"Tunguska" (mpweya chitetezo chida mfuti dongosolo): malongosoledwe a makhalidwe waukulu

Ndi kusintha kwa mpweya kuukira ayenera mdani mu zaka zao za sikisite mochedwa Kumafunikira latsopano dongosolo mpweya chitetezo. Aliyense wa njira kulimbana zolinga zouluka ali ubwino wake, koma si wangwiro ndi wopanda deficiencies. Imodzi mwa zoyesayesa kulenga chida mosalekeza likhoza kuwononga mipherezero pa misanje osiyana, anakhala Soviet IRC "Tunguska", kusunthira imathamanga osiyana. chakuti kumbuyo codename izi, ndi zimene anali preconditions maonekedwe ake mu utumiki, ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi.

Roketi-antiaircraft mfuti kapena mfuti?

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XX, njira yaikulu ya chitetezo anakhala roketi. limathandiza zinaonekeratu pamene chochitika wotchuka mu 1960, pamene kazitape ndege, zouluka pa msinkhu ndigwira mumangire, anawomberedwa pansi ndi mpweya chitetezo Soviet. Pa mlingo wa mizinga kuposa chipolopolo aliyense zida zankhondo, ndipo izo zifika apamwamba. Iye ali Komabe, chidwi drawback - mtengo, koma iye, pamene pali funso la malire mpweya chitetezo chisakhale. Kumayambiriro 80 ntchentche ya Soviet Army anali mpweya chitetezo chida mfuti zovuta 2C6 "Tunguska", umene ndi zovuta kusuntha, kaphatikizidwe ndi chida ndi zida zankhondo zida. mwayi amenewa, kaphatikizidwe "awiri mwa" pa nthawi imeneyo analibe limodzi dongosolo mpweya chitetezo mu dziko. Pofuna kuzindikira kukufunikira mawonekedwe ngati a nkhondo, anatenga kusanthula okhwima nkhondo chi nkhondo imene inachitika ndiye, Mwamwayi, kupitirira malire a dziko lathu.

Zinachitikira ntchito SLM ndi mfundo yaikulu ya "Tunguska"

Mu 1973, Middle East. Pa Yom Kippur nkhondo, Soviet alonda akatswiri anathandiza Arab mayiko gulu la nkhondo, kuphatikizapo Egypt.

okwerera October 15 kutsatira Egypt ananena tikuyandikira kwa gulu Mediterranean a Israeli "Phantoms", wopangidwa mwa ambiri ndege. Iwo anali pa okwera otsika, kudza Nile Delta.

Cholinga cha mdani anali airfields Iguputo. Choncho Aisiraeli Air Force oyendetsa anayesa kupeŵa pangozi kugundidwa ndi mivi odana ndege kupanga Soviet, angathe kumenya ndege zouluka pa sing'anga ndi mkulu okwera, koma iwo akuyembekezera anadabwa ndi zosasangalatsa. Pakati pa makhwawa ambiri pa confluence a mtsinje wakale mu Aiguputo nyanja anaika pa Hiramu anatumiza, pontoons odana ndege "Shilka" mfuti kudziletsa injini, kwenikweni vsporovshie fuselages Ndege "Phantom" ndi mfuti zawo mwamsanga-kuwombera. Izi ZSU anali Rada zawo ndi zochita zokha zabwino kwambiri, zimathandizanso kuwongolera umalimbana moto, ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito pa North asilikali Vietnamese pa chinyezimiro cha mokwiya American. Zimakhala ZSU "Tunguska" Tingati, wolowa wake. Sam mpweya chitetezo anali nawo malire pa malire m'munsi la kumwamba, ndi kudzikonda injini odana ndege unsembe - pamwamba. Ndipo mu Soviet Union anaganiza kuphatikiza ndi maluso awa mitundu iwiri ya chuma mpweya chitetezo mu dongosolo limodzi.

Species dzina ndi kusinthidwa

Zovuta analowa utumiki ndi Soviet Army mu 1982, atangotha kutulutsidwa kwa Ulyanovsk Mawotchi Bzalani MCI woyamba experimental mtanda wa makina. Kuyambira pachiyambi, ntchito yomanga wachinsinsi chinsinsi pamwamba, izi anafotokoza ena kusiyana 'kala' ikusonyeza, manambala ndi makalata zomwe iye anasankha mu ankalamulira. Nthawi dzina pamaoneka atolankhani 2S16 ( "Tunguska"). Air chitetezo chida dongosolo molondola amaimira 2C6, zikuoneka, kunali cholakwika typographical, ngakhale kuli kotheka kuti "16" - ndi mtundu. Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro ya zida za nkhondo nthawi zonse, zimachitika kumapeto mu makamu onse a dziko. Iye anawonekera "Tunguska-M" mu 1990. Antiaircraft mfuti chida dongosolo wakhala akweza ndipo anatenga latsopano kasamalidwe chiwembu, womwenso ndi laser rangefinder, ndi determinant la "bwenzi kapena mdani", ndi amagetsi wakhala lingafanane wothandiza mphamvu unit.

