Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod, Veliky Novgorod: zithunzi ndi mbali ya zomangamanga

Pakati pa zipilala of Ancient Russia lofunika kwambiri kachisi amene anamangidwa mwa Novgorod m'zaka XII ndi odziwika monga Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod. A mwachidule mbiri ya chilengedwe ake ali mu zilipo anawasema pamanja, ndi zambiri zinali zotsatira za anagwira ntchito pofukula mu izo. Tiyeni akukhala pa mboni lapadera kalekale.

Prince - amakonda a Novgorod

Malinga ndi manda zilipo kulemba wakale chikudziwika ngati "chachiwiri Novgorod Chronicle", mu 1113 mwana Vladimira Monomaha, Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, pa gombe lamanja la Volkhov anakhazikitsidwa mwala chachikulu cha St. Nikolaya Chudotvortsa.

Mu m'kupita, tisaiwale kalonga Mstislav ntchito zawo zabwino amazipeza chikondi Novgorod ndi kulambira chilengedwe. Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa magombe a Volkhov anaonekera mu 1088 pa usinkhu wa satini, iye anatumizidwa ku ulamuliro zosakhalitsa agogo ake, Grand Duke wa Kiev Vsevolod. Wolamulira wachinyamata kufika anagwa mokoma mtima nzika, zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri kenako, iwo ankachitcha icho, kenako mu 1097 Novgorod potsiriza anakonzedwera Mstislav Maonekedwe Lyubech Congress akalonga.

The tchalitchi chachikulu cha veche Novgorod

Malo kwa yomanga kachisi sanasankhe mwangozi. Monga Tingaone ku amafotokoza chomwecho, zaka zana zapitazo, pamene kalonga wa Novgorod, phiripo ndi Komiti ya Yaroslav Mudry. Choncho, dera ili pandunji Novgorod Kremlin, dzina lake Detinets, analandira udindo, ndi Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod - kotero iye anadziwika pakati pa anthu, linamangidwa monga mpingo kalonga. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti ndi imodzi mwa nyumba zakale za kachisi wa Novgorod, wachiwiri zaka yekha Sophia Cathedral.

Wopatulika Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod anali mu 1136, pamene kutulutsa wa Kiev Prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich, anthu anayambitsa Republic Novgorod. Amadziwika kuti kuyambira chiyambi cha mpingo XIII m'zaka za St. Nicholas anakhala veche waukulu tchalitchi. Mpaka kugwa kwa Republic mu 1478, pafupi phangalo ankati phokoso ndi omwe alinso m'tawuni Komiti.

Cathedral Square, lomwe wasanduka m'bwalomo za kulimbana andale

Popeza kukhazikitsidwa mu Novgorod Republican boma la Prince zogona izo anagwidwa kunja malire mzinda ndipo anali mu Rurik Pamudzi. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kutaya udindo wa Grand Palace Church, Cathedral City, ndi lotseguka kwa obwera onse.

Malinga ndi mbiri, popeza 1228 Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) mboni lakuthwa nkhondo ndale pakati pa boma ndi anthu wamba. Kuwonjezera misonkhano yovomerezeka, mamembala amene anasankhidwa oimira amayendedwe onse a moyo, ku makoma a tchalitchi tinali kupita otchedwa Komiti oukira. Masiku ano, Cathedral Square anadzazidwa ndi mazana a zochita odandaula anatengedwa ku khwalala kutsogolo kwa St. Sophia Cathedral, amene munali khamu belo.

Kukangana madera osiyana a mumzindawo

Mbiri ya Novgorod wakale pa ulamuliro wake demokalase nayenso anapitiriza umboni za kulimbana osati pakati pa magulu osiyana anthu olekanitsidwa ndi kukhala apamwamba, komanso pakati pa asanu mbali zosiyana mumzinda amatchedwa "malekezero". Ofufuzawa, zodabwitsazi umatchedwa "mezhkonchanskoy zophweka."

Pachipata kumadzulo a tchalitchi linaikidwa otchedwa digiri Veche - nsanja kapena olankhulira, cholinga kwa ophunzira kwambiri chidwi ndi chikoka bungwe, imirirani pa zomwe unali ulemu waukulu. Pa kulimbana m'madera osiyanasiyana a mzindawo (1218-1219), pamene sanayambebe anapanga delineation bwino udindo wa aliyense wa mbali yotsutsa, Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod ndi dera yolumikizana inasandulika chilikati cha kusiyana champhamvu chimene escalate ndewu lotseguka zina.

Amatetezedwa ndi anawasema kupulumutsiramo

Ndi udindo m'tauni ya kachisi, ndipo koposa zonse, malo opatulika, tchalitchi, malinga ndi mwambo zakhazikitsidwa kuyambira nthawi zakale, ndi malo onse amene ankafuna chipulumutso kwa onse akuluakulu ndi mkwiyo wa anthu. zitsanzo zambiri oterewa tingawapeze m'mabuku olembedwa a nthawi. Makamaka wina wa mbiri yakale wa inanena kuti mu 1338 ndi opanduka khamu la m'tauni anapulumutsidwa mu izo anatulutsa archimandrites Esif ndi Lawrence. Aiwo nthawi yaitali kulondera iwo pa chitseko cha tchalitchi, koma sanayese n'komwe kulowa ndipo anapulumutsa miyoyo ya othawa kwawo.

