalola kopitilira muyeso-yaitali kubowola dzenje choyamba vertically kenako horizontally m'munsimu anaima okwana mbiya kutalika makilomita oposa 11.

Pa kukumba zitsime izi kale anakhazikitsa timva angapo dziko kutalika mbiya - by njira, ndiko kumene chitsime anali mokhomerera mbiri mamita 12,700 Z42 (June 2013). Pogwiritsa ntchito mkulu-liwiro pobowola luso, amene ali chuma cha bungweli "ExxonMobil" dzenje "Sakhalin-1" anapitirira nkhani mofulumira.

Ndi thandizo la "hawks" zitsime mokhomerera pa nyanza pansi pa ngodya kwa pakutchulidwa minda zikawonongeka, potero kuchepetsa katundu wapadera chikhalidwe otetezeka malo amenewa. Komanso, unit ndi yaying'ono m'malo nyumba lalikulu kuti ayenera kumanga pa nyanja ku mavuto oundana m'nyengo yozizira. Motero, ndalama kwambiri opaleshoni ndipo likulu ndalama. Atamaliza ntchito pa munda Chayvo, "Hawk" modernized ndipo tinasamukira chitukuko loyandikana Odoptu.

"Orlan" nsanja

Komanso pansi unsembe "Hawk", gasi, mafuta minda ya "Sakhalin-1" katswiri wina "onyada mbalame" - nyanja "Orlan" migodi nsanja. Nsanja umabala chuma m'dera kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa munda Chayvo.

50 mita mkulu dongosolo yokoka wayikidwa pansi pa nyanja ya Okhotsk, kuya kwake pa mfundo iyi - mamita 14. "Orlan" mu 2005 mokhomerera 20 zitsime. Pa 21 Mphindi osati zitsime zokumba zogwiritsa anayendayenda "Hawk" ndi gombe ndi kuchuluka kwa oterowo mbiri zitsime ndi mafuta ndi mpweya mu munda umodzi. Voliyumu ya mafuta kupanga kuchuluka nthawi zambiri.

Pa "Orlan" miyezi 9 chaka atazunguliridwa ndi ayezi, ntchito amagwirizana ndi mfundo sankadziwika kuti mavuto kupanga dziko. Kuwonjezera zinthu zovuta zivomerezi ndi nyengo ndi ovuta panali mavuto ndi kuthetsedwa.

"Berkut" Mal

Izi nsanja zatsopano, anasonkhana pa sitima ya Korea South bwinobwino ndipo anapulumutsa mu 2014 ku munda A-D. Features a "Berkut" ngakhale chidwi kuposa "Mphungu". Pa zoyendera (amene ali 2.6 zikwi km) sanali zinachitika umodzi. Kumangidwa cholinga kupirira ayezi ndi ziwiri mita mafunde 18-mita pa -44 C.

kachitidwe Onshore kupanga kukonzekera

Yotengedwa minda OPF ndi Odoptu chimasanduka amaperekedwa kwa OPF. Apa mpweya ndi kulekana kwa madzi ndi mafuta, ziziyenda izo zoyendera chinanso katundu kudzera ano osachiritsika mafuta katundu kwa kuthetsa DeKastri kukonza mpweya chifukwa ogula zoweta. Kwathunthu yoyenda yokha mbewu anaikira processing wa pafupifupi 250,000 migolo ya mafuta Komanso 22,4 mcm ³ mpweya patsiku.

Mu pomanga Chayvo okonza ntchito njira yaikulu yodziyimira payokha ntchito yomanga. Bzalani ngati constructor anasonkhana pa 45 zigawo zosiyana msinkhu. zinthu zonse n'cholinga ntchito mu nyengo wankhanza wa Far. kutisokoneza kwambiri - amapangidwa ndi zitsulo, chingathe kupirira kutentha monga otsika ngati -40 ° C.

Pakuti yobereka zigawo katundu kwa zomangamanga kudutsa Chayvo Bay anamanga wapadera 830-mita mlatho. Chifukwa yomanga imeneyi ya Sakhalin Island ndi mtundu wa mbiri - mlatho imatengedwa zopanda malire cholimba, kutalika kwa kuwoloka chimphona mitsinje chachikulu cha Siberia choposa - ndi ob ndi Irtysh. Kumangidwa ndi oyenera abusa - njira kumsasa nayonso anakana kwambiri.

kuthekera katundu

Lonse zovuta za "Sakhalin-1, 2, 3" inamangidwa ndi diso pa wolowa gwero. Kukhala "malire" mmbali Japanese chuma, palibe zochepa wamphamvu Korea South, tchimo kuti ntchito zaphindu malo ake apadera wolemera madipoziti hydrocarbon. Komanso ntchitoyo chimathandiza mbali yaikulu ya zipangizo (makamaka mpweya) kusamutsidwa kwa 'kumtunda' (chokhala Russia). The Ogula zakunja waukulu Okhotsk mafuta ndi Japan ndi South Korea.

katundu zipangizo motere:

1. Gasi, mafuta m'zitsime kudyetsedwa kwa mbewu ya BCP.
2. Ndiye, kuyambira onshore wa n'kuyamba kusambira kudutsa Chitata khwalala mzere chakudya anachoka mu msasawu DeKastri pa mwapadera zatsopano osachiritsika katundu.
3. Gasi kwakukulukulu amapita ogula Russian, ndi mafuta amasungidwa akasinja lalikulu, kumene kutumizidwa kudzera Pamadzi kuti doko akumidzi.