Wamakono ntchito yapangidwa, ndipo pambuyo kugwa Soviet mu 90s zovuta. Chifukwa cha iwo anakhala mfuti chida zovuta "Tunguska-M1", Kuwulura amene anakhala alipo chifukwa chakuti kusinthidwa izi inkatumizidwa, makamaka mu India. Ndondomekozi ntchito zambiri - 2K22. Izi fakitale lakuti IRC "Tunguska". Antiaircraft mfuti chida dongosolo ali NATO "dzina" - "SA 19 Grison".

Pakompyuta maso ndi ubongo

Dzina la zovuta za zikuonekeratu kuti armament ake tichipeza zigawo ziwiri - ndi zida zankhondo ndi odana ndi ndege chida. Onse zinthu izi ndi munthu malangizo dongosolo, koma makina ounikira, kuonetsetsa otaya zambiri pa nkhaniyi mpweya, amagawana (wapawiri-gulu). Awa ndi "maso" akufunafuna cholinga mu mode zozungulira. Gawo siteshoni mndandanda yokonza amaperekedwa, choncho n'zotheka kukhudzana zithunzi ndi chovomerezeka ndi ntchito njira kuwala.

Dongosolo atsopano si kudziwa anu kapena munthu wina galimoto, komanso molondola lipoti mtundu wake kwa mtunda wa 18 Km.

2C6 (kapena ZRPK 2S16) "Tunguska" zingachititse kutsatira mipherezero mlengalenga pa ma aligorivimu angapo (pang'onopang'ono atatu olamulira okhota ziwiri mwandondomeko), ntchito deta ku Rada zawo kapena okwerera kunja Rada. Iwo amachita kuwerengetsera zofunika anamanga TSEVM bolodi. Masana ena njira limodzi ulamuliro kapena mfuti ikuchitika basi, malingana kauntala ya pakompyuta ndi mlingo kusokonezedwa. Ngati ndi kosatheka kuti kuwerengetsera basi moto mu mode Buku.

zida zankhondo

Self-injini odana ndege unsembe "Shilka" (ZSU-23-4) wasonyeza kuti kwambiri zothandiza, koma kumapeto a 70s wa zinatha kukumana ntchito makhalidwe a asilikali Soviet. Funsani limaoneka makamaka osakwanira likungosonyeza (22 mm) Njira ya utali wozungulira wochepa ndi chotupa. ZRPK mfuti 2S16 "Tunguska" champhamvu tridtsatimillimetrovye, ndipo chiwerengero chawo anatsika ndi theka, iwo anakhala awiri. Izi ziri chimodzimodzi choncho pamene zochepa bwino. The yowotcha osiyanasiyana chawonjezeka kuchokera 2.5 kuti 8 Km, ndi mphamvu ya moto, ngakhale nambala m'munsi mwa zimayambira, kuchuluka kwa 3.4 5 zipolopolo pa mphindi.

mizinga

Chida chachikulu cha zovuta ndi - ziwiri siteji womwe chida 9M311. Iye anakonza chidwi kwambiri. Gawo loyamba - olimba mafuta, ndi opepuka fiberglass malaya ladzala ndi mafuta. Mu gawo lachiwiri, kugonjetseratu ndikwaniritse lachindunji, palibe galimoto, limayenda monga zida zankhondo projectile ndi zimachitika tinasonkhanitsa pa mathamangitsidwe, koma akhoza lizilamuliridwa chifukwa jenereta mpweya oyenerera mu mchira gawo. Kulankhulana ndi siteshoni chida ulamuliro - chamawonedwe amene amapereka chitetezo chokwanira wangwiro. Aiming ikuchitika mu mode zoopsa zoyenera ntchito wailesi lamulo lettered mafurikwense anaika pomwepo musanayambe ndi ZRPK "Tunguska". Air chitetezo chida mfuti dongosolo la circuitry ake kumatha kuthekera kukakumana amagetsi ndi kufika mivi. Kuonetsetsa kugonjetsedwa kwa polasa si wofunikira, lama fuyusi lili kuwonjezeka ndodo zinthu chidwi pa mtunda analakalaka mode contactless. Eyiti launchers.