Nyengo ya kuchepa a tchalitchi

M'zaka za zana lotsatira, pamene Novgorod anataya ufulu wodzilamulira ndipo anakhala mbali ya Grand Duchy wa Moscow, akale vechevoj Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod sanali mu ofesi diocesan, ndi m'bwalo. Izi anapereka mwayi wolandira chifukwa tikukonza zina ang'onoang'ono ake boma ndi ubwino chikhalidwe ambiri.

Izo sizinali mpaka cha m'ma XVIII, pamene lamulo la Mfumukazi Elizabeth, anaitanidwa kuti azikatumikira ku ulamuliro wa m'dera la Novgorod nakhala tchalitchi mzindawo popanda polumikizira, omwe sakanakhoza bwanji malo ake ndalama. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, chifukwa chosowa ndalama zofunika kukonzanso, ndi Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod (Novgorod) kwa zaka za m'ma inasanduka dilapidated, nadza ku boma mwadzidzidzi.

Anasintha yomanga tchalitchi

Only kuyambira nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mfumu Alexander I mu moyo wa tchalitchi anayamba kusintha kwa bwino. Mu 1810, pa lamulo apamwamba anamasulidwa ndalama zomangira ake, amene anathandiza kumanga kumadzulo ndi kumpoto mbali ya kutambasuka, chomwe chiti nyumba: ndi sacristy, matchalitchi ofunda, lalikulu ndi khonde. Komanso, mu ulamuliro wa mwana wake - Nicholas Ine, pansi pa tchalitchi umandandidwa ndi slabs chosungunula.

Mu 1913, ku Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod (Novgorod) anatsegula zitseko zake za m'banja lachifumu. The chifukwa chochitika ichi chinali vosmisotletie kuyambira bookmarks ake ndi trohsotletie kulamulira Nyumba ya Romanov. Madzulo cha kudzacheza kwa alendo waudindo waukulu mu izo osiyanasiyana ntchito kubwezeretsa zinachitikadi.

Tsoka la kachisi zaka Soviet

Pambuyo pa October kuukira boma boma latsopano sanali kutseka Cathedral. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi anasunga kuchokera nthawi imeneyo zikalata ndi kukumbukira akale. The phukusi yekha mu moyo wake akhoza kuonedwa kuti chisankho cha Novgorod Council City kuchokera 1933 pa maziko a kachisiyo anakhala kowonera zakale nthawi yomweyo. Kuyambira pamenepo, mpanda wake pamodzi ndi yowerenga imachitika maulendo.

Pa nthawi ya nkhondoyo, Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod walandira zinawonongeka kwambiri. Makamaka kuyambira shelling zowonongeka denga lake ndi mbali chapamwamba. Komanso, buku lonse la kum'mawa wakale kumadzulo anawoloka mng'alu kwambiri anadutsa zomangamanga makoma, arches ndi anawasema. A bomba mu khonde kumadzulo kufuzika denga.

Pambuyo nkhondoyo inali ikuchitika mndandanda wa ntchito kubwezeretsa ndi Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod anabwerera kwa okhulupirira, koma mu 1962 udindo wake monga mpingo panopa linathetsedwa. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kukhala oyang'anira Novgorod owonetsera zakale dera anakhala chinthu chofufuzidwa. Mu zaka wotsatira, iye analimbikitsa osiyanasiyana ntchito pofukula, amene analola kumvetsetsa mbiri yake ndi maonekedwe pachiyambi. The mzikiti wa Cathedral wa mzinda ankachitika ndi planetarium.

Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod: mbali mapulani

Masiku ano, tchalitchi wakale, kukumbukira mbiri ya palokha Novgorod Republic, ali ndi udindo waukulu pakati pa nyumba zina m'gulu zovuta za malonda Novgorod. chikuoneka mapulani a laconic kwambiri ndi okhwima.

Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod, zithunzi zimene zili m'nkhani, ndiye zisanu ozungulira nyumba kutsogolo, mbali ya kum'mawa njanjira ndi apses atatu - semicircular khoma zolosera, amene anayikidwa mkati guwa. anawasema ake amapereka mwa mizati wamphamvu asanu ili mkati nyumba yaikulu.

mpingo wawo maphunziro akusonyeza ubwenzi wake ndi mwaluso wina wa zomangamanga wakale Novgorod - St. Sophia Cathedral. Ambiri, malinga ndi otsutsa, ndi mawonekedwe ake limafanana ndi miyambo unakhazikitsidwa zomangamanga a Kievan Lazaro za m'ma XII. Achita mbali ya nyumba zambiri mpingo wa Novgorod, kuphatikizapo Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod.

The frescoes zomwe iye anajambula mu zaka za pochimanga, kwakukulukulu anataya, ndi ochepa okha a iwo mu mawonekedwe a zotsala osiyana. Pakati pawo tingachite bwino kunena za fanizo la "Chiweruzo Last", anaikidwa pa khoma kumadzulo, ndi "Hierarchs zitatu" pa khoma kum'mwera, komanso chiwembu cha "Yobu mtima pa gnoische" mu apse chapakati.

modernity

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1994 mpaka 1999, pamene ziŵalo watsegula mwayi kwa kusunga miyambo ndi mbiri ya zaka zapitazi, kukonzanso kubwezeretsa a tchalitchi zinachitikadi. ntchito ntchito anakwana gulu la mapulani kutsogoleredwa ndi zipilala Novgorod GM, ndalama wakhala ankaganiza padziko lonse NGO "Hansa League."