DeKastri

Development wa madipoziti mafuta mu zikhalidwe za Far East akufuna kuthetsa vuto yoletsedwa mayendedwe a zipangizo. Yikani osatha, anaganiza kuti Sakhalin ndi kumtunda - ku doko la De-Kastri. Black golide apa pakubwera kupyolera mu mipope, ndiyeno - mathanki mafuta. osachiritsika inamangidwa "kuchokera zikande", ndi umisiri atsopano.

Ndiyamika osachiritsika a anthu wamba analandira zina ntchito zapamwamba, panali malamulo zoyendera ndi utumiki makampani dera, bwino, limodzi zomangamanga umoyo-chikhalidwe Pamudzi.

Kwa chaka chonse mayendedwe chofunika mapulani ndi kumanga mathanki wapadera mavuto ayezi a kalasi "Afromaks", kuchangamutsa ndi m'munsili. Kwa zaka 5 ntchito osachiritsika popanda chochitika limodzi kutumizidwa 460 mathanki. Total anadutsa akayakaya ndi matani oposa 45 miliyoni.

Udindo ndi otetezeka opareshoni

Ogwira ntchito ndi kampani "Sakhalin-1" polojekiti ntchito maola 68 miliyoni ndi chitetezo chabwino ndi kuvulala, lomwe kuposa pafupifupi makampani. Compliance ndi zofunika zolimbana anaonetsetsa mwa lamulo okhwima ndi kulamulira zochita kupanga.

miyeso Environmental ndi mbali yofunika ya ntchito yomanga ndi machitidwe a ntchito ndi monga angapo mapulogalamu wapadera kutetezela zinyama, kuphatikizapo kutetezela zinsomba kumadzulo imvi, Steller a mphungu nyanja ndi anthu ena.

Yogwira upo ndi anthu zakwawoko wa Sakhalin ENL athandiza kutulukira kwambiri kukanikiza mavuto m'deralo. Makamaka, mafuta amaloledwa ndi abusa wamba ntchito mlatho ake anamanga kudutsa Chayvo Bay kwa ulendo wa pachaka wa ng'ombe mphalapala.

Kukopa ndi pophunzitsa ogwira ntchito Russian

Pa siteji yoyamba ya chitukuko cha ku Russia 13 000 ntchito zinalengedwa. Zogwiritsa ndodo m'dera amalenga mwayi ndipo kumathandiza kuti ambiri ndipo dera vuto la zachuma. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ENL likukhudza kwambiri mfundo opaleshoni ano ndi malamulo a chitetezo, komanso luso zomangamanga, kuboola, ulimi ndiponso kuika wa mapaipi.

Ntchito pa malo yopanga anakopeka oposa zana akatswiri Russian ndipo amaphunzitsidwa. Aliyense wa amaphunzitsidwa wolembedwa anadutsa maphunziro yaitali ndithu. Ena anawatumiza kwa maphunziro zinthu kampani "Exxon Mobil" mu United States ndi Canada.

thandizo chilumba

The luso mapulogalamu maphunziro sapulaya ndi omanga nawo anthu ambiri a Sakhalin. Ntchito molumikizana ndi Agency for International Development (USA), bwana kumathandiza kuti chiyeneretso cha owotcherera kudzera m'gulu la maphunziro maphunziro apadera ndipo amapereka ngongole yaying'ono kuti ndimeyi maphunziro malonda ndi citukuko ca Sakhalin mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe. The Consortium wapanga ndalama zoposa wani miliyoni ku thumba ngongole kudzera amene ntchito mazana asanu analenga ndipo anathandiza oposa 180 mabizinesi.

Zonse kuwonjezera gawo makampani Russian monga sapulaya ndi kampani. Mtengo wa mapangano ndi Makampani zoweta kuposa $ 4 biliyoni, kapena za kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili za mtengo okwana Mapangano pa polojekitiyo.

Powonjezera popereka revenues boma kudzera chaulemu ntchitoyi limathandiza kuti chitukuko cha zomangamanga m'deralo - misewu ikumangidwa, milatho yomanga madoko ndi ndege, ndi oyang'anira tauni mabungwe zachipatala. thandizo mapulogalamu ena monga zopereka zachifundo kwa maphunziro, mankhwala ndi kuwongolera m'dera mphamvu sayansi ndi luso.