galimotoyo

The kuyenda kwa zinthu mpweya chitetezo m'dera mazunzo kuchitapo kanthu Ndipo zimenezi, ndi zovuta, N'zosatheka wamphamvu, wodalirika komanso mkulu-liwiro zida ndi magalimoto mkulu. Pofuna kupewa zolowa zosafunika, anaganiza phiri odana ndege zida ndi mfuti dongosolo 2K22 "Tunguska" mu galimotoyo ya GM-352 kale anayamba kudzikonda injini "mavu". The makina liwiro lomwe akufotokozera pamodzi pamsewupo, - 65 Km / h, mu mtunda kuchokera msewu kapena kuchipondereza mwachibadwa m'munsi (10 40 km / h). The dizilo injini-46-2S1 mphamvu 710 malita. a. Imakhala njira kutsogolera 35 °. Kuyimitsidwa a odzigudubuza mbozi munthu, ndi actuators hydro-pneumatic kuphatikizapo kutalika kusintha ndi kutukula thupi pansi.

adalira

Kuteteza ogwira anapereka zipolopolo ndi odana umagawanika kusungitsa welded nyumba. Mu mphuno galimoto ili mpando wa dalaivala ndekha, anthu ena atatu amene ali mu nsanja mafoni (mtsogoleri, Rada woyendetsa ndi gunner), amapanga adalira ZRPK "Tunguska". Air chitetezo chida mfuti dongosolo sagwirizana kusintha kwa zinthu masekondi 8, recharge izo (mothandizidwa ndi makina wapadera zochokera KAMAZ-43101) ndi mphindi 16.

Chotero mafelemu nthawi amafuna bwino osiyana ndi zoyenera akwaniritsa ntchito zonse kuphunzitsa.

NdiAmene wa zovuta za

mawu Special oyenera mkulu dongosolo mlengi - Shipunov AG ndi V. P. Gryazev, cholinga mfuti, ndi katswiri yaikulu maroketi - VM Kuznetsov, amene analengedwa ndi khama la "Tunguska". Air chitetezo chida mfuti dongosolo chifukwa cha co-machitidwe a mabizinezi ambiri USSR. Inamva galimotoyo kupanga Minsk, fakitare thalakitala, dongosolo chiongoko ndi yesa kupita pa "chizindikiro" Optics - Leningrad LOMO. Ntchito nawo ndi ena a sayansi ndi mafakitale mabungwe a Soviet Union.

zida zida zankhondo opangidwa ku Tula, maroketi pamodzi Kirov ( "yowunikira").

zinachitikira ntchito

Panthawi pano mu dziko palibe wamphamvu kwambiri dongosolo mafoni mpweya chitetezo kuposa "Tunguska". Antiaircraft dongosolo mfuti chida Komabe, cholinga chake silinakwaniritsidwe ntchito. Pa nkhondo imene Chechnya, icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito moto kunyanyala ndi mipherezero pansi, koma chifukwa cha ichi pali mitundu apadera zida ndi zipolopolo. Zida chitetezo 2K22 anali osakwanira kuchita nkhondo dziko. Pambuyo khumi awiri IRC "Tunguska-M1" fifitini zinawonongedwa (makamaka chifukwa akatemera RPG), lamulo wafika ku mapeto zachilengedwe a dzuwa osauka mawu a mpweya chitetezo zigawenga nkhondo. Chitonthozo angakhale kupanda ovulala mwa anthu a pa.

kapangidwe m'gulu

Zovuta mpweya "kuteteza Tunguska-M" lakonzedwa kuti thupilo zolinga osiyanasiyana, monga ndege za helikoputala ndi otsika-zouluka mivi wovuta. Mphamvu zinthu nkhondo, aliyense makina amenewa angasankhire palokha zochokera vuto ntchito, koma dzuwa kwambiri zimatheka pogwiritsa ntchito gulu. Pakuti m'bungwe asilikali yoyenera nyumba imeneyi kasamalidwe.

Aliyense platoon ongokhala anayi ZRPK "Tunguska" antiaircraft zida ndi mfuti dongosolo, okonzeka ndi mfundo centralized lamulo "masanjidwe" akukulamulani mawonekedwe molumikizana ndi platoon, zida Sam "Strela" zikuluzikulu mogwirizana - mafoni zida ndi zida zankhondo antiaircraft batire. Nawonso mabatire phunziro kwa Regiment kapena chigawo dongosolo kasamalidwe.